Муниципальное общеобразовательное бюджетное учреждение
"средняя школа №34 Лесозаводского городского округа"
602036, г. Лесозаводск, ул. Октябрьская, д. 82; тел.: 84235542787

Individual project

" Contribution of Russian scientists to world science "

VOITOVICH PAVEL

10 A GRADE

SCHOOL №34

CURATOR:

SOLOVOVA OLGA

LESOZAVODSK,  2023

Content

1. Introduction        3

2. Space exploration        4

2.1. Rocket        4

2.2. Artificial Earth satellite        5

2.3. Orbital station        6

3. Medicine        7

3.1. Conditioned reflexes        7

3.2. Phagocytosis        8

3.3. Anesthesia        9

4. Everyday life        11

4.1. Radio        11

4.2. TV        12

4.3 Electrocar        13

5.        Conclusion        15

6. References.        17

Supplement 1        18

Supplement 2        22

1. Introduction

Although scientists are well aware of and appreciate the contribution of Russian contribution to world science, many still believe that Russia failed to create its own science and that all the scientific knowledge of historical Russia was borrowed from other, more enlightened peoples.

Without pretending to complete the exposition of the history of independent scientific thought in Russia, we hope to dispel this flagrant lie and prove that the scientific contribution of Historical Russia in its discoveries and inventions not only did not lag behind the most enlightened countries, but often went ahead of these countries.

That is why in this research project I want to consider the contribution of Russian scientists to world science and prove that the idea that all Russian science is built on other people's thoughts is completely wrong. I consider this topic very important at all times, because without knowledge of the past there is no future.

Problem statement

In this project, I want to consider the problem of underestimation of the contribution of Russian scientists to world science over the past couple of centuries. It is considered underdeveloped, stolen from other people's thoughts and based on the contribution of foreign scientists, although this is not the case.

Relevance of the project

I am interested in world discoveries, the inventors of which are Russian scientists. We use their inventions now, but usually we do not know those thanks to whom they appeared. However, this directly affects us, this is our history, and it will always be important. Therefore, I consider this topic relevant.

Purpose

Determine the place and role of Russian scientists in the development of world science and technology, the contribution of Russian science in the medical field, in the space field and in relatively everyday things that have appeared quite recently.

Tasks

1. Study the achievements of Russian scientists in space exploration in details;
2. To study the achievements in the field of medicine;
3. Study inventions that are used in everyday life;
4. Analyze students knowledge.

2. Space exploration

2.1. Rocket

A rocket is a vehicle that uses jet propulsion to accelerate without using the surrounding air. A rocket engine produces thrust by reaction to exhaust expelled at high speed. Rocket engines work entirely from propellant carried within the vehicle; therefore a rocket can fly in the vacuum of space. Rockets work more efficiently in a vacuum and incur a loss of thrust due to the opposing pressure of the atmosphere.

In Russia, the first spacecraft were invented, from which the first flights took place. The main ones are the Vostok spacecraft series. The first manned spacecraft of the Vostok series, which was launched on April 12, 1961 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome with pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin on board, became at the same time the first spacecraft in the world, enabled the first manned flight into outer space.

The second Voskhod spacecraft actually repeated the ships of the Vostok series, but had an enlarged forward instrument subcompartment, its descent vehicle was reconfigured for flight and landing inside the SA of two or three cosmonauts (for which ejection seats were excluded and to save space, the cosmonauts were located without suits), and the version for spacewalks had a hinged airlock.

The flight of the Voskhod-1 spacecraft on October 12, 1964 was the world's first multi-seat manned space flight, with cosmonauts Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov, Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistov and Boris Borisovich Yegorov on board.

During the flight of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft, launched on March 18, 1965, for the first time in the world, a man went into outer space. This man was the pilot-cosmonaut Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov.

After the first two flights, several more manned flights were made (including low-orbit, longer, group flights, with the first mixed female-male crew, the first woman's spacewalk).

The Soyuz began to be designed in 1962 at OKB-1, first to fly around the moon. A bunch of spacecraft and upper stages 7K-9K-11K were supposed to go to the Moon. Subsequently, this project was closed in favor of flying around the Moon on the L1 spacecraft, launched on the Proton launch vehicle, and on the basis of 7K and the closed project of the Sever near-Earth spacecraft, they began to make 7K-OK - a multi-purpose three-seat orbital ship (OK) with solar panels, designed for practicing maneuvering and docking operations in near-Earth orbit, for conducting various experiments, including the transfer of astronauts from ship to ship through outer space. Modifications of the ship are still in use today.

2.2. Artificial Earth satellite

An artificial Earth satellite (AES) is a spacecraft that revolves around the Earth in a geocentric orbit.

The concept of a satellite, as a rule, refers to unmanned spacecraft (SC), however, near-Earth manned and automatic cargo spacecraft, as well as orbital stations, are also satellites.

Unmanned satellites have a mass from several kilograms to two tens of tons and a size from several centimeters to (in particular, when using solar panels and retractable antennas) several tens of meters. Spaceships and spaceplanes that are satellites reach several tens of tons and meters, and prefabricated orbital stations - hundreds of tons and meters. In the 21st century, with the development of microminiaturization and nano-technologies, the creation of ultra-small satellites of cubesat formats (from one to several kg and from several to several tens of cm) has become a mass phenomenon, and a new pocketcube format (literally a pocket cube) of several hundred or tens of grams has also appeared. and a few centimeters. In particular, the first artificial earth satellite was no more than 0.58 meters in diameter and had a mass of 83.6 kg.

Artificial Earth satellites are widely used for scientific research and applied tasks, as well as in education (the so-called “university” satellites have become a mass phenomenon in the world) and amateur radio satellites as a hobby.

Sputnik-1 is the world's first artificial Earth satellite, a Soviet spacecraft launched into orbit on October 4, 1957 (during the International Geophysical Year).

The date of the launch of Sputnik-1 is the beginning of the space age of mankind, and in Russia it is annually celebrated as a memorable day for the Space Forces. A plain on the surface of Pluto is named after the first artificial satellite of the Earth (the name was officially approved by the International Astronomical Union on August 8, 2017)

The flight of the first satellite was preceded by a long work of many scientists and designers. The theory of jet propulsion was one of the first developed in his articles by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. He predicted the appearance of liquid fuel rockets, artificial earth satellites and orbital stations. Tsiolkovsky was an active popularizer of his ideas and left behind many followers. The satellite was designed by Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov and his team. Sergey Pavlovich Korolev played a significant role in organizing the work on the creation of the satellite and its launch.

2.3. Orbital station

An orbital station (OS) or a space station (CS) is a spacecraft designed for long-term stay of people in near-planet orbit for the purpose of conducting scientific research in outer space, reconnaissance, observations of the surface and atmosphere of the planet, astronomical observations, etc.

A space station differs from a manned spacecraft in that it has a crew that is periodically replaced by manned spacecraft that delivers a replacement crew, supplies of fuel and materials for the functioning of the station’s technical systems, crew life support, personal correspondence of its members, spare parts for repair and modernization of the station itself. stations, blocks of equipment to expand its functions, materials for new research, and the like. The descent vehicle of the transport spacecraft delivers to the Earth the replaced crew members and the results of the conducted research and observations.

Salyut is the world's first manned orbital station to fly around the Earth. Created in the USSR under the program of civil orbital manned stations "Long-Term Orbital Station" (DOS).

Later it was called "Salyut-1".

The station was sent from the factory to the Baikonur Cosmodrome in February 1971. It was launched into near-Earth orbit by the Proton-K launch vehicle on April 19, 1971.

On October 11, 1971, having spent 175 days in orbit, the station was deorbited by the commands of the central flight control and entered the dense layers of the atmosphere, where it was destroyed. Unburned debris fell into the Pacific Ocean.

By the beginning of XXI Russia, the USA, Japan, Canada and Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, France, Switzerland, Sweden, members of the European Space Agency, have jointly created and operate the International Space Station (ISS).

The National Orbital Space Station (also RO(S)S, Russian Orbital (Service) Station) is a planned Russian orbital station to replace the ISS after 2024. The project is being developed by RSC Energia specialists. The national Russian orbital station will be created on the basis of the modules originally intended for the ISS: NEM, MLM and UM (the last two are analogues of the ISS modules launched in 2021), then two more modules will be added: Gateway (SHM) and Transformable (TM) Thus, the total station will consist of five modules, its weight will be 60 tons.

3. Medicine

3.1. Conditioned reflexes

A conditioned reflex (temporal connection) is an individual reaction acquired during life through learning (as opposed to an unconditioned (innate) reflex. It is developed under certain conditions: the coincidence of an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus in time (a classic example: presenting food while lighting a light bulb ) as a result of which the reaction (for example, salivation) appears after a while to the presentation of only a neutral stimulus

The term was introduced by I.P. Pavlov (1903), who also described this phenomenon as evidence of the physiological basis of the psyche (higher nervous activity), where the conditioned reflex is an adaptive mechanism; also the study of w.r. led to the possibility of systematizing different types of the nervous system. In humans, in addition, through the second signal system, conditioned reflexes are developed with such conditioned stimuli as a word, speech ("signal of signals").

In the late 1920s, I.P. Pavlov organized the Biological Station in Koltushi (a suburb of St. Petersburg), which soon became the internationally recognized "capital of conditioned reflexes." The scientific interests of I.P. Pavlov were consistently connected with the study of the physiology of blood circulation, digestion, and higher nervous activity. For the development of the physiology of digestion, in 1904 he was awarded the first Nobel Prize in the field of theoretical medicine. After that, I.P. Pavlov created a new section of physiological science - the physiology of higher nervous activity, based on the phenomenon he discovered - the conditioned reflex. The fundamental works of I.P. Pavlov received international recognition.

 In 1935, at the 15th International Physiological Congress, I.P. Pavlov was recognized as "the first physiologist of the world." He made a huge contribution to the development of not only physiology, but also medicine, psychology, pharmacology, and pedagogy. IP Pavlov is the creator of the most numerous international physiological school.

3.2. Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis (ancient Greek φαγεῖν “devour” + κύτος “cell”) is a process in which cells (the simplest, or cells of the blood and tissues of the body specially designed for this - phagocytes) capture and digest solid particles. In some cells, it is used to obtain useful substances, and for unicellular organisms it is homologous to nutrition. In multicellular animals, this process has taken over the function of removing waste and pathogens.

Phagocytosis was first noted by Canadian physician William Osler and then studied and named by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1882. He suggested that the cells that capture and digest organic bodies, in addition to their participation in digestion, perform a protective function in the body. Mechnikov confirmed his assumption by doing experiments with starfish and daphnia, introducing foreign bodies into their bodies. For example, when Mechnikov placed a spore of a fungus in the body of a daphnia, he noticed that it was attacked by special mobile cells. When he introduced too many spores, the cells did not have time to digest them all, and the animal died. Mechnikov called the cells that protect the body from bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, etc. phagocytes, and the phenomenon itself - phagocytosis. In the summer of 1883, at a congress of natural scientists and doctors, Mechnikov announced the discovery of the phenomenon of phagocytosis. For his work on immunity, Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908).

 Before the works of Mechnikov, it was believed that leukocytes are passive and only contribute to the development of the pathological process. Mechnikov endowed them with an active and protective function.

The discovery of phagocytosis was the basis of the biological theory of immunity, and later - the basis of his biological theory of aging. The scientist believed that old age and death in humans occur too prematurely - the body self-poisons itself with microbial and other poisons.

 Thus, Ilya Mechnikov became the founder of scientific gerontology. The scientist was the first to propose to sterilize food, limit meat consumption, and also introduced the term "probiotic". He suggested that the bacteria in fermented milk products may have beneficial effects on the gut microbiome.

3.3. Anesthesia

Anesthesia is an artificially induced reversible state of inhibition of the central nervous system, in which sleep occurs, loss of consciousness, relaxation of skeletal muscles, a decrease or disabling of some reflexes, and pain sensitivity disappears (general anesthesia sets in). All this occurs with the introduction of one or more general anesthetics, the optimal dose and combination of which is selected by the anesthesiologist, taking into account the individual characteristics of a particular patient and depending on the type of medical procedure.

The term "anesthesia" refers to the general anesthesia of the body. When talking about local (local) anesthesia, the term "local anesthesia" or "local anesthesia" is used (in this case, the adjective "local" is often omitted). The cornerstone of this type of anesthesia is precisely the turning off of consciousness (narcosis - falling asleep), which is why the terms "anesthesia" and "anesthesia" have completely different meanings.

t seems to me that in our time, anesthesia is one of the most necessary things in medicine, without which it is simply impossible to do during operations. Of course, some operations and, if the patient wishes, can be performed with general anesthesia, but most surgical procedures are performed under general anesthesia. The success of the operation without anesthesia was determined only by the speed of the surgeon. However, with the advent of general anesthesia, surgery has moved to a new level. Now doctors could operate on patients more slowly, and therefore more accurately and accurately. Anesthesiology has also made it possible to treat restricted areas.

William Morton is considered the founder of general anesthesia. On October 16, 1846, at the Boston General Hospital, he was the first to demonstrate the successful inhalation use of diethyl ether as an anesthetic during an operation to remove a submandibular tumor.

February 1, 1847 F.I. Inozemtsev, under ether inhalation anesthesia, was the first in Russia to perform an operation to remove a cancerous breast. Two weeks later, on February 14, N. I. Pirogov applied ether anesthesia in St. Petersburg.

The role of N.I. Pirogov in the development of surgical anesthesia in Russia is enormous. It should be emphasized that N.I. Pirogov, first of all, checked on himself and his assistants the features of the clinical course of anesthesia, and only after that he began to use ether anesthesia in the clinic for patients.

On February 14, 1847, he performed his first operation under ether anesthesia in the 2nd military land hospital. Almost immediately, he publishes his impressions of the operations performed, on the basis of which he concludes that ether anesthesia can "even completely transform surgery."

Having the experience of "ethering", amounting to about 50 operations under ether anesthesia in St. Petersburg, N.I. Pirogov decided to apply this experience in military field surgery, directly in the provision of surgical care on the battlefield. At this time, there was a war with the highlanders in the Caucasus.

On July 8, 1847, Pirogov left for the Caucasus with the main purpose of testing the effect of ether anesthesia as an anesthetic on a large amount of material. On the way - in Pyatigorsk and Temir-Khan-Shura - Pirogov introduces doctors to ether anesthesia and performs a number of demonstrative operations under anesthesia.

In the Samurt detachment, which was located near the fortified village of Salta, in a primitive "infirmary", which consisted of several huts made of tree branches, covered with straw on top, with two long benches made of stones, kneeling, the great surgeon had to operate. After the very first observations of the use of anesthesia in the war, he expressed the idea of ​​the need to have trained cadres of drug addicts in the war. Here, near Saltami, Pirogov performed up to 100 operations under anesthesia.

4. Everyday life

4.1. Radio

Radio, also radio communication, is a method of transmitting messages over a distance by means of radio waves, as well as a field of science and technology related to the study of physical phenomena underlying this method and its use for communication, sound broadcasting, image transmission, signaling, control and management , detection of various objects and determination of their location and for other purposes.

Radio is one of the most unexpected and breakthrough technologies in the history of mankind, because what could be more practical and convenient than transmitting information over hundreds and thousands of kilometers to a huge number of people in a matter of seconds? It is still one of the most popular media to this day, although at the present time its popularity is being lost after the advent of the Internet. However, it is still actively listened to in cars, on the Internet, it is used to transmit emergency information in cases of emergency, it is widely used in military equipment and its influence is still great, it is still close to the consumer and the dynamically developing media, while In this case, the emergence of new media technologies makes it change and, perhaps, in the next decade it will go to the Internet, radio market experts believe.

The former Soviet republics, AS Popov is considered one of the inventors of the wireless telegraph. In experiments carried out in the physics room, and then in the garden of the Mine officer class, Popov's device detected the radiation of electromagnetic waves at a distance of up to 60 m from the transmitter. At a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St. Petersburg on April 25 (May 7), 1895, Popov demonstrated, as indicated in the minutes of the meeting, "a device designed to show rapid fluctuations in atmospheric electricity". However, in different countries, different people are still considered the inventor, because. at the same time, both Nikola Tesla and Gugliemo Marconi received patents for their inventions, unlike Popov. A. S. Popov created the first radio communication system capable of operating in Morse code. The scheme of A. S. Popov became a classic and formed the basis of the first generation radio communication equipment.

The exhibit is recognized as a monument of science and technology of the 1st category.

4.2. TV

Television is a telecommunication technology designed to transmit a moving image over a distance. In most cases, audio is transmitted along with the image. In everyday life, the term is also used for a generalized designation of organizations involved in the production and distribution of television programs. Since the second half of the 20th century, television has become the most influential medium for entertainment, education, news and advertising.

Transferred television storage technologies, such as VCR and optical video discs, have increased the availability of cinema products, making it possible to watch films not only in theaters but also on home televisions. By 2013, 79% of households worldwide had at least one television set[1]. Since the 1950s, television has played a key role in shaping public opinion, only beginning to yield this niche to the Internet in the mid-2010s. The role of technology in business and politics is huge, which is emphasized by the UN, which established a memorial day - World Television Day, which is celebrated annually on November 21.

On July 25, 1907, the St. Petersburg inventor Boris Lvovich Rosing applied for a patent for the "Method of electrical transmission of images over a distance", that is, television. In the autumn of 1910, he was granted patent No. 18076. Rosing managed to patent his invention in Russia, England, Germany and the USA. On May 9, 1911, Rosing demonstrated the results of his invention to the technical society of St. Petersburg. He managed to achieve transmission over a distance of an image in the form of a lattice of four light stripes on a dark background - in the experiment on May 9, 1911. It was the first television broadcast in the world. In this case, a cathode-ray tube was used to reproduce the image, and mechanical scanning was used for transmission. Subsequently, he publicly demonstrated the transmission of other images, but only still ones. After Rosing's publications, the development of TV devices, both mechanical and electronic, went at an accelerated pace. Subsequently, he called it an electric telescope. The scientist, using an electron beam, showed an amazing experience, as a result of which an image of a grid of four stripes appeared on the tiny screen of a cathode ray tube. It was the first television broadcast in the world, marking the beginning of the era of television.

4.3 Electrocar

An electric car is a car driven by one or more electric motors powered by an independent source of electricity (batteries, fuel cells, capacitors, etc.), and not by an internal combustion engine. An electric car should be distinguished from cars with an internal combustion engine and electric transmission, as well as from trolleybuses and trams.

The electric car appeared earlier than the car on the internal combustion engine, and than the internal combustion engine itself. As far back as 1828, the Hungarian inventor Anjos Jedlik made an electric-powered cart that looked more like a skateboard than a car. However, Yedlik's invention served as a powerful impetus to the development of this area of ​​engineering. The first electric car in the form of a cart with an electric motor was created in 1841.

Initially, the range and speed of electric and gasoline vehicles were approximately the same. The main disadvantage of electric vehicles was the complex recharging system. Since advanced AC-to-DC converters did not yet exist, charging was carried out in an extremely complicated way. For recharging, an electric motor powered by alternating current was used. He rotated the generator shaft, to which the batteries of the electric vehicle were connected. In 1906, a relatively easy-to-use rectifier was invented, but this did not significantly solve the problem of recharging.

In 1885, the owner of the St. Petersburg workshop "Power and Light" electrical engineer G. A. Shchavinsky designed an electric car.

In 1899, in St. Petersburg, a Russian nobleman and engineer-inventor, Ippolit Romanov, created the first Russian electric omnibus for 17 passengers. Its general layout was borrowed from English cabs, where the driver was located on high goats behind the passengers. The crew was double and four-wheeled, the front wheels were larger in diameter than the rear ones. The first electric car used a lead battery of the Bari system, which had 36 cans (voltaic poles). He required recharging every 60 miles (64 km). The total power of the car was 4 horsepower. The development of the crew was borrowed from the models of the American company Morris-Salom, which has been producing cars since 1898. The electric car changed the speed in nine gradations from 1.6 to 37.4 km/h. Romanov also developed a map of urban routes for these progenitors of modern trolleybuses and received a work permit. However, he could not find the necessary investments, so the business did not develop. Prior to this, Ippolitov created an electric car, nicknamed "cuckoo"

In 1935, the first Soviet electric car appeared - the electric garbage truck "LET" (Laboratory of electric traction). In 1948, NAMI specialists created the NAMI-750 electric vehicles (carrying capacity 0.5 tons) and NAMI-751 (carrying capacity 1.5 tons). In 1951, a batch of two dozen electric vehicles of both modifications was assembled at the Lvov Bus Plant, all of them were sent to the postal departments of Moscow and Leningrad, where they worked until the end of the 1950s; the cars were powered by iron-nickel batteries and could travel up to 55-70 km on a single charge, the maximum speed was 36 km/h.

5. Conclusion

As a result of this work, I have studied material related to the contribution of Russian scientists over the past couple of centuries. I studied in detail the achievements of Russian scientists in space exploration, learned about the first artificial earth satellites, the first rockets and the ISS. I also studied advances in the field of medicine, learned about anesthesia, phagocytosis and conditioned reflexes. I learned about those who invented radio, television and how electric cars developed in the world and in Russia. I determined the place and role of Russian scientists in the development of world science and technology. As a result of the survey, I learned that the contribution of Russian scientists to world science is very large, most students are well versed in the discovery of space, medicine, and radio.

In the course of work, the Learning Aps product was used to study English and deepen the topic of great inventions. With the help of this program, I made up English tests on the topic "Great Studies", learned new words, improved my understanding of grammar. I learned that Russian scientists have made a great contribution to the space industry, medicine, and, for example, that it was Russian scientists who created the first television. (Supplement 2)

I also conducted a survey among students in grades 9-10 of our school. (Supplement 1)

In the first question, more than 88% consider the contribution of Russian scientists to be significant, with which one cannot but agree.

In the second question, opinions are divided: the most developed areas are space - 40% and broadcasting - 32%. Medicine - 20% and transport - 12% are considered the least developed.

In the third question, 56% of people named the correct name of the rocket - Vostok, the rest consider the first Union rocket.

In the fourth question, 80% of people believe in the superiority of Russia in the study of space, 12% believe in the superiority of the United States and 8% in the superiority of China.

In the fifth question, absolutely everyone agreed that the first person who created the rocket was Korolev, which is undoubtedly correct.

In the sixth question, 60% of the respondents answered correctly - the launch of the first satellite really took place in 1957.

In the seventh question, 72% answered correctly - for the first time the theory of conditioned reflexes was tested on dogs, and not on rats or cats.

In the eighth question, 60% answered that phagocytosis is used for immunity, 24% - for digestion. In multicellular organisms, it is used for immunity, in unicellular organisms, for digestion.

In the ninth question, 52% of people answered incorrectly - in the USA they came up with a method of ether anesthesia, but for the first time it was actively used in practice by Fedor Inozemtsev and Nikolai Pirogov in Russia. 40% of scientists answered about Russian scientists

In the tenth question, 76% answered that the first radio prototype was invented by Popov, which is the correct answer. A radio patent was obtained by different scientists in different countries, but the first copy was presented by Popov at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society

6. References.

1. Авиация и космонавтика в СССР. М., 1968.

2. На пороге великих открытий // Наука и жизнь. — 1957. — № 11. — С. 30—32.

3. Радио // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. — 3-е изд. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.

4. Анестезиология и реаниматология. Под редакцией О. А. Долиной. — М.: Гэотар-Медиа, 2009.

5. Е. В. Никитина, И. М. Самсонова, А. Н. Кизименко. Об истории первого наркоза.

Supplement 1

Survey

Answer the questions

1. Do you consider the contribution of Russian scientists significant?

А) Yes

B) Not

2. Which area do you consider more developed?

А) Space

B) Medicine

C) Transport

D) Broadcasting (television, radio)

3. What was the name of the first rocket to fly into space?

А) Vostok

B) Soyuz

C) Voskhod

4. Who owns the primacy in the study of space?

А) China

B) USA

C) Russia

5. Who invented the rocket?

А) Gagarin

B) Leonov

C) Korolev

6. Satellite 1 was launched into orbit …

А) 1957

B) 1967

C) 1987

7. Which animals became the first test subjects in the theory of conditioned reflexes?

A) Dogs

B) Rats

C) Cats

8. What is phagocytosis associated with?

A) Digestive system

B) Immunity

C) Irritation

9. Where was anesthesia first used?

А) USA

B) Russia

C) Korea

10. Who invented the first prototype radio?

А) Popov

B) Tesla

Supplement 2

 Learning Apps.

https://learningapps.org/view30214037 - ссылка на задание