Закладки которые учат

Management of Cheremkhovo

Administration Education

Municipal comprehensive institution “School №30

«How to memorize  vocabulary through creating tasks while reading»

Short-term individual

creative project

Authors:

Irina Andriyanova,

Anastasiya Gromova,

Lyudmila Tarasova

Students of the 7 form

Leader:

English teacher,

Volivetskaya M.G.

Cheremkhovo

2021    

Project passport

Content

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………7

Learning English and grammar skills…………………………………………………9

Ways to improve language learning and grammar skills……………………………10

What is grammar?........................................................................................................10

Basic skills…………………………………………………………………………...12

Importance of speaking skill…………………………………………………………13

How to enhance speaking skill?..................................................................................15

Preparing for tests……………………………………………………………............16

Conclusion………………………………………………………….………………..20

Introduction

Today the market relations rule the world and they define all structure of the world. In these conditions world language - language of the international communication is English.  The use of language in communication is vital. Language plays an important role in communication among people in the world. A language that spread widely as international language is English. For that reason, learning English is important for students. Learners should be able to make themselves understood, using their current proficiency. They should try to avoid confusion in the message due to faulty pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, and to observe the social and cultural rules that apply in each communication situation. Therefore each соmprehensively developed person has to know English. These provisions define also the educational purpose. The purpose of education is to create comprehensively developed personality of each pupil. The subject of English makes a huge contribution to formation of inclinations of the developed personality. In recent years, the terms learner autonomy and learner independence have gained increasing importance in the educational context. They have taken on a number of associated meanings for language learning - these include:

• assuming responsibility for your own learning;
• acquiring key skills and learning strategies;
• learning according to your own needs and interests;
• using available resources and taking every opportunity to learn.

Research has shown that language learners whose approaches to learning reflect some of these characteristics are more likely to succeed in their long-term aims and objectives. This is why it is important to have access to a resources  which encourages learners to make use of these resources and develop an autonomous approach to learning. This does not mean that the teacher and the classroom no longer have a crucial role to play in the learning process, since classroom instruction, regular attendance and participation together with contact and collaboration with colleagues all contribute equally to progress!

With the above in mind, this project aims to encourage students to develop an autonomous approach. It offers an idea for language learning activities which they might wish to try out and, if successful, build into your own repertoire of learning strategies.

Learning English and grammar skills

Does your grammar need training? Do you want to learn a foreign language more effectively and successfully? Download your Android, IPhone, IPad to help you learn English. It’s the best way to improve your English grammar at home, on the move, anywhere except English lesson. The students should review the grammar material over and over.  No wonder that both teachers and parents complained that the children dislike «new» grammar, while they themselves found it difficult to follow. It takes much time for a teacher to repeat grammatical rules. Teachers have to cover a lot of material in class, and students have to keep it up. There are a lot of rules to remember, and on the top of the rules, there are exceptions to the rules! Students want to refresh their grammar every time they need. Bad grammar can destroy students’ motivation, kill  their  confidence, and damage English learning. They have to apply the source of grammatical rules which they really need for taking exam. English is necessity for modern persons. Therefore it’s worth studying English. And grammar is not so difficult as it seems. And difficulties arise in many reasons: something has been passed, something hasn’t been well understood. But all these problems can be solved. It’s possible to overcome difficulties independently. You can achieve faster results with using grammar. Grammar is very important, but it doesn’t mean that it has to be difficult. Actually, English Grammar is simpler than Russian Grammar. One of the best ways to become confident with grammar points is to use it as often as possible. Bookmarks with useful grammar information for students to use as a grammar reference when writing, speaking, reading. This set of bookmarks includes grammar rules that students need for their exam. They are rules that all students of English become familiar with in the first year and till the sixth of their studies. This is a helpful resource for any form on every lesson.  It’s easy –to-use tool that is always handy. It’s great for the beginning of the school year or any time students need a reminder. Perfect for finishing off a unit. Really great for reinforcement of  the rule taught. Also great to have in one location for review while preparing for  the test. The bookmarks easy to understand and clearly organized. This set of bookmarks will engage and excite students all year. The bookmarks are designed to review important grammar material and dig deeper into each activity. The bright colors are eye catching and the design are age appropriate. Bookmarks motivate students to read, these will teach them at the same time. Bookmarks  will help students overcome a grammar barrier and achieve different aims:

-Error correction work;

-Self-access work;

-Learner training;

Developing speaking skills;

-Freer speaking for revision of previously taught grammar;

-Developing writing skills;

-Creating a relaxed, non-threatening atmosphere in the classroom;

Ways to improve language learning and grammar skills

 Language learning is often seen in terms of four basic language skills:- listening, speaking, reading and writing. There can, of course, be an overlap skill area- grammar  which is frequently added to the four skills.

"Grammar is simply the word for the rules that people follow when they use a language. We need those rules in the same way as we need the rules in a game." Michael Swan.

It is very important to have a good knowledge of grammar if you are to succeed in any of the exams. Most of the exams have a section where they test your grammar. You need to write tenses correctly and put words in the correct order in a sentence.

What is grammar?

In addressing the question of "what is grammar", the Oxford Dictionary defines grammar as: «The way in which words are put together to form proper sentences».

Although that is a pretty good description of grammar, the truth is, grammar is much, much more than that.

To understand what grammar is, it is useful to consider what our lives would be like without it. «Grammar is a linguistic tool that determines the rules for presenting sentences correctly. It involves a number of related subfields including syntax, phonetics, morphology, and semantics.

«However, what is grammar to one person, may well be something completely different to someone else. Grammar is an aspect of language about which learners have different opinions. Some learners are very interested in finding out or learning grammar rules and doing lots of grammar exercises. Others hate grammar and think it is the most boring part of learning a new language. Whatever opinion you have, however, you cannot escape from grammar; it is in every sentence you read or write, speak or hear. Grammar is simply the word for the rules that people follow when they use a language. We need those rules in the same way as we need the rules in a game. If there are no rules, or if everybody follows their own rules, the game would soon break down. It's the same with language; without rules we would not be able to communicate with other people.

It is necessary to know grammar, and it is better to write grammatically than not, but it is well to remember that grammar is common speech formulated. Usage is the only test.

Grammar is the structural foundation of our ability to express ourselves. The more we are aware of how it works, the more we can monitor the meaning and effectiveness of the way we and others use language. It can help foster precision, detect ambiguity, and exploit the richness of expression available in English. And it can help everyone--not only teachers of English, but teachers of anything, for all teaching is ultimately a matter of getting to grips with meaning.

Language learners cannot escape from grammar, but the key question here is: what is the best way to learn grammar? You can learn the rules of a game by simply playing the game. You will certainly make mistakes; you may even get hurt. Eventually, however, you will know how to play. Of course, the rules of a language are very much more complicated than the rules of any game, but in fact this is exactly how you learned your own language. Nobody taught you the rules of your mother tongue as you were growing up but now you never make a grammar mistake.

It is possible to learn a second language in the same natural way, if you have enough time and you live in the right place. For example, if you are a Korean boy and you move to Russia at age 6, attend a Russian school, play every day with Russian friends, you will probably learn all you need to know about Russian grammar by the age of 15 without ever having a grammar lesson or reading a grammar book.

Most people learning a new language do not have so much time and such an ideal situation; So what is the best way to learn English grammar? Unfortunately, there is no easy answer to the question. There are just as many different opinions about teaching grammar as there are about learning grammar. Many students believe in the importance of grammar lessons devoted to a study of language rules and lots of practice exercises. Other students feel that grammar is best learned by doing different language activities without focusing so directly on the rules. Whatever your opinion about grammar, and whichever is the way you are taught, here is some advice that may help you to learn grammar more effectively.

Basic Skills

There are 4 primary language skills, usually referred to as: speaking, listening, reading and writing. It is important to distinguish between them (though they are very much interlinked in many situations) as they demand different abilities, eg giving a speech requires a different skill from understanding what you hear when someone else gives a speech, or to presenting the information in the speech in written form or to reading what someone else has written on the subject. All these four skills must be included in a general English teaching syllabus.

There are courses in English for Specific Purposes, which need to be heavily weighted in one or two of the skills eg courses for telephone operators teach more listening and speaking. However, even courses as specific as that need a certain amount of the other skills - a telephonist may need to read a memo, or leave a written message for someone, thus needing the skills of reading and writing.

There are further sound reasons for including all the four skills in the syllabus and often in a single lesson:

1. People get tired after a certain period of activity, they need a rest or change of activity - the saying - 'A change is as good as a rest' certainly applies to the language classroom.
2. In any group there will be several different styles of learner. For example while some adults need to write what they learn in oral practice because they get comfort from the written word, others will not need to see the written word. If you give the class the chance to hear and say and see and write a piece of language you will be catering for all styles of learner.

Speaking is a communication skill that enables a person to verbalize thoughts and ideas. There are two instances when such a skill is required and these are: interactive and semi-interactive. In the first instance (interactive), this would involve conversations with another person or group of persons whether face-to-face or over the phone, wherein there is an exchange of communication between two or more people.

In the second instance (semi-interactive), this happens when there is a speaker and an audience such as in the case of delivering a speech, wherein the speaker usually does all the talking, while the audience listens and analyzes the message, expressions, and body language of the speaker.

Importance of Speaking Skill

We have established the importance of communication skills in any and all aspects of our lives. What one needs to remember is that communication is a two-way process involving the speaker and the listener. Communication can only be considered effective if both aspects are achieved successfully.

Every single day, we are given opportunities to speak. At home, we interact with family members and neighbors. We ask driving directions from passersby. We converse with the waitress at the local pub. At work, we talk to colleagues and superiors. We discuss business issues and concerns during business meetings. We educate customers on products and services being offered. Indeed, such skill is being utilized anywhere and everywhere.

Now imagine if a person does not possess good speaking skills. It would be very difficult to express thoughts and ideas to others; it would be almost impossible to gain understanding from these people if we cannot even convey our message clearly and accurately.

People with below average communication skills, particularly speaking skills, will have difficulty presiding over gatherings, whether social, personal, or business-related. It is either that he does not know how to put his thoughts and ideas into words or he simply does not have enough confidence to speak in the presence of other people. Regardless of what may be the reason for this, it leads to one thing: ineffective communication. And a person who cannot communicate effectively would find it difficult to strike a good impression on others, especially on their superiors.

In order to objectively assess one’s speaking skill, there has to be a basic understanding of the speaking assessment criteria, which are enumerated below. Gauge your speaking skill based on these.

• Pronunciation – This refers to the way each word is uttered correctly and clearly.

• Stressing and Intonation – This refers to how certain words and phrases are given emphasis, as well as the correct rise and fall of pitch.

• Correctness – This refers to grammar, syntax, and construction. These aspects need to be correctly used; errors and mistakes can give a negative impression on the listeners and create confusion.

• Vocabulary – This refers to the choice of words; the speaker must have a wide vocabulary to effectively verbalize thoughts and ideas.

• Voice Quality – Aside from the speaker’s physical appearance, the quality of his voice also affects the impression of the listener on him. The voice must be clear, crisp, and full because it is the medium by which the message is relayed to the listener.

• Fluency – This refers to the ability to use the required language in a manner that is smooth and spontaneous.

• Appropriateness – The speaker must be able to gauge the audience properly, in terms of what type of audience they are and match the message to this classification. For example, if the listener is a top-level executive, then the tone and content of the message should be appropriate to this person. Ideas and information must be relevant and interesting to the audience.

How to Enhance Speaking Skill

Oftentimes, speaking skill is poor because of one’s lack of self-confidence. Therefore, one of the best ways to enhance it is to gain confidence. Make an effort to speak up during gatherings, and practice speaking even at home so as to be able to improve on delivery.

One technique that usually works is by developing a can-do attitude and mindset. When given a responsibility to speak before a crowd or a VIP, envision this prior to the event itself. Visualize yourself speaking in front of these people, with you delivering your speech or message calmly and confidently. Take a deep breath and tell yourself that you can do it just as well as anybody else can. Speaking is a skill, not a talent. It is a continuous process that can only be achieved with the right attitude and sufficient practice.

How to improve speaking skills

As Edward Sapir says: “Language completely interprets direct experience. For most people every experience, real or potential, is saturated with verbalism…”

Language learners need to recognize that speaking involves three areas of knowledge:

• Mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary): Using the right words in the right order with the correct pronunciation
• Functions (transaction and interaction): Knowing when clarity of message is essential (transaction/information exchange) and when precise understanding is not required (interaction/relationship building)
• Social and cultural rules and norms (turn-taking, rate of speech, length of pauses between speakers, relative roles of participants): Understanding how to take into account who is speaking to whom, in what circumstances, about what, and for what reason.

Now many students learn to speak in the second language by "interacting". Communicative language learning and collaborative learning serve best for this aim.  Communicative language learning is based on real-life situations that require communication. By using this method in LT classes, students will have the opportunity of communicating with each other in the target language.  In brief,  in a classroom environment creates real-life communication, authentic activities, and meaningful tasks that promote oral language. This can occur when students collaborate in groups to achieve a goal or to complete a task.Whenever you're speaking to someone or hear others speaking and you catch grammar you don't fully understand, write it down and look it up. Instead of thinking to yourself later that night, " What was that rule again?" you'll be able to flip to your bookmark and remember. Boom. Learning! It's good enough to write it down and look it up, though. Oh no, no, no. You gotta make it a point to use that rule you just learned!  So later that night or the next day, work it into your speech. Make it part of your own.

Preparing for tests

 There are many ways to study for exams .Students should find their way around a grammar. The best method will depend on the subject and the kind of questions you are going to be asked in the test. In every case, however, you will remember more if you do something active. This means that you shouldn't just read through your work again and again; you need to make study notes!

There are different kinds of study notes. For example, if you have to learn the important vocabulary of a topic, you could write the word on one side of a small card. On the other side you could a definition or examples of the word. The cards are now your study notes

If you have to review a large and complicated topic like the French Revolution, your study notes could be an outline of the main events or a mind map of the important causes.

When you have finished your notes, you can ask someone to test you on them. You can also review them again at the last minute before the exams.

Grammar equals rules We’ve noticed, through our personal experiences and through those of others, that rules are often what get you stuck in a rut. The students are victims of their mistakes. You’ll find your writing skills will improve as you get further through your studies, but at first having to do assignments and write using academic English can be a challenge.

Too many rules and before you know it, you’re not stuck in a rut, you’re in the middle of a bloody crater . And those of us who don’t follow the rules—whether in music, painting, languages, photography, programming, fashion, or business—end up more often than not successful and highly respected.

Correct oral communication in English is based on knowledge of English phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, and on practice and experience in communicating with native English speakers in real life. In my opinion learners can learn grammar and practice it in communicative grammar exercises with real life content (with sentences that most likely can be used in real life situations). Learners of English for example should be encouraged to make up their own sentences on each grammar point taking into consideration their personal daily life activities (thus using English grammar for their potential relevant needs in realistic situations). Imagination and creativity play a major role in this practice as learners prepare for potential use of English grammar for their needs.

«Always check out any grammatical structure which you are unsure of and are expected to teach. Have your own 'bible' which you can rely on as a reference before a lesson. You will need your grammar throughout your  career. In this project you are expected to use your grammar, to familiarise yourself with the layout and become skilled at using it as a quick reference.

It's very helpful for learners to have a key to exercises for self-check. Grammar exercises that contain dialogues, interrogative and statement (or narrative) sentences on everyday topics, thematic texts and narrative stories are especially effective for mastering grammatical structures. Grammar practice should include exercises in listening comprehension, speaking, reading and writing.

I think grammar learning ought to be combined with conversational practice and vocabulary learning (first fixed thematic conversational phrases, and then free conversational practice on each topic with sentences based on known grammar (to reduce grammar mistakes) alongside learning grammar).

In the process of learning English grammar learners can devote a portion of time at each lesson for learning first fixed thematic conversational phrases that don't require grammar knowledge. Later based on known grammar learners can concentrate more productively on listening, speaking, reading and writing practice on each daily life topic and on thematic vocabulary expansion.
Knowledge of grammar rules reduces making grammatical mistakes by learners. Without adequate knowledge of English grammar rules learners often cannot create their own grammatically correct sentences and often cannot understand what they read or hear in English exactly.

I believe what especially matters in effective teaching and learning of English grammar is how clearly and easily understandable all grammar rules are explained and whether adequate supportive exercises with real life content are practiced to master that material. It would take foreign learners much less time to learn grammar rules that are explained to learners than to figure out grammar rules on their own intuitively from texts because grammar rules may have exceptions and other peculiarities.

Grammar books with explanations and exercises have been published by knowledgeable language specialists to make learning grammar easier so that learners don’t have to discover grammar rules anew the hard long way.

In today's world, we do exams, we do test for everything. Grammar is a beautiful thing for linguists and the language business, not for language learners. It is unusable and practically impossible to remember, moreover, it makes language a zombie thing. 

The sole grammar that you should learn if you want to learn a new language effectively is which you acquire from interaction with real people, in the real world. Not from inanimate books made from superfluous rules and exceptions.

How do you keep yourself on track? How do you not let your goals get lost in the daily hustle and bustle?

One way is to use something outside of your own leaky memory. In  Bruce’s Lee article  Change your environment to change your life he wrote about how people can more quickly change who they are by changing your surroundings.

«Using handy objects like external reminders is one good way of doing just that. And they come in a few different forms.

This is of course the simplest and most common form of external reminders.

You just write down what you want to keep in mind on a piece of paper and then put where you can’t avoid seeing it.

You can, for example, make a to-do list of three things you want to get done today and then put that note in the pocket of your pants.

But you can also use written notes to keep more long-term and less physically practical things in mind. You may, for instance, write down a very meaningful and inspiring quote and tape it on your wall, fridge or bathroom mirror to keep your motivation up and your focus on what is important.

Or, if you taking some kind of challenge – like the Positivity Challenge – or doing a 30 day trial to change a habit – like only checking email and RSS-feeds once a day – you can put up many notes in your surroundings with some quick reminder to keep yourself from forgetting and slipping up.

Paper is a useful for your notes, but not the only alternative. You can write down a reminder and use it as your screensaver. Or you can program your computer and cell phone to remind you about things with a beep and a small text a few times a day.

One suggestion for such a message, if you are trying to improve your effectiveness, is to program your tools to ask you: is this useful? If you find that what you are doing isn’t that useful, try to get it done quickly or drop it completely and move on to your most important tasks».

Using external reminders is a great idea because most of English learners have been so “trained” by their lifestyles, that without a constant reminder to do, think, or say something, they very easily fall back into our old habits.

Conclusion

Here are mistakes that can be made by students when speaking.
Each person develops an individual procedure  of thinking ability through speaking process, which is the main sign of outlook improvement of comprehensibly developed human being.If students are to get the maximum benefit from grammar bookmarks,then with each using them they may feel more secure,and each using will make them clear that they understand more than they did previously.

To write well we need help. All of us! Usually if we write an important letter we get someone to check it through.

The overall aim of teaching English to speakers of other languages is to involve all the students all the time. We want to have active learners who are following the lesson, building on what they learn and feeling that they are achieving something.

In today’s world, of course, all students  would be able to gain an independent learning. Using grammar bookmarks students will memorize its grammar rules and recall it with ease. In time the need for support should become minimal, as they move ever closer to the goal of 'true independence'. But in the real world we know that this is rarely possible. Students have different amounts of time available to them. They will differ in their aptitudes, learning styles, and attitudes towards technology and their experience. Our own time and resources, too, are limited.

But the professional support we give- whatever its form - should aim to help students make their independent learning as efficient and effective as possible. Few teachers or students would deny that this aim is a noble one.