The discovery of Madagascar

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History of Madagascar In May 1500, the ship of the Portuguese navigator Diego Dias, who was heading to India as part of Cabral's flotilla, was caught in a storm. As a result, he lost his course, skirted South Africa, veered too far to the east and only on August 10 came across some land. The traveler decided that this was the east coast of Africa, moved north and tried to find the port of Mozambique. However, all efforts were in vain. Diash moved north for a long distance and lost sight of land (Cape Ambre, the northern tip of Madagascar). Then he realized that he had mistaken the coast of the mainland for a new land, which turned out to be a huge island. Diash returned, landed in a secluded bay and collected drinking water. The Portuguese stayed in the bay for several days, and then moved north and reached the Horn of Africa north of Malindi, where they expected to join Cabral's flotilla. Dias believed that they were still south of Mozambique, and stubbornly continued to go north until he got into the Gulf of Aden. He entered one of the ports on the northern coast of the Somali peninsula and realized his mistake here. Three months later, Dias reached the Cape Verde Islands, where he met Cabral's flotilla returning home. In 1501, Dias returned to Portugal, being the first European to circumnavigate Africa from the Gulf of Aden to Gibraltar. The first accurate information about Madagascar delivered to Europe by Diache was used by the Italian cartographer Alberto Cantino. On the map compiled by him in 1502, the earliest and fairly correct image of one of the greatest islands of the Earth (587 thousand square kilometers) is given.

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navigator Diego Dias

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Characteristics of the vessel Caravels are two-masted with lateen sails. Over time, the Latin sail on the foremast was replaced by a straight one. Obviously, with a steep wind, lateen sails were more suitable, and with full courses, straight ones. Caravels were also used by Portuguese conquistadors. The seaworthiness of the caravel, in comparison with the ships that existed at that time, was much higher. Their speed reached 14-15 knots. It was on the caravels that Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama crossed the ocean; the first - discovering America, and the second - making a trip to India. Caravels were the optimal type of vessel in those days and contributed a lot to geographical discoveries. Caravels were not particularly expensive ships, had a low draft and high maneuverability (which was important when exploring coastlines), could transport not only crew and provisions, but also large shipments of goods, and in general were well suited for both geographical research and commercial transportation. The unusual shape of the deck of the caravel makes it easy to identify this ship from a long distance by its outlines. Caravels are advantageous to use for the transportation of large cargoes, especially since they proved to be unimportant as warships.

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Diego Diaz's Ships

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Diego Diaz's sailing route

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place of call in Madagascar

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Vasco da Gama's Second Expedition Vasco da Gama was appointed the head of a new large expedition, equipped after Cabral's return. Part of the flotilla (15 ships) left Portugal in February 1502. In the Mozambique Channel, one ship was wrecked, the crew escaped. Upon leaving the Strait, Gama approached the city of Kilva (at 9° South), treacherously lured its ruler onto his ship and, under threat of death, obliged him to pay an annual tribute to the Portuguese king. In Kilwa, three later ships joined the Gama (the other two fell behind during the storm and independently reached the Malabar coast).Beyond the equator, Gama probably went for the purpose of exploration, not moving far from land, along the coasts of Arabia and Northwestern India to the Gulf of Cambay, and from there turned south. Gama's people fell ill with scurvy, many died; 300 patients were landed on Anjidiv Island. At Kannanur, Gama's ships attacked an Arab ship going from Jeddah (the harbor of Mecca) to Calicut with a valuable cargo and 400 passengers, mainly pilgrims. After looting the ship, Gama ordered the sailors to lock the crew and passengers in the hold, among whom were many old men, women and children, and the bombers to set fire to the ship. The unfortunate escaped from the hold and began to extinguish the fire; Gama ordered to shoot at them and set the ship on fire again. For four days this unequal struggle continued: the Portuguese did not dare to approach the ship and board it, as the dying people threw burning logs and planks onto the decks of the attacking ships. Burned, half-crazed people threw themselves into the water and drowned. "After such a long struggle," says a Portuguese eyewitness, "the admiral set fire to this ship with great cruelty and without the slightest pity, and it burned down with all who were on board." Only 20 boys were taken off the ship by order of Gama. They were sent to Lisbon, baptized, and they all became monks

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Vasco da Gama's Second Expedition Having concluded an alliance with the ruler of Kannanur, Gama moved a flotilla against Calicut at the end of October. He began by hanging 38 fishermen on the yards, offering the Portuguese fish, and bombarded the city. At night, he ordered the corpses to be removed, the heads, arms and legs to be cut off, the torsos to be dumped into a boat and thrown into the water; he attached a letter to the boat that this would be the fate of all citizens if they resisted. The tide carried the boat and the stumps of corpses ashore. The next day, Gama bombarded the city again, looted and burned a cargo ship approaching it. Leaving seven ships to blockade Calicut, he sent two other ships to Kannanur for spices, and with the rest went to Cochin for the same cargo. After two "victorious" skirmishes near Calicut with Arab ships, Gama in February 1503 took the ships back to Portugal, where he arrived in October 1503 with a cargo of spices of great value. After this success, Gama's pension and other income were significantly increased, later he received the title of count, but for many years he was suspended from all activities. Only in 1524 he was appointed Viceroy of India, went there in April, reached Goa, then moved to Cochin and died there at the end of 1524. In 1503, several ships of Gama's flotilla remained in the Indian Ocean under the command of his uncle Vicenti Sudre. They cruised near the Gulf of Aden and intercepted Arab ships sailing from the Red Sea to the shores of India, thus undermining Egyptian-Indian trade.

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Colonial period By archaeological standards, the settlement of Madagascar occurred relatively recently. Madagascar was settled around the 200s-500s AD, by colonists from the Austronesian peoples[2] who got there by canoe. This theory is supported by many parallels between the Austronesian culture and the culture of the inhabitants of Madagascar, for example, a special type of canoe or a special method of rice cultivation, as well as the close relationship of the Malagasy language with the language of the population of the southern part of the island of Kalimantan and genetic studies conducted at the beginning of the XXI century. There is no evidence of colonization of mainland Africa by Austronesians. At about the same time or a little later, settlers from the Bantu tribes moved across the Mozambique Channel to the island. At the same time, the newcomers occupied mainly coastal territories, while the descendants of the Austronesians lived in the middle of the island. Genetic studies have shown that the mixing of the Austronesian and African populations began around the 10th century, as a result of which a nation with the self-name Malagasi was formed.

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people during the colonization of Madagascar

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the people of Madagascar in our time