Императоры России

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Сегодня в нашей стране наблюдается небывалый рост интереса к истории. “ Император Всероссийский есть монарх самодержавный и неограниченный. Повиноваться верховной воле его власти не только за страх, но и за совесть сам Бог повелевает ” (статья I “ Основных законов ” “ Свода законов Российской империи ” ). Личные качеств императоров, их характеры влияли и на их политику, и на обстановку в стране. Роль императора в России всегда была чрезвычайно важной.

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Peter the Great (1689-1725) Catherine I (1725-1727) Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1761) Alexei Petrovich Peter II (1727-1730) Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) Ivan V (1682-1696) Anna Petrovna P e t e r III Fyodorovitch (1761-1762) Catherine II the Great (1725-1727) Pavel I Petrovich (1796-1801) Nicholas I P avlovich (1825-1855) Alexander I P avlovich (1801-1825) Alexander II N ikolaevich (1855-1881) Alexander III (1881-1894) Nicholas II (1894-1917) Romanov Alexei Mikhailovich 1629-1676 ( CZAR 1645-1676 )

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Reign 7 May 1682 - 8 February 1725 Coronation 25 June 1682 (as Tsar) Full name Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov Titles Tsar of Russia Duke of Estonia and Livonia Born 9 June 1672 Moscow Died 8 February 1725 Predecessor Feodor III Successor Catherine I Consort Eudoxia Lopukhina Consort Catherine I Issue Alexius Petrovich Alexander Petrovich Pavel Petrovi ch Anna Petrovna Elizabeth of Russia Natalia Petrovna Peter Petrovich Dynasty Romanov Father Alexei Mikhailovich Mother Nataliya K i rillovna Naryshkina Peter the Great (Peter Alexeevich , 1672-1725 ) CZAR 1682-1721 EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1721-1725 Peter the Great was the fourteenth child of Alexei Mikhailovich, born on 9 June (May 30), 1672, from his second marriage to Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina. Having ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V from 1682, with Ivan's death in 1696, Peter was officially declared Sovereign of all Russia. During his reign, Peter undertook extensive reforms: He created a regular army and navy, subjugated the Church to the state and introduced new administrative and territorial divisions of the country. He paid particular attention to the development of science. He was a far-sighted and skillful diplomat and a talented military leader. Under Peter's rule, Russia became a great European nation. In 1721, he proclaimed Russia an Empire and was accorded the title of Emperor of All Russia, Great Father of the Fatherland and "the Great." He married twice and had 11 children, many of whom died in infancy. The eldest son from his first marriage, Czarevich Alexei, was convicted of high treason by his father and secretly executed in 1718. Peter died from a chill on 8 February (January 28), 1725, without nominating an heir. He was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

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Reign 1725 - May 17, 1727 Full name Martha Skavronskaya Born April 15, 1684 Ringen, Livonia Died May 17, 1727 Predecessor Peter I Successor Peter II Issue Alexius Petrovich Alexander Petrovich Pavel Petrovi ch Anna Petrovna Elizabeth of Russia Natalia Petrovna Peter Petrovich Royal House Romanov Father Samuel Skavronsky Mother Elisabeth Moritz Catherine I (Ekaterina Alexeevna) 1684-1727 EMPRESS OF ALL RUSSIA 1725-1727 The first Empress of all Russia was the second wife of Peter the Great. Before converting to the Orthodox faith, she was called Marta Skavronskaya, and was the daughter of a Lithuanian peasant named Samuil. Employed as a servant by the minister Gluck of Marienburg at 17, she married a Swedish dragoon. When Marienburg fell to Russian forces, Marta was captured by Count B.P. Sheremetev and put to work in the regimental laundry. From Sheremetev, she was passed on to Prince A.D. Menshikov, a favorite of Peter the Great. In 1703, Peter saw Marta at Menshikov's home and took her as his mistress. In 1705, she converted to the Orthodox faith, and on February 19, 1712, married Peter. After the death of Peter, Catherine was placed on the throne by the guards regiments. Real power, however, remained in the hands of Menshikov and the Supreme Privy Council. She died on May 17 (May 6), 1727, and was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

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Peter II (Peter Alexeevich) 1715-1730 EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1727-1730 Grandson of Peter the Great and son of Czarevich Alexei Petrovich, from his marriage to Crown Princess Sofia Charlotta of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Peter II was born on October 18, 1715. His mother died three days after his birth, his father when he was 3 years old. After the death of Catherine I, he ascended the throne at the age of 12. By order of Catherine, until he reached his majority the state was to be ruled by the Supreme Privy Council with the participation of Czarevnas Anna Petrovna and Elizaveta Petrovna. During the first year of Peter's reign, actual power was in the hands of the former favorite of Peter the Great, Prince A.D. Menshikov, the voting sovereign's guardian. On January 9, 1728, Peter II moved to Moscow with his court and the Supreme Privy Council. Here his coronation took place on February 25, 1728, in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kremlin. On November 30, 1729, he was engaged to the 18-year-old beauty Ekaterina Alexeevna Dolgorukova. But on January 6, 1730, he caught a chill during a military review and subsequently contracted smallpox, dying on January 30, 1730. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. The male line of the Romanov Dynasty ended with Peter II. Reign May 18, 1727 - January 30 , 1730 Coronation February 25, 1728 Full name Pyotr II Alekseyevich Born October 18, 1715 Saint Petersburg Died January 30, 1730 Buried Kremlin Predecessor Catherine I Successor Anna I o an n ovna Consort Princess Catherine Dolgorukova Dynasty Romanov Father Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia Mother Charlotte of Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel

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Anna I o an n ovna 1693-1740 EMPRESS OF ALL RUSSIA 1730-1740 Born on February 7 (January 28), 1693, Anna Ioannovna was the daughter of Peter the Great's co-ruler, Ioann V and Praskovia Feodorovna Saltykova. Until the age of 17, she spent most of her time in the village of Ismailovo, near Moscow, where her mother lived. After the death of Emperor Peter II, she was elected to the Russian throne by the Supreme Privy Council, which set limits to her power. On March 4, 1730, Anna Ioannovna rejected their conditions and dissolved the council; then on April 28, 1730, she crowned herself in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Historians have different opinions of her reign. On one hand, the Empress herself spent little time on affairs of state, surrounding herself with German grandees. Power lay in the hands of her favorite, Count Biron. On the other hand, her rule was a period of internal stability and successful foreign policy. Anna Ioannovna died of kidney disease at the age of 47, leaving no heirs, and was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. Reign January 29, 1730-October 28, 1740 Full name Anna Ioannovna Titles Duchess of Courland Born February 7, 1693 Moscow Died October 28, 1740 Predecessor Peter II Successor I o a n n VI Dynasty Romanov Father I o an n V of Russia Mother Praskovia Saltykova

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I o a n n VI Reign October 28, 1740 - December 6, 1741 Born August 23, 1740 Died July 16, 1764 Shlisselburg Buried Shlisselburg Predecessor Anna Successor Elizabeth Father Antony Ulrich Mother Anna Leopoldovna (Ioann Antonovich) 1740-1764 EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1740-1741 Ioann VI was the son of the niece of Empress Anna Ioannovna of Mecklenburg and Anton Ulrich, Duke of Braunschweig. He was born on August 23 (August 12), 1740, and officially declared heir to the throne by Anna Ioannovna on October 5. After her death, he became Emperor of Russia at the age of two months. Count Biron, favorite of the late Empress, remained Regent. However, on November 9, Biron was arrested and sent to Siberia. The child Emperor's mother was declared Regent. The reign of Ioann VI and Anna Leopoldovna was extremely short. On November 25, 1741, the Emperor was overthrown by the Imperial Guard led by Elizaveta Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great. The child and his family were exiled first to Riga, then to Rannenborg Castle and finally in 1744 to Kholmogory where, on March 7, 1746, Anna Leopoldovna died. At the beginning of 1756, Ioann Antonovich was taken to the Schlisselborg Fortress, where he was kept in extreme secrecy and under strict guard. On the night of July 16 (July 5), 1764, the 24-year-old Ioann was killed by his guards when his lieutenant, V.I. Mirovich, attempted to free him. He was secretly buried in a hidden place near the walls of the fortress. The grave was later destroyed.

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Eliza v et a Petrovna 1709-1761 EMPRESS OF ALL RUSSIA 1741-1761 Daughter of Emperor Peter the Great, Elizaveta Petrovna was born on December 29 (18), 1709, before her father's official marriage to Catherine I. As soon as Catherine died, the position of the Czarevna became most precarious, particularly during the reign of Anna Ioannovna and the Regency of Anna Leopoldovna; both feared the Imperial Guard's loyalty to Peter's daughter. Elizaveta was saved from taking the veil by her nephew, the Prince of Holstein (the future Emperor Peter III). On the night of December 6 (November 25), 1741, Elizaveta went to the barracks of the Preobrazhenskii regiment and persuaded the soldiers to follow her. The Braunschweig clan and a number of senior officials were arrested and the 32-year-old Elizaveta was proclaimed Empress. On April 25, 1742, Elizaveta was crowned in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. During her reign, significant advances were made economically and culturally. In foreign policy, Russia became so important that all states were eager to make treaties. One of Elizaveta's most important decrees was made on May 7, 1744: the abolition of capital punishment. During her reign, not a single person was executed. She died on January 5 , 1762 (December 25, 1761), leaving no heir. She was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. Reign December 6, 1741–January 5, 1762 Full name El izaveta Petrovna Born December 29, 1709 Kolomenskoye Died January 5, 1762 Predecessor I o a n n VI Successor Peter III Father Peter I Mother Martha Skavronskaya

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Peter III ( Peter Feodorovich) Reign January 5, 1762 – July 17, 1762 Full name Karl Peter Ulrich Titles Duke of Holstein-Gottorp King of Finland Born February 21, 1728 Kiel Died July 17, 1762 Ropsha Buried (exhumed and currently buried at) Peter and Paul Cathedral Predecessor Eliza v et a Petrovna Successor Catherine II the Great Consort Sophia Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst kaya (Catherine II the Great) Issue Pa vel I Father Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Mother Anna Petrovna 1728-1762 EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1761-1762 Son of Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gotorb, and Anna Petrovna, Peter the Great's daughter, Peter III was born on February 21 (10), 1728, in Kila and christened Karl Peter Ulrich. Until the age of 14, he lived and was educated at the court of Holstein. He was proclaimed official heir to the Russian throne on November 7, 1742, by his aunt, Elizaveta Petrovna. On August 21, 1745, Peter Feodorovich married Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbstkaya, who was christened into the Orthodox faith as Ekaterina Alexeevna (Catherine the Great ). Peter ascended the Russian throne on December 25, 1761, the day Empress Elizaveta Petrovna died. His first action was an amnesty for and return from exile of state figures arrested by Elizaveta after her accession. During his short reign, he introduced various reforms, banned the persecution of dissenters, dissolved the Privy Council and by special decree released the gentry from compulsory state service. On June 28, 1762, he was overthrown by a court coup led by his wife. After his deposition, he was imprisoned in Ropshinskii Castle, where on July 7, 1762, he was killed by Count Alexei Orlov, Catherine's favorite and one of the organizers of the coup. He had two children from his marriage with Catherine: a son, later Emperor Pavel I, and a daughter, who died in infancy. Peter III was buried in the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery but in December 1796, by order of his son Paul I, his remains were reburied with full honors in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul fortress in St. Petersburg.

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Catherine II the Great (Ekaterina Alexeevna) 1729-1796 EMPRESS OF ALL RUSSIA 1762-1796 Born on May 2 (April 21), 1729, in Stettin (now Szczecin), Poland, into the family of Prince Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst, Catherine was christened Sophia Augusta Frederica. On February 9, 1744, aged 15, she came to Russia at the invitation of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna as the bride of the heir to the throne, Peter Feodorovich. They married in St. Petersburg on August 21, 1745, and she was christened into the Orthodox Church as Ekaterina Alexeevna. Industrious, highly intelligent and strong-willed, she quickly mastered the Russian language. A reader of historical and philosophical works, she entered into correspondence with some of the greatest minds in Europe, including Voltaire. On June 28, 1762, with the support of the Imperial Guard, she overthrew her husband Peter III. She was crowned Empress of All Russia on September 22, 1762, in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Her rule was one of the most prosperous periods of the Russian Empire. She undertook a wide range of internal political reforms, waged two successful wars against the Ottoman Empire and occupied vast territories on Russia's southern boundaries, eventually advancing the country's border to the Black Sea. She died on November 17 (6), 1796, and was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. Reign June 28, 1762 – 17 November , 1796 Full name Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst kaya Born May 2, 1729 Stettin Died 17 November, 1796 St. Petersburg Buried Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg Predecessor Peter III of Russia Successor Pa ve l I of Russia Husband Peter III of Russia Issue Pa vel (legitimate) Anne Alexis Father Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst Mother Johanna Eli s abeth of Holstein-Gottorp

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Paul I (Pavel Petrovich) Reign November 6, 1796 – March 23, 1801 Full name Pavel Petrovich Titles Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp Count of Oldenburg Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Born October 1, 1754 St Petersburg Died March 23, 1801 St Michael's Castle Predecessor Catherine II Successor Alexander I Consort Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse- Darmstadt (1773-1776?) Consort Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg (October 7, 1776 to March 23, 1801) Issue Alexander I Konstantin Pavlovich Alexandra Pavlovna Elena Pavlovna Maria Pavlovna Mikhail Ekaterina Pavlovna Olga Pavlovna Anna Pavlovna Nikolai I Father Peter III of Russia Mother Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst kaya 1754-1801 EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1796-1801 The Son of Peter III and Catherine the Great, Paul was born on October 1 (September 20), 1754, and brought up at the court of his grandmother, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, who intended to appoint him her heir instead of Peter Feodorovich (Peter III). After the overthrow of Peter III, he lived with his family in Gatchina Palace, given to him by his mother, where he had his own court and a small army. The violent events of his childhood and his estrangement from his mother made him irritable and suspicious of those around him. On the day of Catherine the Great's death, the 42-year-old Paul declared himself Emperor. Historians are equivocal about his short reign. He was unpopular at court and extremely hostile toward his mother. His coronation signaled a break with the stability of Catherine's reign. Paul I freed those imprisoned by the Privy Council, liberated the Poles, abolished conscription and limited the power of landowners over the serfs. On April 5, 1797, he issued a decree on rights of succession that established procedures for the transfer of power from one monarch to the next. In foreign policy, he performed an abrupt reversal, changing from war with France to union with her. This was probably one of the main reasons for his murder. Paul I was married twice; secondly in 1776 to Princess Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg (Maria Feodorovna). He had 10 children from the second marriage. On the night of March 23 (12), 1801, he was suffocated by conspirators. He was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

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Alexander I Reign March 23, 1801–December 1, 1825 Coronation March 23, 1801 Titles Grand Duke of Finland King of Poland Born December 23 (12) , 1777 Saint Petersburg Died December 1 (November 19) , 1825 Taganrog Buried Unknown (believed interred at Peter and Paul Fortress, his tomb was found to be empty) Predecessor Paul I Successor Nicholas I Consort Louise of Baden Issue Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna Royal House House of Romanov Father Paul I Mother Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg ( Alexander P avlovich ) 1777-1825 EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1801-1825 Eldest son of Emperor Paul I, Alexander was born in St. Petersburg on December 23 (12), 1777. From childhood, he was greatly influenced by Catherine the Great, who brought him up and considered him her successor. He came to the throne after the murder of his father, Paul I, on March 23 (12), 1801, and was crowned in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on September 15. The young Emperor was extremely popular among all levels of society. The first half of his reign was marked by a liberal internal policy: His various reforms included a restructuring of the country and an attempt to codify Russian legislation. Later, however, he reversed many of these changes. Alexander died on December 1 (November 19), 1825, in Taganrog and was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. There is a story that he secretly abdicated and lived as a monk.

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Nicholas I ( Nicholas P avlovich ) 1796-1855 EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1825-1855 Nicholas I was born on 6 July (May 25), 1796, in Gatchina near St. Petersburg, the third son of Emperor Paul I. Not considered likely to succeed to the throne, he received an education in military engineering. In the 1820s, he held the post of inspector general of the army's engineers. He also became Commander of the First Guards Division. Nicholas I came to throne after the death of his older brother Alexander I and the refusal of the second brother, Grand Duke Constantine, to accept sovereignty. His first measure as Emperor was the execution of the participants in the uprising of December 14, 1825. He was crowned on August 22, 1826, in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. His reign saw the flourishing of absolute monarchy in military and civil areas. He strengthened and centralized bureaucratic structures to an unprecedented degree. Harsh and despotic by nature, he had little time for abstract ideas. Any sign of liberalism in Russia was brutally suppressed. The principal issue in foreign policy was the "Eastern Question," maintaining pro-Russian regimes in the Black Sea Straits. Nicholas attempted to resolve this by the partition of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War of 1853-56, in which Russia suffered a bitter defeat at the hands of a coalition of Western European states and Turkey. He married Frederica Louisa Charlotta Wilhelmina (Alexandra Feodorovna), daughter of King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, and had seven children. Nicholas died on March 2 (February 18), 1855. Many researchers believe he poisoned himself after receiving news of the defeat of Russian forces at Evpatoria. He was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. Reign December 1, 1 825–March 2, 1 855 Coronation September 3, 1826 Born 6 July 1796 Gatchina Died March 2, 1855 Predecessor Alexander I Successor Alexander II Consort Charlotte of Prussia Issue Tsar Alexander II Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna Grand Duke Konstantin Nicholaievich of Russia Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaievich Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich Royal House House of Romanov Father Pa vel I Mother Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg

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Alexander II ( Alexander N ikolaevich ) 1818-1881 EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1855-1881 Eldest son of Emperor Nicholas I, Alexander was born in Moscow on April 29 (17), 1818, and came to the throne on March 3 (February 19), 1855, after the death of his father. He was crowned in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on August 26, 1856. After his accession to the throne, Alexander II implemented important reforms, notably the abolition of serfdom, as well as changes in national, military and municipal organization. He also rethought foreign policy: Russia now refrained from overseas expansion and concentrated on strengthening its borders. In 1867, he sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States. His greatest foreign policy achievement was the successful war of 1877-78 against the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the liberation of Bulgaria and annulment of the conditions of the Treaty of Paris of 1856, imposed after Russia's defeat in the Crimean War. In 1841, Alexander II married Maria of Hessen-Darmstadt (Maria Alexandrovna). The marriage produced seven children. On March 13, 1881, in St. Petersburg, he was mortally wounded by a bomb thrown by a student, I. Grinevitskii, a member of the revolutionary organization "The National Will.'' The Cathedral of the Resurrection on Blood was erected on the site of the murder. Alexander II was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. Reign March 3, 1855-March 13, 1881 Coronation September 7, 1856 Born April 29, 1818 Moscow Died March 13, 1881 St. Petersburg Predecessor Nicholas I Successor Alexander III Consort Marie of Hesse and by Rhine Issue Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna Grand Duke Nicholas Alexandrovich Tsar Alexander III (Alexandrovich) Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Grand Duke Pa ve l Alexandrovich Royal House House of Romanov Father Nicholas I Mother Charlotte of Prussia

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Alexander III (Alexander Alexandrovich) 1845-1894 EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1881-1894 The second son of Alexander II was born in St. Petersburg on 10 March (February 26), 1845. Alexander III became official heir to the throne after the death of his elder brother, Nicholas, in 1865. He came to the throne on March 14 (1), 1881, at the age 36 after the assassination of his father and was crowned in the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin on May 15, 1881. Alexander III's reign coincided with an industrial revolution in Russia and the strengthening of capitalism. His domestic policy was particularly harsh, directed not only against revolutionaries but other liberal movements. Fearing an attempt on his life, he refused to live in the Winter Palace; instead, he lived away from St. Petersburg in Gatchina, the palace of his great-grandfather, Paul I, which was designed like a medieval fortress surrounded by ditches and watchtowers. He married the Danish Princess Dagmar (Maria Feodorovna) and had six children. Alexander III died on 1 November (October 20), 1894, in Livadia, Crimea, and was buried in the Cathedral of the St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. Reign 14 March 1881- 1 November 1894 Born 10 March 1845 Died 1 November 1894 Predecessor Alexander II Successor Nicholas II of Russia Consort Maria Fyodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) Issue Nicholas II Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich Grand Duke George Alexandrovich Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovn Royal House House of Romanov Father Alexander II Mother Marie of Hesse and by Rhine

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Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich) 1868-1918 EMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1894-1917 Nicholas II, the last Russian Emperor, was the eldest son of Alexander III and was born on May 18 (6), 1868. He ascended the throne after the death of his father on October 20, 1894, and was crowned on May 14, 1896. The ceremony in Moscow was overshadowed by a catastrophe on Khodynskoe Field, where more than a thousand spectators were crushed to death. He married the daughter of Grand Duke Ludwig of Hessen, Alice Victoria Eleanor Louisa Beatrice (Alexandra Feodorovna), and had five children. The Czarevich Alexei suffered from hemophilia and was a permanent invalid. There were four daughters. Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia. According to contemporaries, Nicholas was gentle and approachable. Those who met him easily forgot that they were face to face with the Emperor. In private life, he was undemanding but had contradictions in his character, tending to weakness and inconsistency. A stubborn supporter of the right of the sovereign, despite growing pressure for revolution, he did not give way on a single issue, even when common sense and circumstances demanded it. He struggled desperately to hold on to power during both the 1905 and 1917 revolutions. Freedoms accorded to people in his manifesto of October 17, 1905, were soon annulled. Reign 1 November 1894 – 2 March 1917 Born 18 May 1868 Saint Petersburg, R ussia Died 17 July 1918, age 50 Yekaterinburg, Russia Predecessor Alexander III of Russia Successor Empire abolished, became the Russian SFSR, then the Soviet Union in 1922; next Russian Head of State and Government is Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( Lenin ) . Consort Ali ce Victoria Eleanor Louisa Beatrice (Alexandra Feodorovna) Issue Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Grand Duke Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Royal House House of Romanov Father Alexander III of Russia Mother Dagmar of Denmark

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The saints of the Romanov family In foreign policy, Nicholas II took steps to stabilize the international situation, initiating two peace congresses at The Hague. During his reign, Russia was involved in two wars. In 1904-5, the country suffered a heavy defeat by Japan -- 400,000 men were killed, wounded or captured, and material losses were valued at 2.5-billion gold rubles. Even greater losses, however, were suffered in World War I, which Russia entered on the Allied side on August 1, 1914. Loss of territory, massive casualties and confusion at home were the main reasons for the Second Russian Revolution in February 1917. On March 2, 1917, Nicholas II abdicated. After the abdication, the royal family first remained in Czarskoe Selo then, by decision of the interim government, were transported to Siberia. In April 1918, the Bolshevik government decided to move the Imperial family to Ekaterinburg in the Urals. Here, they were all shot on July 17, 1918. The bodies were hidden and have only recently been found and identified.

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Romanov’s Family Genealogy