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The origin of English surnames

Выполнил (а):

Ф.И.О.: Гаврилова Анастасия Андреевна,

учащийся (аяся) 11Д класса

Руководитель проекта:

Ф.И.О.: Ильина Елена Владимировна,

учитель английского языка

Санкт-Петербург

2021-2022 учебный год

Оглавление:

I.  Introduction         3

1.  Relevance        3
2.  Goal and tasks         3
3.  Object and subject of the project         4
4.  Research methods…………….…………………………………………………………..4

II. Main part        5

2.1. The history of English surnames’ origin         5

2.1.1. Genealogical surnames         6

2.1.2. Surnames on the place of residence         7

2.1.3. Professional surnames         7

2.1.4. Descriptive surnames         9

2.2. Сonnection with the surnames that came from other languages         10

2.3. Differences and similarities in the English and Russian surnames         11

2.4. Modern English surnames         13

2.4.1. Aristocratic surnames         13

2.  The most popular English surnames        13
3. The rarest English surnames        14

4. English surnames and their famous owners        16
5. Speaking English surnames        16

III. Practical part         17

      3.1.  Sociological research        17

3.2.Research results        18

IV. Conclusion        20

V. List of used literature         21

I.  Introduction

1.  Relevance

The relevance of this project is that in the modern world, people from different countries are increasingly beginning to contact each other, ranging from ordinary communication and ending with some working issues. In situations of dialogue with foreigners, we need to understand how this or that proper name is pronounced, and sometimes what does it mean. Studying this topic will help to understand how those English surnames that we know now were formed. Also, the study of the etymology of English surnames allows you to get much closer to the history and culture of England.

Despite the need to obtain at least basic knowledge about English proper names, especially surnames, this section for study is not included in the school program. This can interfere, for example, in further communication with foreigners. This project will help you get better acquainted with the development of England and its linguistic features.

2.  Goal and tasks

Main goal: studying the etymology of English surnames, identifying the knowledge of students in this section. 

Tasks:

1. To explore the popular science literature on this topic.
2. To systematize the received information on sections.
3. To show the connection of the English surnames’ origin history and the culture of England as a whole.
4. To explore the ways of surnames’ formation.
5. To analyze and identify the most popular English surnames.
6. To create a questionnaire for a sociological survey to identify knowledge about English surnames.
7. To create a booklet with brief information on the topic and questionnaire for a survey.

3.  Object and subject of the project

Object of research: English surnames

Subject of research: etymology of English surnames, their role in the history and development of the culture of England.

4. Research methods

1. Study of information on the Internet and other sources;

2. Building a diagram for an illustrative example;

3. Sociological survey

II. Main part

2.1. The history of English surnames’ origin

The emergence of the surname as a socio-historical and linguistic category is closely relate to the main stages of the socio-economic development of mankind. Until a certain stage of development, mankind did not have family names. In the XI-XII centuries. the most common male names were William, Robert, Ralph, Richard. At the end of the XIV century the name John was in about 25% of the total male population in England. J. Hughes, who researched English surnames, writes that if at that time the name John or Johnes were pronounced somewhere in the market in Wales, then either everyone or no one would respond to it: “everyone, because everyone would think, what is his name; none, because no special distinguishing characteristics have been added to the name. " At that time, people realized that the name alone was not enough for the individualization of a person, then they began to add a secondary distinctive nickname to it. Then they began to be registered in official documents.

The surname consists primarily of a root stem (which had any lexical meaning in the past), but it can also include prefixes, suffixes and endings. The basis of the surname often came from a personal name or a nickname carrying one or another lexical meaning. For example, Robin Hood had such a surname, derived from the word "hood", because he constantly wore it.

Now it is difficult to name the exact period in which nicknames simply acquired the meaning of surnames officially inherited, because this transformation took more than one century, and it did not take place simultaneously in all regions and strata of society. The main reason for the transition of a nickname to a surname was the loss of his original motivation. People forgot why exactly it was once given to his ancestor. For example, James Cook's surname no longer meant that he was a cook, and a person with the surname Brown did not necessarily have to be somehow associated with brown color.

People from the upper strata of society were among the first to use surnames: knights, barons, etc. In their families, the family name was passed from father to son, as a sign of nobility and the status of their origin. Only around the 15th century, the process of consolidating the inherited name also touched the lower strata of society. This transformation in some areas of England and Scotland went on until the 17th century. But in general, what was the privilege of the nobility in the 12th century became necessary for most people in the 17th century.

As a rule, English surnames were single and were transmitted only through the male line (although there were exceptions). However, when hereditary names began to appear in women, their forms did not differ from male ones.

The origin of all nicknames in England can be divided into four categories: genealogical, local, professional, and descriptive.

2.1.1. Genealogical surnames

Genealogical, or otanthroponymic, surnames are the personal names, which during this transition do not undergo any changes: Anthony, Allen, Baldwin, Dennis, Henry, Neale, Owen, Reynolds, Thomas, etc. Many of the genealogical surnames used before the Norman conquest are associated with Teutonic mythology, the names of gods (Good, Godwin, Goodiers, Godyears, Goddard), or derived from various Scandinavian personal names (Swain, Swanson, Thurston, Thurlow, Thurkettle). The names that came with the Norman conquest formed the basis of personal surnames: Walters, Watts Watterson, Ralph, Hugh, etc. The name Roland gave the surnames Rowland, Rowlandson, from Richard went Richardson (in Wales - Pritchard), Ritchie, Hitch, Rick, Hick, and also Dixon, Dickson, Rickett et al. Hudd (the old nickname for a man named Richard) gave Hudd or Hudson. During the late Middle Ages, the role of biblical names used as surnames was increasing. So, on behalf of Saint Lawrence, the surnames Lawrence, Lawson, Larson, Larkin were formed. Many English otanthroponymic surnames contain the formant -son (Thompson), meaning "son of such and such." The insert -t- speaks of the northern origin of the bearer of the surname: Johnston - a native of the north of England, Johnson - lives in the south of the country. There is a reduction of this formant to -s, and along with Matthewson we meet Matthews. It should be noted, however, that the presence of -s in surnames could mean not only family relations: Abbotson = Abbot's son 'Abbot's son', but also 'the one who worked for him or belonged to the household'. The inhabitants of the Scottish Highlands use the prefix Mac- 'son': MacDonald, Maccarthy, MacGregor. The same family prefix is common among the Irish population, but there is also a strong tradition in Ireland to create a surname after the grandfather's name using the O prefix: O'Hara, O'Neal.

A number of surnames are formed with the prefix Fitz- (distorted Norman Fils 'son': Fitzwilliam, Fitz-Gilber, Fitz-Hugh. In Welsh 'son' - ar, hence the names Powell (from Ap Howell), Pritchard (from Ap Richard), Bunyan (from Ap-Onion), Blood (from Ap-Lloyd) In the old days, it was not uncommon to find a Welshman proudly pronouncing his name: Evan-ap-Griffith-ap-David-ap-Jenkin 'Evan, son of Griffith son of David son of Jenkin. '' This even gave rise to numerous English anecdotes about the addiction of the Welsh to such names.

Many surnames arose from the abbreviated names of the parents. During the Middle Ages, the name David was often abbreviated in Dawe, hence the surnames Dawe and Dawson. A number of surnames arose from diminutives, which were formed by adding the suffixes -kin, -cock (-cox), -ot / -et, -kin (cp. Lambkin 'lamb'); Simpkin, Tomkinson; Haycock, Haycox, Wilcox; Hewett ('little Hugh').

2.1.2. Surnames on the place of residence

This is the most extensive group of English surnames, it is approximately 50% of their total numbers.

Based on the name of the group, it is clear that all these nicknames took place from the area. But they can also be divided into several subgroups:

1. The names formed from the nickname which indicated to the origin of their owners. For example, the surnames "Scott" appeared and their holders more in England than in Scotland nowadays.
2. The second subgroup includes surnames formed from the nickname, which indicate the topographic area where their owners lived: Brook, Hill, Cliff, Dale, Fell, Moore, Fields. You can also found surnames, reflecting the features of the plant world: Beech, Birch, Holly, Shrub, Willows, Wood, Tree.
3. The names derived from signs that served to designate workshops, shops, hotels, taverns, innovations take a special place among local surnames. It must be remembered that in those times the signs were absolutely necessary to be illiterate (and there were most of them!) Could find what they need. Therefore it is not surprising that many English surnames rise to images of various animals, plants and other items that served as the house signs: Bull, Bush, Bell, Angel, Swan, Lyon, Griffin, Talbot, Greenman.

The names of some of these owners are preserved in the ancient records: Thomas at the Dolphin, Will at the Bull, George at the Whitehouse.

2.1.3. Professional surnames

There are many surnames that occurred from the names of various professions and posts in English. They constitute about 20% of all family names.

An etymological analysis of English professional surnames allows you to recreate the entire socio-economic structure of English society of the XI-XV centuries. It was the period when the basis of modern English family onomastics was formed. Basically, these surnames originate from the nicknames denoted by the position, profession or craft of their carriers. You can also distinguish a number of subgroups here: 1) the names from the titles of posts; 2) surnames from the names of professions related to agriculture, agricultural work; 3) surnames from the names of professions related to urban crafts; 4) Surnames from the names associated with trading cloth.

1. This group presents surnames ascending to various titles, ranks and positions whose supports in medieval England were engaged in serving the king, members of the Royal Family - the privilege, which was used by the persons who held a high position in society. Here we find: Stewart, or Stewart ("Royal Seneshyal"), Wardrop ("Career Wardrobe"). Barber, Spencer, Page (served towels), Spooners, Carver, etc. Having survived the titles and positions for several centuries, these surnames are hardly the only monuments of the long-lasting traditions and customs. Social characteristics of a person who are found in the ranks of the surnames: Knight, Squire, Ghent, Sheriff, Justice, Corner (Coroner), Judge, etc.
2. Surnames related to agricultural professions. Here, first of all, we note a number of surnames with the foundations relating to animal care. So, in the north of the country, the names of Hurd, Hird, Heard, originating from Herd “shepherd”. Herd becomes -ard in the Coward (from Cow-Herd) or -art in Swinnart (from Swine-herd). Hoggart and Porcher cared for pigs, Goddart (Goat-Herd) - cared for goats, Gozzard - cared for geese, Shepherd - sheep. Packman on his horse (Packhorse) drove products to the city. From cottager received Cotman, Cotterell surnames. The most common names include Farmer, Ditcher, Baker, Bricker, Mason, Waller, Thatcher ('who holds the straw roof, from here Thacker, Thachery, Thacheray, etc..

The surnames ending on -Wright are torn to the professions of people working on wood, from here Cartwright, Wainwright, Boatwright, Wheelwright.

3. Numerous surnames associated with various sectors of handicraft production, which is explained with a narrow specialization of industrial production, hard-limited workshops and guilds for the economic system of the Epoch of feudalism. Some English names lead their origin from almost forgotten or completely disappeared medieval professions and posts. Among them, such as Archer, Arrowsmith, Bowman, Stringer, Fletcher ('Master, Made of Arrows'), Lardner, Beller, Plater, Smoker, and others. Barker worked with a Castle processing bark, CroCker did pots, Reader / Reeder Cane Cane Roofs, Horner made a horn for drinking, Wakeman ('Watchman') wake people.
4. Also, the source of a large number of professional surnames after agriculture and crafts are the production and trade of cloth. Here we meet Woollen, Woolley, Packer (from Woolpacker), Sherman (from Shearman), Walker, Fuller, Tucker ('SUBUN'), Seamer, Teazle, Comber, Webber, Tailor, etc.

2.1.4. Descriptive surnames

Let's start with the surnames reflecting the biological features of a person. Like most the names of this group, they are in their most of the nicknames that characterized their carriers according to the most remarkable physical or spiritual qualities. The physical and physiological characteristics of the person were reflected in the following marines: Bigg, Strong, High, Low, Little, Longman, Armstrong. That is, in this group, people gave nicknames (later turned into surnames) for their own qualities.

Also, surnames can reflect what the color of the hair in the ancestor, which was first given such a nickname. For example: Black, White, Gray, Brown.

Descriptive surnames often originate from the nickname given "from the opposite". So, one of the closest friends Robin Hood Little John was a huge growth. In such names as Bad, Good, Wise, Joyce, Moody reflected the moral qualities of their owners.

2.2. Сonnection with the surnames that came from other languages

Of course, the formation of English surnames affected the history and culture not only by England itself, but also other countries. As a result of studying information on the features of the components of the names of their own, it can be said that due to various root morphs, borrowed suffixes, prefixes and endings, the national belonging of the identified surnames is revealed. The borrowing trajectory of surnames, passes through many European languages. There are surnames who came from Scottish, Gaelle, Scandinavian, Irish, Celtic, French, Welsh, Dutch languages. For example proper names of:

1. Irish origin: Darga, Dugan, Costello, Buckley, Brogan, etc.
2. French origin: Cottel, Carman, Dormer, Dorey, Dashper, Amberler, etc.
3. Scandinavian origin: Carr, Clint, Applegarth, Arram, Baugh, Blamere, etc.

The identified borrowed names are derived from languages ​​relating to the Indo-European family, but to different groups and subgroups. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, in the period of bilingualism, the composition of English surnames increased significantly at the expense of French borrowing. The most numerous group of anthroponyms - 37% - consists of these surnames. The smallest number of borrowed surnames of Gaelle and Scandinavian origin is 12% and 9%, respectively. Gael language belongs to the Celtic group, it is a Scottish language dialect. A variety of English surnames, etymologically related to other languages, is achieved due to a large number of word-forming elements used as the basis.

2.3. Differences and similarities in the English and Russian surnames

In the anthroponymic systems of different countries there are common and different features. After analyzing the English and Russian surnames, you can allocate the following similarities:

1. The presence of two parts of personal naming in both systems: "личное имя" (FirstName, ChristianName, GivenName) - "имя фамильное" (LastName, Surname).
2. Close relationship of the majority of personal names with Christian tradition and religious texts. At the same time, the Orthodox Church played a decisive role in the formation of the Russian anthroponymic system, and the English-speaking - Anglican and other directions of Protestantism, to a lesser extent - the Catholic Church. The drawback of both systems to the Christian tradition explains numerous parallels between personal names in two languages: John - Иван, James - Яков, etc.
3. The presence of similar ways of education Family:

from Latin names: John - Jones, Johnson (Иван - Иванов), Andrew - Andrews, AndreSon (Андрей - Андреев), Peter - Peters, Peterson (Пётр - Петров) and others.

 from the names of Professions: Cooper - Cooper (бондарь – Бондарев, бочар – Бочаров), (black)smith - Smith, Smyth (кузнец – Кузнецов, Ковалев), Miller - Miller (мельник - Мельников), Tailor - Tailor, Taylor (портной - Портнов) and others.

from animal names: wolf - Wolf (волк - Волков), fox - Fox (лиса - Лисицын), bull - Bull (бык - Быков), etc.

From color values: White - White (белый - Белов), black - Black (чёрный - Чернов), Brown - Brown (бурый - Буров), etc.

In addition to similarities, the differences between the English-speaking and Russian anthroponymic systems are:

1. The presence of several personal names at one last name in the English-speaking anthroponymic system. Most often there are two names (at the same time the second name is called Middlename - intermediate name). For example: William Makepeace Thackeray, Herbert George Wells, George Bernard Shaw. In Russian, there is no tradition to give a person two or more names. However, there is such an unusual component for the British anthroponymic system as the patronymic. For example: Михаил Владимирович, Александр Иванович. Moreover, the practical goal is to distinguish between one-facilities of different sexes having the same personal names.
2. The absence of the majority of the English surnames’ endings serving to build them, therefore there is a possibility of interchange between personal and family names. For example: Henrygeorge (economist) - GeorgeWashington (political figure) - WashingtonIrving (Writer) - IrvingShow (Writer). There is a considerable number of formants forming the surnames in Russian: -ов(а), -ев(а), -ин(а), иногда -ский(ская), -цкий(цкая) and allowing you to easily identify the names in the speech.
3. There is an opposition of male and feminine surnames in Russian, which is completely non-distinctive for English (Петров - Петрова)
4. Possibility in English to call his wife through the personal name and surname of the husband: for example: Mrs. Johnsmith, Mrs. Williambrown, Mrs. SoamesForstyle. In Russian, only the name of the spouse is distributed on his wife (and with the end of the female), but not his personal name. For example: Александров Павел Васильевич – Александрова Мария Михайловна.

Thus, the most numerous groups of surnames are borrowed from French, Irish, Welsh, Gaelle, Scandinavian languages. And also identified the names formed from professions, personal names, color matters, relations, tools, households, households, toponymis, residential and economic buildings, animals, birds, parts of the human and animal body, geographical and botanical terms, physical and physiological characteristics. The traits of similarities and differences between the English-speaking and Russian anthroponymic systems were studied.  

2.4. Modern English surnames

2.4.1. Aristocratic surnames

The primacy of aristocratic and beautiful English surnames is held by the surname Windsor, since the name of the Queen of England Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor, and all her descendants of Windsor. The name of Queen Victoria is Alexandrina Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, this is also an aristocratic surname. Hanover, Stewart, Tudor, Wettin, Yorkie, Plantagenet, Lancaster are also royal blood. Earls - Montgomery and Pembroke. Representatives of this family are considered patrons of English literature, they were closely acquainted with the Earl of Oxford and Shakespeare. Dukes - Argyll, Hamilton, Norfolk, Wellington, Rutland, Marlborough, Leeds, Manchester.

4. The most popular English surnames

The most common surnames are:

1. Smith (Formed from the Anglo-Saxon "smitan" in SMITH and denotes a person working with metals - a blacksmith, one of the earliest professions that required specialist skills)

2. Jones (Comes from the name of the father and means “son of John.” John, in turn, came from the Hebrew ‘Yochanan’, which means “blessed by Jehovah”)

3. Taylor (English name of the tailor's profession, which came from Old French, "tailleur", which in turn comes from the Latin "taliare," meaning "to cut")

4. Brown (descriptive nickname that was given due to the hair color)

5. Williams (Son or relative of Guillemin (Guillemins), an abbreviated form of Guillaume (Guillaume), a French form of William (William))

6. Wilson (Will's son, short for William.)

7. Johnson (Johnson is an English nickname derived from his father and meaning "John's son")

8. Davies (Son of David)

9. Evans (Evans is a father's name meaning “son of Evan.” The name Evan, in turn, comes from the Welsh name Ifan which is similar in meaning to John)

10. Robinson ("Robin's son")

A number of English surnames with meaning and their notable bearers include Smith. Many have heard or seen in the films of the popular American actor Will Smith, or Will Smith. Also, this surname is recognizable from Maggie Smith, a famous actress who has played in many films, including the Harry Potter film series. The founders of Johnson & Johnson are also carriers of a loud English-speaking surname. Actually, like the founder of the English team represented in Formula 1, Frank Williams (Frank Williams). The leader of the famous Rolling Stones group Brian Jones also bore an English surname. The famous American actress Kristin Davis also comes to mind. The famous surname Taylor - Taylor became thanks to the English and American actress Elizabeth Taylor. At the moment, there is even a separate company that produces casual clothes, which bears the name Taylor in its name - Tom Tailor.

The ten most common English surnames include 7 otanthroponymic surnames, that is, English surnames that arose from personal names (Jones, Williams, Davies, Evans, Wilson, Johnson, Robinson). Two surnames of professional origin (Smith, Taylor). And one surname of descriptive origin (Brown).

5. The rarest English surnames

There are a number of popular and common surnames, as well as a number of fairly rare ones. Over the past century, many old genus names have disappeared completely, others are very rare. For example, Cock, Daft, Death, Gotobed ​​are rare English surnames that, when translated, have a negative or strange meaning, therefore, they are practically not found in England. Another option - Bottom (the name of the genus has a territorial origin and spoke of the family living in the lowland), is also very rare. You can also list some of the rarest surnames that are now almost never found:

1. Fernsby: This surname means fern dwelling. According to various censuses, only 21 people bear this surname.
2. Dankworth: This surname is believed to mean "Tancredo's farm". It is currently believed that only 591 people carry this surname and only 2 people carry this surname in England.
3. Loughty: Loughty is considered a variety of Loughty, the name of two villages in Teiside. This means "small lake". It is believed that this name has already died out in England
4. Slora: Slora seems to have several variations including Slorra, Slora, Slora, and Slorrance. There are currently 41 Slora entries, 5 Slorah entries and over 200 Slorach entries on the current voter lists. Perhaps it comes from the word "sluagdah", which means "leader" in Gaelic.
5. Amery- The Normans introduced this surname to England, and although it was never popular, it survived until the end of the Middle Ages. It is believed to mean "universal power" in Old Norse.
6.  Choules: The name Choles is of Anglo-Saxon origin and is a variant of Scholes. It was the topographical name of a person who lived in a rough hut or barn, it could also be a family name that lived in Scholes, Yorkshire, etc.

6. English surnames and their famous owners

Smith is among the most famous names, and this surname belongs to Will Smith - a very popular Hollywood actor, everyone has heard about him. Also this surname recognizable from Maggie Smith, a famous actress playing in a variety of films, including in a series of films about Harry Potter.

The founders of Johnson & Johnson are also carriers of a loud English-speaking surname. Actually, as well as the founder of the English team, presented in Frack Williams (Frank Williams). The English surname also wore the leader of the famous Rolling Stones Brian Jones. The famous American actress Kristin Davis is remembered. The famous Last Name Taylor began thanks to English and American actress Elizabeth Taylor. At the moment there is even a separate company that produces casual clothes, which is in its name the name Taylor - Tom Tailor.

7. Speaking English surnames

It is very interesting sometimes to see the acquainted word in someone’s familiar name. A man who brings this surname seems to be immediately transformed.

1. Freddy Mercury - mercury - ртуть

2.Ford - ford - брод

3. Britney Spears - spears - копья

4.William Shakespeare - shakespeare – потрясающий копьём

1. 5. Stephen Hawking - hawk - ястреб, сокол; hawking - синоним falconry — искусство обучения ястребов охотиться

 6. Stephen Fry - fry - мелкая рыбешка, мелюзка, малышня; жаркое 

7. Christina Aguilera - in Russian would be called Кристина Орлова, from Spanish. águila - eagle (in English eagle - eagle)

8. Ryan Gosling - gosling - гусёнок

9.Margaret Thatcher - thatch – солома, тростник (as a material for the roof)

10. Emma Stone - stone - камень

11.Alfred Hitchcock - hitch - хромать, cock - петух

12. Benjamin Henry Blackwell (founder of Blackwell's bookstore) - black + well –  чёрный колодец

13. Harry Potter - potter - гончар

14. Daniel Radcliffe - red cliff is guessed in the last name – красная скала, утёс.

III. Practical part

1. Sociological research

What do you know about  English surnames?»

1. Can you give any examples of  English surnames? (You should write not less than 7)        
2. What types of surnames’ origin do you know?
3. Which of these Russian surnames can you correspond with English ones?

4. Are there any differences between Russian and English surnames?
5. Can you give any examples with famous people and their surnames’ features?

2. Research results

According to a survey of students, only eight out of twenty respondents were able to name more than seven English surnames. The most popular are Smith, Brown, Tomson, Jackson and Black. Among them there are two descriptive surnames (Black, Brown), two surnames formed from their own names with the help of –son (Tomson, Jackson) and one surname of professional origin (Smith).

Only five students were able to give at least a partially correct answer to the question about the types of origin of surnames. Basically, students know about surnames derived from the type of activity (professional and official) or from personal names.

The majority of respondents coped with the task on the ratio of Russian and English surnames, because it can be completed relating on basic school knowledge of the English language.

Six students were able to answer the question about the differences between English and Russian surnames, pointing out the possibility of changing the case forms of Russians and the constant immutability of English.

Only a few people were able to answer the last question, and Will Smith was the most popular answer.

After doing this research, we can conclude that a very small number of students have an idea of ​​English surnames. Popular surnames are often found in our school textbooks, but no one specifically focuses on them. This leads to a lack of understanding of this section, although even at an intermediate level of knowledge of the language, vocabulary is important, in particular, knowledge of surnames and other proper names.

IV. Conclusion

Summing up, we can say that the goal has been achieved, the features of the etymology of English surnames have been sorted out, a sociological study has been carried out, based on which, it is clear that only a small number of students have an idea of this section and its study should be included in the school program. It really helps to get closer to the history and culture of England and allows you to use this knowledge in the future.

1. Surnames are an important part of the English language in general;

2. Surnames appeared gradually, along with the development of the language and the life of society;

3. Studied various ways of forming surnames;

4. Created a questionnaire for the survey, which can also be used in the classroom at school;

5. A booklet, which contains brief information on the topic, has been created.

This project can be used as additional material in English, History and Literature lessons both in primary and secondary school and in high school, this aspect will help to better understand the history of the language itself.

V. List of used literature

1. Oxford Russian dictionary (Fourth edition 2007)
2. https://urok.1sept.ru/articles/589505
3. https://creativportal.ru/angliiskie-familii-jenskie-i-myjskie-spisok-popyliarnyh/
4. https://science-start.ru/ru/article/view?id=1878
5. Рыбакин А.И. Словарь английских фамилий, 2005