Презентация по теме "Vasco da Gama"

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Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama (29 September 1460, according to other sources 1469-24 December 1524) was a Portuguese navigator of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. Commander of the expedition, which for the first time in history passed by sea from Europe to India. Count of Vidigueira (since 1519). The Governor of Portuguese India, the Viceroy of India (1524).

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Origin and early life Vasco da Gama was born in 1469[1] to the Alcayde of Sinix, the Portuguese knight Estevan da Gama (1430-1499) and Isabel Sodre (port. Isabel Sodré)[K 1]. Vasco da Gama was the third of five sons of Estevan da Gama and Isabel Sodre In 1498-ies, together with his brothers, Vasco da Gama himself entered into The Order Of Santiago[K 2]. Portuguese historians suggest that Vasco da Gama received his education and knowledge of mathematics, navigation, and astronomy in Evora. Among his teachers, probably, was Abraham Zakuto [4]. Vasco participated in naval battles from a young age. When, in 1492, French corsairs captured a Portuguese gold caravel bound from Guinea to Portugal, the king instructed him to sail along the French coast and capture all the French ships in the raids. The young nobleman carried out this task very quickly and efficiently, after which the King of France had to return the captured ship. It was then that Vasco da Gama was first heard of.

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Preparation for the expedition The expedition had the best maps and navigational instruments at its disposal. The chief Navigator was appointed a distinguished sailor Peru Alenquer previously sailed for the Cape of Good Hope Dias. Not only sailors went on the voyage, but also a priest, a clerk, an astronomer, as well as several translators who knew Arabic and the native languages of Equatorial Africa. The total number of the crew, according to various estimates, was from 100 to 170 people. 10 of them were convicted criminals, who were supposed to be used for the most dangerous assignments[8].

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Taking into account that the voyage was to last many months, the ships ‘ holds were loaded with as much drinking water and provisions as possible. The sailors ‘ diet was standard for long-distance voyages of that time: the basis of food was crackers and porridge made from peas or lentils. Also, each participant was given half a pound of corned beef per day (on fast days it was replaced with fish that was caught along the way), 1.25 liters of water and two mugs of wine, a little vinegar and olive oil. Sometimes, to diversify the food, onions, garlic, cheese and prunes were given out. In addition to the state allowance, each sailor was entitled to a salary of 5 cruzadu for each month of the voyage, as well as the right to a certain share in the loot. Officers and navigators, of course, received much more. With the utmost seriousness, the Portuguese treated the issue of arming the crew. The sailors of the flotilla were armed with a variety of cold bladed weapons, pikes, halberds and powerful crossbows, wore leather breastplates as protection, and the officers and some of the soldiers had metal cuirasses. The presence of any small arms was not mentioned, but the armada was perfectly equipped with artillery: even on the small «Berriu» 12 guns were placed, «San Gabriel» and «San Rafael» also carried 20 heavy guns, not counting falconets.

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First voyage to India On the way to the Cape of Good Hope Edit On July 8, 1497, the armada sailed solemnly from Lisbon. Soon the Portuguese ships reached the Canary Islands, belonging to Castile, but Vasco da Gama ordered to avoid them, not wanting to betray the purpose of the expedition to the Spanish enemies. A short stop was made on the Portuguese-owned islands, where the flotilla was able to resupply. Somewhere off the coast of Sierra Leone, Gama, on the advice of Bartolomeu Dias (whose ship first sailed with the squadron, and then headed for the fortress of San Jorge da Mina on the Guinean coast), to avoid headwinds and currents off the coasts of Equatorial and Southern Africa, moved southwest and deepened into the Atlantic Ocean, only after the equator turning back to the southeast. It was more than three months before the Portuguese saw land again. [9] On November 4, the ships docked at the bay, which they later named St. Helena. Here Vasco da Gama ordered a stop for repairs, but the Portuguese soon came into conflict with the locals, and there was an armed clash. The well-trained sailors did not suffer any serious losses, but Vasco da Gama himself was wounded by an arrow in the leg. Much later, this episode was described in great detail by Camoens in his poem « The Lusiades»[10]. At the end of November, the flotilla, after a storm of many days, with great difficulty rounded the Cape of Good Hope, after which it was necessary to stop for repairs in Mosselby Bay. The cargo ship was so badly damaged that it could no longer be repaired, and therefore (and also because by that time some of the expedition’s sailors had died of scurvy and there were not enough people to continue the voyage on all four ships) it was decided to burn it. The ship’s crew members reloaded their supplies and moved on to the other three ships themselves. Here, having met the natives, the Portuguese were able to purchase provisions and ivory jewelry from them in exchange for the goods they took with them. The flotilla then moved further northeast along the African coast. On December 15, 1497, the Portuguese passed the last padran set by Dias, and on December 25 reached the area now part of the province of South Africa, Kwazulu-Natal. For the next month, the voyage continued uneventfully, apart from the fact that twice the ships stopped for repairs and resupply.

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Mozambique and Mombasa Direct Rounding the Cape of Good Hope, the Portuguese invaded territories that had been part of the Indian Ocean trade routes for several hundred years. Arab traders were ubiquitous on the southeastern coast of Africa. They had political and economic influence over the local sultans. Vasco da Gama received an audience with the local sultan of Mozambique, but the goods the Portuguese had to offer did not appeal to the local merchants. The Portuguese themselves aroused the sultan’s suspicion, and Vasco da Gama had to leave in a hurry. Offended by the inhospitality, Vasco da Gama ordered the coastal villages to be shelled with cannons. By the end of February, the flotilla approached the port city of Mombasa, while Gama detained an Arab dhow at sea, looted it and captured 30 people as slaves.The pilot set a course to the northeast and, taking advantage of the favorable monsoon, brought the ships to India. By the evening of May 20, 1498, Portuguese ships stopped in the roadstead against the city of Calicut (now Kozhikode). Calicut, India Edit The zamorin of Calicut greeted the Portuguese with a military parade of 3,000 soldiers, and granted Vasco da Gama an audience. He gave the zamorin gifts, which, however, did not impress him. Muslim merchants who were at the court of the zamorin pointed out that the gifts were unworthy of a European ruler, and Vasco da Gama looked more like a pirate than a royal ambassador[16]. The Portuguese obtained permission from the zamorin to open a trading post, but their goods sold poorly. There were disputes with the Indians about the duties that they demanded from the Portuguese. Disappointed, Vasco da Gama sailed from Kozhikode, forcibly taking with him about two dozen fishermen.

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Return to Portugal On the way back, the Portuguese captured several merchant ships. In turn, the ruler of Goa wanted to lure and capture the squadron to use the ships in the fight against the neighbors. I had to fight off the pirates. The three-month journey to the coast of Africa was accompanied by heat and illness of the crews. And only on January 2, 1499, the sailors saw the rich city of Mogadishu. Not daring to land with a small, hard-pressed crew, da Gama ordered a bombardment of the city «as a warning». On January 7, the sailors arrived at Malindi, where in five days, thanks to good food and fruit provided by the sheikh, the sailors became stronger. But still the crews were so reduced that on January 13, one of the ships had to be burned in a parking lot south of Mombasa. On January 28, we passed the island of Zanzibar, on February 1, we stopped off Mozambique, and on March 20, we rounded the Cape of Good Hope again. On April 16, a fair wind carried the ships to the Cape Verde Islands. From there, Vasco da Gama sent a ship ahead, which on July 10 brought the news of the success of the expedition to Portugal. The captain-commander himself was delayed due to the illness of his brother, Paulo da Gama[18]. In August or September[K 4] of 1499, Vasco da Gama returned in triumph to Lisbon. Only two ships and 55 people returned. Nevertheless, from a financial point of view, the Vasco da Gama expedition was extremely successful — the proceeds from the sale of goods brought from India exceeded the cost of the expedition by 60 times.

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Between the first and second voyages to India (1499-1502) The king, on his return, gave Vasco da Gama the title of «don», as a representative of the nobility, and a pension of 1000 cruzadu. However, he sought to be made a seigneur of the city of Sinisha. As the case dragged on, the king cajoled the ambitious traveler with an increase in his pension, and in 1502, before the second voyage, he awarded the title of «Admiral of the Indian Ocean», with all the honors and privileges. The patronage of the city of Sinix was carried out by the Order of Santiago. The order protested, despite the will of the king, against Vasco da Gama became the Seigneur of sines. The situation was offensive to Vasco da Gama, who was a knight of this order. In 1507, having finally quarreled with the Order of Santiago over the Siniche, Vasco da Gama joined its rival, joining the Order of Christ [19]. Shortly after returning from a voyage to India, Vasco da Gama married Catarina di Ataide, daughter alkayda Alvor. The wife of da Gama belonged to the famous Almeida family, Francisco di Almeida was her cousin.

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Second voyage to India (1502-1503) Immediately after the opening of the sea route to India, the Portuguese kingdom began to organize annual expeditions to India. The expedition of 1500 (2nd Indian Armada of Portugal), led by Pedro Alvarish Cabral, concluded a trade treaty with the zamorin of Calicut and established a trading post there. But the Portuguese came into conflict with the Arab merchants of Calicut, the trading post was burned, and Cabral sailed out of the city, firing cannons at it. The short-lived alliance with Calicut was replaced by war. In order to establish long-term fortifications in India and subdue the country, in 1502, King Manuel sent a squadron led by Vasco da Gama. Twenty ships went on the expedition, of which the Admiral of the Indian Ocean commanded ten; five were to prevent the Arab sea trade in the Indian Ocean, and five more, under the command of the admiral’s nephew, Estevan da Gama[K 5], were intended to guard the trading posts. The expedition set out on February 10, 1502.

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Along the way, Vasco da Gama established forts and trading posts in Sofala and Mozambique, subdued the Arab emir of Kilwa, and imposed tribute on him. Starting a brutal fight against Arab shipping, he ordered the burning of an Arab ship with all the passengers-pilgrims off the Malabar coast[20]. Here is how Gaspar Correira describes it: «The Portuguese went there in boats and carried cargo from there to the Portuguese ships for a whole day, until they emptied the whole ship. The captain-commander forbade bringing Moors from the ship and then ordered the ship to be burned. When the captain of the ship found out about this, he said: «Lord, you will gain nothing by killing us, so order us to be shackled and taken to Calicut.» If we don’t load your ships with pepper and other spices for free, burn us. Think about it, you’re losing so much wealth because you want to kill us. Remember that even in war, those who surrender are spared, and we did not resist you, so apply the rules of generosity to us. And the captain-commander replied: «You will be burned alive, nothing would stop me from committing you to a hundred deaths if I could. <…> Many women rushed about, lifting their little children in their arms, and holding them out to us, tried to arouse our pity for these innocents. « This is how Gaspar Correira concludes his story:» The Moors swam around, and our people chased them in boats and killed them with spears. It so happened that the Moor, who was swimming in the water, found a spear in the water. He rose as far out of the water as he could and hurled the spear at the boat. The spear pierced and killed one sailor. This seemed to me a remarkable case. I wrote it down.»

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In October 1502, the fleet arrived at Kannanur. The local rajah solemnly welcomed the Portuguese and allowed them to build a large trading post. After loading the ships with spices, the admiral headed for Calicut. Here he acted decisively and cruelly[21]. Despite the promises of the zamorin to compensate for the losses and the report of the arrest of the perpetrators of the attacks on the Portuguese, the admiral seized the ships standing in the port and shelled the city, turning it into ruins. He ordered the captured Indians to be hung from the masts, sent to the zamorin the severed hands, legs, and heads of the unfortunate men, and threw the bodies overboard to be washed ashore. Gaspar Correira tells it like this: «When this was done to all the Hindus, he ordered their feet to be tied together. They had no hands to untie, and to prevent them from loosening each other’s bonds with their teeth, he ordered their teeth to be knocked out with rivets from barrels. Then they piled them on top of the ship. From above, the admiral ordered them to be covered with mats and palm leaves, and, raising the sails, let the ship sail to the shore, and he ordered them to shoot at her. There were more than eight hundred Moors. The little boat, with the priest and all his ears and hands, he also ordered to be sent under sail to the shore, forbidding them to shoot at it. These ships quickly reached the shore, and there the crowd began to rescue those who were still alive from the fire, loudly mourning them.»

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In I. Mozheyko’s book «Pirates, Corsairs, Raiders», the author gives the following assessment of the actions of Vasco da Gama: «Even against the background of the cruelty that reigned in the years when the fires of the Inquisition burned in Spain and the Netherlands, when the Spaniards beat the Incas and Mayans, these actions are out of the ordinary. This is not a single act of revenge, but a cold policy. Vasco da Gama’s actions cannot be justified by religious zeal or hatred of Islam. He is known to have treated the ruler of Malindi well, and the Moslems of Cochin and Cananore who were willing to submit. His hatred was selective, and therefore it is not necessary to talk about any feelings. Once, when Vasco da Gama fell into the hands of several Indians, he decided to use them as live targets in shooting with crossbows, for which he ordered the prisoners to be hung on the yards with their heads down. One of the officers ran up to him and said that these people were not only not Moors, but not even Hindus, but the very local Christians that the Portuguese were so persistently looking for. Vasco da Gama ordered a priest to be called and the Christians were confessed before they died. When the zamorin of Calicut sent envoys to Cochin to open the eyes of the Portuguese ally to their affairs, the Portuguese intercepted the envoys, cut off their ears and noses, and in their place sewed dogs and returned the ambassadors back in this form.»Two days later, Vasco da Gama again shelled Calicut and brought new victims to the sea. The zamorin fled the ruined city. Leaving seven ships under Vicente Sodre to blockade Calicut, da Gama set out for Cochin. Here he loaded up the ships and left a garrison in the new fortress. The zamorin, with the help of Arab merchants, assembled a large flotilla, which on February 12, 1503, set out to meet the Portuguese, who were again approaching Calicut. However, the light ships were put to flight by the artillery of the ships. In October 1503, Vasco da Gama returned to Lisbon with success. The king, pleased with the loot, increased the admiral’s pension, but did not give the ambitious sailor a serious appointment.Only in 1519, da Gama received land holdings and a count’s title.

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Between the second and third voyages to India (1503-1524) After returning from the second campaign, Vasco da Gama continued to develop plans for further colonization of India, advised the king to create a naval police there. The king took his proposals into account in twelve documents (decrees) on India. In 1505, King Manuel I, on the advice of Vasco da Gama, established the office of Viceroy of India. Succeeding Francisco d’Almeida and Affonso d’Albuquerque, by cruel measures, strengthened the power of Portugal in the land of India and in the Indian Ocean. However, after the death of Albuquerque in 1515, his successors proved greedy and incapable

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Third Voyage to India and Death (1524) Getting less and less profit, the new king of Portugal, Joao III, decided to appoint the 54-year-old stern and incorruptible Vasco da Gama as the second viceroy. In April 1524, the admiral sailed from Portugal. Vasco da Gama was accompanied by his two sons, Estevan da Gama and Paulo da Gama. Immediately upon his arrival in India, Vasco da Gama took firm measures against the abuses of the colonial administration. The navigator died of malaria on December 24, 1524 in Kochi (India). In 1539, the body of Vasco da Gama was transported to Portugal, in the county of Videgeira (Alentejo), and in 1880 reburied in the monastery of the Hieronymites in Lisbon in the area of Santa Maria de Belen .

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memorial The Brazilian football club Vasco da Gama is named after Vasco da Gama. The town of Vasco da Gama in Goa is named after Vasco da Gama. In 1998, the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama’s first voyage was widely celebrated. April 4 at the mouth of the Tagus (Lisbon) the longest bridge in Europe, named after the great navigator, was officially opened. The Adidas Roteiro soccer ball model, which was the official model for the 2004 European Soccer Championship, is named after the logbook on Vasco da Gama’s ship. In the Lisbon Church of St. Engracia, which has the status of the National Pantheon of Portugal, along with other famous navigators of Portugal, Vasco da Gama, a cenotaph is installed. In 1935, a crater on the moon was named after Vasco da Gama. In 2012, the European Scientific and Industrial Consortium established the Vasco da Gama Gold Medal (Medal «European scientific and industrial consortium-Vasco da Gama»), which is awarded to scientists for outstanding achievements in the field of geographical sciences.