Проектные работы

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1)What’s So Special About Human Beings? 2)Humans are indisputably at the top of the Earth’s food chain. We are the most intelligent species on the planet, and have used this intelligence to migrate to every corner of the globe. 3)On the one hand , we’re far from unique. We belong to primates, and because of this can trace our ancestors back down the evolutionary timeline 4)We’re bipedal. Still , we’re not the ONLY species to walk on two legs 5)It’s really our intelligence that seems to set us apart, letting us design much more complex tools. So, what makes us so clever? 6)Part of the reason is probably the sheer NUMBER of neurons in the human brain. W e do far exceed the neuron counts of other primates. How did this happen? 7)Well, larger brains require more energy. Humans have developed a way to get more energy from less food, allowing our brains to increase in size .

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8)It was the invention of cooking that rapidly increased human development. 9)The WAY that the human brain is put together that allows for more abstract thought, and makes us more self-aware. Key factors in this are our advanced social cognition, the development of language, and the way these have led to the emergence of human culture. 10)Human beings wonder how the universe works, ponder the meaning of their own existences, or fantasize about completely fantastical, impossible worlds. 11)They are capable of expressing their emotions in abstract ways, such as through art. 12)The human imagination led to innovations of all kinds throughout our history. 13)Of course, there are downsides to human ingenuity. People are the most violent and destructive species on Earth. 14)Discovery and destruction are often two sides of the same coin. 15)The human brain has an astonishing number of neurons This allows us to achieve a level of higher thought that distinguishes our species from others. But it could also be our downfall ... 16)And that’s what’s so special about human beings.

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Picasso, Pablo, Spanish painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and ceramist, who worked in France. He is generally considered in his technical virtuosity, enormous versatility, incredible originality and prolificity to have been the foremost figure in the 20 th -century art.

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Bust of a Woman

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A precocious draftsmen, Picasso was admitted to the advanced classes at the Royal Academy of Art in Barcelona at 15. After 1900 he spend much time in Paris, remaining there from 1904 to 1947, when he moved to the South of France. His power is revealed in his very early works, some of which were influenced by Toulouse-Lautrec.

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La Musciera

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Woman in Spanish Costume (La Salchichona )

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Picasso`s artistic production is usually described in terms of a series of overlapping periods. In his « blue periods » (1901-04) he depicted the world of the poor. Predominantly in tones of blue, these melancholy paintings (such as The Old Guitarist) are among the most popular art works of the century. Canvases from Picasso`s « rose period » (1905-06) are characterized by a lighter palette and greater lyricism, with subject matter often drawn from circus life. Picassos`s Parisian studio attracted the major figures of the avant-garde at this time, including Matisse, Braque, Apollinaire, and Gertrude Stein. He had already produced numerous engravings of great power and began his work in sculpture during these years.

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Salome

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In1907 Picasso painted Mademoiselles d`Avignon , a radical departure from the artistic ideas of the preceding ages and now considered the most significant work in the development toward cubism and modern abstraction. The influence of Cezanne and of African sculpture is apparent in its fragmented forms and unprecedented distortions. The painting heralded the first phase of cubism, called analytic cubism. This severe, intellectual style was conceived and developed by Picasso, Braque, and Gris c.1909-12. Picasso`s Female Nude is a representative painting and his Woman`s Head is a representative sculpture of this style.

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In the synthetic phase of cubism his forms became larger and more representational, and flat, bright decorative patterns replaced the earlier, more austere compositions. The Three Musicians exemplifies this style. Picasso`s cubist works established firmly that the work of art may exist as a significant object beyond any attempt to represent reality. During both periods of cubism experiments by Picasso and others resulted in several new techniques, including collage and papier colle.

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In his later years Picasso turned to creations of fantasy and comic invention. He worked consistently in sculpture, ceramics, and in the graphic arts, producing thousands of superb drawing, illustrations, and stage designs. With unabated vigor he painted brilliant variations on the works of other masters, including Delacroix and Velasquez, and continued to explore new aspects of his personal vision until his death. His notable later works include Rape of the Sabines and Young Bather with Sand Shovel. By virtue of his vast energies and overwhelming power of invention Picasso remains outstanding among the masters of the ages.

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The Bathers

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Acrobat and Young Equilibrist

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The Soler Family

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Girl with a Mandolin (Fanny Tellier ).

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Poor People on the Seashore

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Mother and Child

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Minotauromachy

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Mother and Child (Olga and Son)

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Portrait of Olga in an Armchair

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Portrait of Olga

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The Visit

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The Frugal Repast

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Meditation

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Portrait of Jacqueline Roque with Arms Crossed

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Woman Ironing

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Woman with a Fan

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In 1971 a small team of activists set sail from Vancouver, Canada, in an old fishing boat. These activists, the founders of Greenpeace, believed a few individuals could make a difference .

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Their mission was to «bear witness» to the US underground nuclear testing at Amchitka, a small island off the West Coast of Alaska.

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Amchitka was the last refuge for 3000 endangered sea otters, and home to bald eagles, falcons and other wildlife.

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The US still detonated the bomb, but the voice of reason had been heard. Nuclear testing on Amchitka ended the same year, and the island was later declared a bird sanctuary.

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Today, Greenpeace is an international ecological organization that has 2.8 million supporters worldwide, and national as well as regional offices in 41 countries. Its headquarters are based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

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Greenpeace is a non-profit organization and nongovernmental. It unites people of different colors living in different continents and speaking different languages. The common mission of this organization is preserving life on the earth in its full variety.

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Greenpeace does not support any political party. Nevertheless, its members carry on a dialogue with all political forces and struggle for approving and passing laws for the welfare of our environment.

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Greenpeace focuses on the most terrible worldwide threats to our planet's environment. It campaigns to stop climate change, save the oceans, say no to genetic engineering, stop the nuclear threat, clear toxic chemicals.

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The goal of Greenpeace is to expose environmental criminals and to challenge government and corporations.

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R A M A D A N

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K U R B A N B A Y R A M

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H A J J

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M E C C A

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Ramadan and Hajj Ramadan is the 9 th month of the Islamic calendar. The lunar calendar is about 11 days shorter than the solar calendar used elsewhere. That’s why Islamic holidays move each year. For more than a billion Muslims around the world, Ramadan is a month of blessing marked by prayer, fasting and charity. Muslims believe that during the month of Ramadan, Allah revealed the first verses of the Koran, the holy book of Islam. Around AD 610, a caravan trader named Muhammad took to wandering the desert near Mecca while thinking about his faith. One night a voice called to him from the sky. It was the angel Gabriel, who told Muhammad he had been chosen to receive the word of Allah. Muslims practice sawn, or fasting , for the entire month of Ramadan. This means that they may eat or drink nothing including water , while the sun shines. Ramadan ends with the festival of Kurban Bayram . At Kurban Bayram people dress in their finest clothes, adorn their homes with lights and decorations, give treats to children, and enjoy visits with friends and family. A sense of generosity and gratitude colours these festivities. Although charity and good deeds are always valuable, they have special significance at the end of Ramadan. As the month draws to a close, Muslims are obligated to share their blessings by feeding the poor and making contributions to mosques. Another important event in the life of every Muslim is the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. If it is financially possible, Muslims are required to travel to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Mecca is a city in Saudi Arabia where the prophet Muhammad was born. It is considered the holiest city of Islam. After the Hajj Muslims should also treat the poor and make contribution to mosques

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JOHN CONSTABLE

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John Constable is a great English painter of the 19 th century. He saw the source of beauty and the greatness in a simple countryside.

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He was born in a small village on the bank of the river Stour in a family of a wealthy miller. Jonh grew a strong and healthy boy.

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But his father wanted him to become a miller. That’s why Constable had to work some years at his father’s mill.

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In 1795 father allowed him to go to London. There John got acquainted with Thomas Smith, a printer. He gave him some good advice about painting .

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In 1799 John Constable entered the Royal Art Academy in London.

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To earn money he began to paint portraits. He thought it was boring though he created some beautiful ones . In 1802 Constable showed his pictures for the first time.

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Constable used to spend winters in London. But in summers he came back to East Bergholt and painted new works of art. In 1811 he visited his friend John Fisher in Solsbury . The Cathedral made a great impression on him.

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John fell in love with Maria Bicknell. They married in 1816.

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In 1821 he showed his best picture ’’The carriage with Hay,which was exhibited in Paris and won the Golden Medal. In the picture there is a cottage covered with green trees. The carriage is crossing the stream. In the background we can see the surroundings of London which are full of the atmosphere of the English landscape .

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Constable read lectures about the history of the landscape painting. These lectures were very popular. Now Constable’s paintings are famous all over the world. His paintings glorify the Constable Country.