From the History of the English Language
Данная работа посвящена основным этапам развития и становления английского языка.
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The purposes of the Talk Illustrate the long English language history briefly. Explain why English vocabulary so diverse. Give the answer on the question “How Normans and Vikings had influenced on the English.
Main Periods in the history Old English ( 450-1100 AD ) Middle English ( 1100-1500 AD ) Modern English ( since 1500 AD )
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Old English The Language of Angles , now known as “Old English“, was soon adopted as the common language of this relatively remote corner of Europe. Although you and I would find it hard to understand Old English, it provided a solid foundation for the language we speak today and gave us many essential words like “be”, “strong” and “water ”.
Line Original IPA Translation [1] Fæder ūre þū þe eart on heofonum, /ˈfæ.der ˈuː.re θ uː θ e æɑrt on ˈheo.vo.num/ Father of ours, thou who art in heavens, [2] Sī þīn nama ġehālgod . /siː θ iːn ˈnɑ.mɑ je.ˈhɑɫ.ɡod/ Be thy name hallowed. [3] Tōbecume þīn rīċe , /toː.be.ˈku.me θ iːn ˈriːt͡ʃe/ Come thy riche (kingdom) , [4] ġewurþe þīn willa , on eorðan swā swā on heofonum . /je.ˈ wur.ðe θ iːn ˈ wi.lːɑ on ˈ eor.ðan swɑ ː swɑ ː on ˈ heo.vo.num / Worth (manifest) thy will, on earth as also in heaven.
[5] Ūre ġedæġhwāmlīcan hlāf syle ūs tō dæġ , /ˈuː.re je.ˈdæj. ʍɑːm .ˌliː. kɑn l̥ɑːf ˈ sy.le ˈ uːs toː.ˈ dæj / Our daily loaf do sell (give) to us today, [6] and forġyf ūs ūre gyltas, swā swā wē forġyfað ūrum gyltendum. /ɑnd for.ˈjyf uːs ˈuː.re ɡyl.ˈtɑs swɑː swɑː weː for.ˈjy.fɑ θ uː.rum ɡyl.ˈten.dum/ And forgive us our guilts as also we forgive our guilters [7] And ne ġelǣd þū ūs on costnunge , ac ālȳs ūs of yfele . / ɑnd ne je.læːd θ uː uːs on kost .ˈ nuŋ.ɡe ɑk ɑː.ˈ lyːs uːs of y.ˈ ve.le / And do not lead thou us into temptation, but alese (release/deliver) us of (from) evil. [8] Sōþlīċe. /ˈsoːð.liː.t͡ʃe/ Soothly (Truly) .
The Viking invasion
Viking influence on The English Vocabulary skull , skin , leg , neck , freckle , sister , husband , fellow , wing , bull , score , seat , root , bloom , bag , gap , knife , dirt , kid , link , gate , sky , egg , cake , skirt , band , bank , birth , scrap , skill , thrift , window , gasp , gap , law , anger , trust , silver , clasp , call , crawl , dazzle , scream , screech , race , lift , get , give , are , take , mistake , rid , seem , want , thrust , hit , guess , kick , kill , rake , raise , smile , hug , call , cast , clip , die , flat , meek , rotten , tight , odd , ruggedugly , ill , sly , wrong , loose , happy , awkward , weak , worse , low , both , same , together , again , until , etc.
Middle English The event that began the transition from Old English to Middle English was the Norman Conquest of 1066, when William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy and, later, William I of England) invaded the island of Britain from his home base in northern France, and settled in his new acquisition along with his nobles and court
Norman influence The Normans bequeathed over 10,000 words to English (about three-quarters of which are still in use today), including a huge number of abstract nouns ending in the suffixes “-age”, “- ance /- ence ”, “-ant/- ent ”, “- ment ”, “- ity ” and “- tion ”, or starting with the prefixes “con-”, “de-”, “ex-”, “trans-” and “pre-”
Modern English In the 14th-15th century, following the Hundred Years War with France that ended French rule of the British Isles, English became the language of power and influence once again. It got a further boost through the development of English literature and English culture, spearheaded by William Shakespeare.
Last Modern English ( 1800 – Present) The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the English-speaking world was at the center of a lot of scientific progress, scientific advances went hand-in-hand with the evolution of the language.
English nowadays The language continues to change and develop and to grow apace, expanding to incorporate new jargons, slangs, technologies, toys, foods and gadgets. In the current digital age, English is going though a new linguistic peak in terms of word acquisition, as it peaked before during Shakespeare’s time, and then again during the Industrial Revolution, and at the height of the British Empire. According to one recent estimate, it is expanding by over 8,500 words a year (other estimates are significantly higher), compared to an estimated annual increase of around 1,000 words at the beginning of the 20th Century, and has almost doubled in size in the last century.
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English language history has 3 main periods: Old English (from 450 to 1100 AD), Middle English (from 1100 - to 1500 AD) and Modern English (since 1500 AD).
The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders – mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Angles language, now known as “Old English “, was soon adopted as the common language of this relatively remote corner of Europe. Although you and I would find it hard to understand Old English, it provided a solid foundation for the language we speak today and gave us many essential words like “be”, “strong” and “water”.
Vikings from modern-day Norway and Denmark began to raid parts of Britain from the late 8th century onward. In 865, however, a major invasion was launched by what the Anglo-Saxons called the Great Heathen Army, which eventually brought large parts of northern and eastern England (the Danelaw) under Scandinavian control. The Scandinavians, or Norsemen, spoke dialects of a North Germanic language known as Old Norse.
In all, English borrowed about 2000 words from Old Norse, several hundred surviving in Modern English.
Norse borrowings include many very common words, such as anger, bag, both, hit, law, leg, same, skill, sky, take, window, and even the pronoun they.
The event that began the transition from Old English to Middle English was the Norman Conquest of 1066. Old English was left to the peasants, and despite its less glamorous status, it continued to develop and grow by adopting a whole host of Latin and French words, including a huge number of abstract nouns ending in the suffixes “-age”, “-ance/-ence”, “-ant/-ent”, “-ment”, “-ity” and “-tion”, or starting with the prefixes “con-”, “de-”, “ex-”, “trans-” and “pre-”.
Modern English period has two sub periods: Early Modern English and Last Modern English.
In the 14th-15th century, following the Hundred Years War with France that ended French rule of the British Isles, English became the language of power and influence once again. It got a further boost through the development of English literature and English culture, spearheaded by William Shakespeare.
The invention of printing meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.
The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the English-speaking world was at the center of a lot of scientific progress, scientific advances went hand-in-hand with the evolution of the language.
In conclusion I would like to say that English language has such as long and amazing history and this language continues to change and develop.
Гораздо больше риска в приобретении знаний, чем в покупке съестного
Сочини стихи, Машина
Госпожа Метелица
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