19th century English painting

Муниципальное общеобразовательное бюджетное учреждение
"средняя школа №34 лесозаводского городского округа"
602036, г. Лесозаводск, ул. Октябрьская,д. 82; тел.: 84235542787

        Individual project" English painting in the 17th – 19th  centuries "

                                                                                                BELYAEVA MARIA
                                                                                                                 FROM  9A
                                                                                                         SCHOOL  №34
                                                                                                               CURATOR:
                                                                                               SOLOVOVA  OLGA

                                     LESOZAVODSK, 2022

Content

1) Introduction...........................................................................................2

2)The history of the origin of art...............................................................3

2.1.1 Joshua Reynolds…………………………………………….…...4

 2.1.2 William Blake……………………………………………….......5

2.1.3 William Turner…………………………………………....….….6

2.1.4 John Constable……………………………………………..........7

2.1.5 Thomas Gainsborough……………………………………......…8

2.1.6 Walter Sickert……………………………………..........…..........9

2.1.7  William Hogarth…………………….........................……….….10

3) Conclusion...........................................................................................11

Introduction

        Modern painting takes its origin in the distant past, and its development is based on the works of great masters - experts in their field, including the British, who have become a starting point for many generations of contemporary artists. I believe that involvement in art, at all times, is an important criterion for the intellect of any person, as well as an integral part in modern education. In my opinion, most schoolchildren are not familiar enough with the work of foreign (English) artists of the past centuries. I consider, that classical painting is inseparable from the evolution of art and human civilization as a whole, and the masterpieces of English painters of the 17th-19th centuries are universally recognized by classics and are still very popular today.

        At first glance, it is difficult to call English painting one of the country's treasures, but in fact there are many interesting original masters among the artists of England, whose creations adorn the best art galleries in the world and the richest private collections of art objects.

        Until the 17th century, English painting could only be spoken of conditionally. Miniatures or frescoes were presented, but against the background of the Italian or Dutch schools, the English one looked pale. Then only ceremonial portraits of noble people and the rich were painted, because only they could order and pay for the finished canvas. In such portraits, the inner world of a person has never been revealed. Particular emphasis was placed on his outfit. It seemed to contemporaries that everything about a person could be told by the objects with which he was depicted. In these centuries, the attitude of artists to the dominant genre in England - the portrait - began to change. Portrait painters began to not only depict a model sitting in front of them, prescribing only her jewelry (bracelets, rings, lace and headdresses). They began to peer into the inner world of each person, display his thoughts and emotions on his face. Painting is an indicator of the cultural level of human development. Good artists and their paintings have always been appreciated by true lovers of beauty.But in the 19th century, portrait paintings were valued. landscapes, and above all watercolors, were equally striking trends. It was in the landscape that the painting of England was ahead of continental Europe.

Problem question: The disinterest of the current generation in the painting of England.

Hypothesis:  Art is interesting and if you penetrate it, you can discover a lot of new things.

Project's aim:  Find out what effect this period had on contemporaries

Project objectives:

1)To tell about the history of the origin of painting in the 19th century in England.

2)Acquaintance with outstanding painters of that time

2.1) Talk about the history of art

2.1.1)Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792)

2.1.2) William Blake (1757-1827)

2.1.3) William Turner (1775-1851)

2.1.4) John Constable (1776-1837)

2.1.5) Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788)

2.1.6) Walter Sickert(1860-1942)

2.1.7) William Hogarth (1697-1764)

3)To show works of artists.

2 The history of the origin of art

        The history of English art began in the 18th-19th centuries. Great Britain joined the world art with its distinct national face, its own perception of reality, and its own system. In the XVIII and XIX centuries the most interesting achievements of English fine arts lie in the landscape genre, primarily depicted in watercolor. It was in the landscape that the painting of England was ahead of continental Europe. Simultaneously artistic activity prepared the ground for the emergence of a symbolic trend in English literature and the visual arts. In England, at the end of the century, the art of the Symbolists flourishes magnificently. Accurate command of the line, a sense of the decorativeness of the sheet conquered creative people, despite the fact that the artist usually gave a very clean, not devoid of mannerism plot. But more often than not, the artist captivated the contemporary audience with his masterful arbitrariness of fantasy, exquisite, however, balancing on the verge of mannerism of skill. The artists of the new direction strove to develop visual means adequate to their knowledge of modern reality.

        During the difficult years of the Second World War for the development of culture in England, the problem of the nationality of art was brought to the fore. For the first time, the general population came into such close contact with music, theatre, literature and painting. The artists, united in groups during the hostilities, fought alongside the soldiers, simultaneously creating angry reports about the events of the war. One of the greatest achievements of the post-war years were the thematic exhibitions, at which a group of leading masters of the art of Great Britain

Acquaintance with the outstanding artists of England of that time.

A huge number of artists created their works of art, but I will tell about the most outstanding artists of that time.

2.1.1 Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792)

        There are few painters in the world who bathed in the rays of glory during their lifetime. And at the same time managed to remain in the memory of a generation. English artist Joshua Reynolds was one of those lucky ones.

        Since childhood he knew that he wanted to draw and achieved success. Indeed quickly, in addition to talent, he had the right character. In his hometown, Reynolds opens his own studio, where he works on portraits. Feeling that he was not yet experienced enough, the painter was sent to London. As a legacy, Joshua receives knowledge from representatives of the old schools of artists. Sociable and energetic, he easily won the hearts of customers. No wonder Reynolds once became the most powerful official in the art world. At 45, he was elected President of  the Royal Academy of Arts. With the right costume, setting or landscape, facial expression and posture, Reynolds was able to bring out the most important qualities of a person. In female portraits, Reynolds, of course, emphasized tenderness and beauty. But he did not forget about the character of the heroine. In the last years of his life, he could not see well. And no longer touched the brush. But he could not refuse one order. Catherine II became his client.

A self-portrait by Josh Reynolds was painted in 1747 and is now in the National Portrait Gallery in London.

(Attachment 1)

The portrait of Colonel Benestre Thorlinckton was painted in 1782 in

National Gallery in London(Attachment 2).

2.1.2 William Blake (1757-1827)

        William Blake was an extraordinary person. From childhood, he was visited by mystical visions. Even as a child, Blake was fascinated to get closer to Greek subjects from the drawings that he acquired for his father. The works of great painters instilled in him a love for the classical form. Gradually, this occupation grew into a passion for painting. Parents, unknown to their son and regretting that he did not go to school, sent him to painting lessons. True, during this period of study, Blake went only to what was interesting to him. And when he grew up, he became an anarchist. He did not recognize laws and morals. Considering that the freedom of man is oppressed in this way. He did not recognize religion. Considering it the main restrictor of freedoms. Of course, such views were reflected in his work. Some saw prophecy in his works, perceiving Blake as a man out of his mind. So, he did not wait for recognition during his lifetime. But officially, Blake never admitted being insane. He worked productively all his life. And he was a jack of all trades. The only thing that Blake had in common with his era was the fashion for everything terrible and fabulous. Still, in England in the 19th century, romanticism and fairy tale motifs were in honor.

A picture called

Thomas Phillips was written in 1807. We can look at it in

National Portrait Gallery, London

(Attachment 3)

The "Great Architect" painting, painted in 1794, is located in

British Museum in London

(Attachment 4)

2.1.3 William Turner (1775-1851)

        The English artist William Turner managed to become famous in his youth and become an academician of arts. Almost immediately they began to call him the "artist of light." Because the sun was often presented on his canvases.

        If you look at landscapes by other artists, you will rarely see the sun. It's too bright.

        This brightness is difficult to depict. It hits in the eyes. But Turner was not afraid of this. Drawing the sun, he boldly envelops everything around him with light. Turner in his work seeks to convey the poetry and variability of wildlife, gradually ceasing to pay attention to detail, as well as choosing an increasingly contrasting combination of colors. Such liberty and emotionality is less and less popular with the public, accustomed to the photographic accuracy of painters, the sentimental sweetness of works and the faded "harmonious" color scheme. The more abstract the master's works became, the more critical the society perceived his new works. It all ended with the fact that the public began to consider the master not quite mentally healthy. Turner, although he was an academician and valued his title, could not help experimenting after a couple of decades, his work has evolved greatly. More and more light. More and more sensations.

William Turner.

"The last voyage of the ship" Courageous "" a picture painted in 1838 is located in

National Gallery London.

(Attachment 5)

2.1.4 John Constable (1776-1837)

        Despite his aristocratic appearance, the Constable was the son of a miller. And he loved to work with his hands. He knew how to plow, build fences and to fish. Maybe that's why his landscapes were natural and realistic

        After the exhibition in Paris, Constable sold as many as 20 of his paintings. In his native England, his landscapes were almost never bought.

        But for the sake of earning money, he rarely switched to portraits. Continuing to improve in landscape painting.To do this, he studied natural phenomena from a scientific point of view. And he knew how to select shades very close to those found in nature. He especially succeeded in the sky, the contrasts of light and dark clouds. The artist created a sketch of the same size as the future painting. Working directly in the open air, and thisamethod of work that the creators will pick up then.

        In the homeland, the greatness of the Constable was realized only in the 20th century. And even now he is one of the most beloved artists in England. We can say that Russians treat Ivan Shishkin in the same way.

        Currently, Constable's work is highly valued and very popular with collectors, but the artist did not achieve financial success during his lifetime. He became a member of the Royal Academy of Arts at the age of 52. Constable managed to sell more of his paintings in France than in his native England.

"View from the Bishop's Garden" written in 1826, located in

Salisbury Cathedral, Frick Collection, New York City.

(Attachment 6)

2.1.5 Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788)

        Gainsborough can rightly be called the most famous English artist of the 18th century. The boy's talent for painting began to manifest itself in early childhood. There was no such tree, rock, ravine, roadside post that he would not remember and did not sketch them with accuracy by heart. When Thomas was 13 years old, he leaved to study in London.

        Gainsborough always considered himself primarily a landscape painter. But the need to earn money forced him to paint portraits to order. Ironically, he became famous and remained in history precisely as a portrait painter.

        But the artist compromised with himself. Often depicting those portrayed against the backdrop of nature. Combining a hated portrait and a beloved landscape. Gainsborough's work is unique in its quality. Here and unhidden strokes, which at a distance make what is happening alive and breathing. These are smooth, feathered lines. As if everything is happening in the humid air, which is what it is in England. And, of course, an unusual combination of portrait and landscape. All this distinguishes Gainsborough among many other portrait painters of his time.

Thomas Gainsborough's "Market Wagon", painted in 1786

(Attachment 7)

and A Portrait of the Family of George Byam, painted in 1766.

(Attachment 8) we can see in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow

2.1.6 Walter Sickert (1860-1942)

        One of the most famous English artists was not an Englishman. "100% English", as he liked to call himself, was the son of the Danish artist Oswald Adalbert Sickert.

        In 1868 the Sickert family moved to England. As a young man, Walter was sent to King's College School, Wimbledon, where he studied until 1878.After leaving school at the age of 17, Walter first chooses a career as an actor, then enters the Whistler Art Studio.

        Later he came to Paris and met Edgar Degas, whose innovations in the composition of pictorial space and graphic style would strongly influence his work. He developed his personal vision of Impressionism, favoring dark colors that create striking and supernatural effects. Sickert painted in the studio, working from memory and sketches, as if escaping the "tyranny of nature". His paintings, like Degas's paintings of dancers and café-concert performers, link the artificiality of art itself to the conventions of theatrical performance and pictorial decoration. Some of his work was exhibited at the New English Art Club, a group of artists influenced by the French realism with which Sickert was associated. During this time, Sickert spent most of his time in France, especially in Enverme and Dieppe.

It becomes clear that this person has an incredible will and talent attraction. In addition to painting, he transferred music, wrote plays and poems. His literary and artistic gifts made him a welcome guest at weddings, carnivals and other celebrations. Sickert was reputed to be an educated man with the IQ of a genius. He was a talented artist whose work commanded respect, though not always admiration. In his paintings there is no whim, no gentle play of colors, no dream. He never tried to convey "beauty". His drawings are much better than the big paintings.

Painting by Mark "Horses of San Marino"

(Attachment9)

2.1.7 William Hogarth (1697-1764)

        William Hogarth is one of the greatest English painters. In his pictures he reflected social life and in many of them the beauty of his painting was accompanied by satire. Hogarth is the creator of special types of art, who tried to instill morality in society with the help of art. He made a huge contribution to the painting and graphics of England in the 19th century, and the whole world too. The future artist was born in 1697 in London, in a poor family, where his father-teacher worked as a translator from Latin, and his mother made various drugs according to folk recipes. He was the first child in the family who managed to survive - infant mortality in those days was very high. The boy's creative inclinations manifested themselves in early childhood, he was distinguished by a rare ability for a child to note and remember even the smallest details. But at school, he studied literally from under the stick, did not want to do anything other than his favorite drawing. When his family became impoverished, and his father went to a debtor's prison, William became an engraver's apprentice, a silversmith. Here he received a profession, learned to work with metal and make engravings, and also learned about all the features of the fashionable rococo style. After the death of his father, the future artist had to become the breadwinner for his entire family - besides him, his mother had two more daughters. He did not like his work, but was forced to do it for the sake of food. To realize his dreams, William began to study independently and took lessons in private art academies. In 1720, he managed to open his workshop and began to print his own engravings

  One of the most famous painting by William Hogarth "Girl with shrimps" written in 1745 (Attachment 10)

Conclusion.

        In conclusion, I want to say that without the past there is no present. The creators of the past made it possible to grow capable people in the future. Many paintings carry a great meaning, but, unfortunately, in our time it is almost impossible to recognize this. Thanks to this, the pictures of the past have their own mystery. During the period of the 17th and 18th centuries, art lovers paid great attention to landscapes. But closer to the 19th century in England, few people paid much attention to landscapes. Artists depicting portraits of people became more and more famous. Few artists took up portraits, so they were very much appreciated by art lovers.

Of the artists, few took on portraits, so they were very much appreciated by art lovers. Most portrait painters became famous due to the fact that among their customers there could be famous or powerful people. And then people no longer treated artists depicting nature with great interest.

Today at the event, we learned about famous artists in the period of the 17th-19th centuries and examined the works of the great masters of England. And also studied the history of the development of art. The works of the masters of the past allow us to feel the aesthetics of that time.