ПРОЕКТ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ"ЗАМКИ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ"

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Secondary comprehensive  school №8 of the city of Vyazma Smolensk region

Final individual project in Еnglish

 Castles of Great Britain

                                   Made  by pupil of form9"B"

                                                                            Mitrofanova  Arina Maximovna

                              Supervisor: Olga Ivanovna Antonova

English teacher

Vyazma

2018

Рroject content

1.Introdaction

 My grandmother lives in the village Hmelita, there is the mansion of A. S. Griboedov. I often come to visit her and walk around the estate. Its beauty is impossible to convey, this building is like a castle. Each time it became more interesting and interesting for me to look at this building. And then I thought that the theme of the castles is interesting to me and I want to learn about them as much as possible, because they are so different and extremely beautiful. There are no castles in Russia, so I decided to take the topic for my  final project: "Castles of  Great Britain"

1.1 Relevance of the project.

 Castles of  Great Britain, their history and purpose for many centuries attract the attention of thousands of people. In our time, when most of the castles were destroyed, and those that remained, gradually destroyed, there was a need to preserve the castles as a cultural heritage. We must understand the role of castles in history and their purpose for the present. The project is significant at this time in that constantly expanding friendly, economic ties, developing tourism, and hence the need for knowledge of the Great Britain . This information and research project has a large focus on the knowledge of UK.

The subject of research is the variety of castles.

 1.2 The aim of the project.

 Is the formation of research skills through the disclosure  of the past and present castles of Great Britain.

1.3 Tasks.

1. Establish and summarize information and facts about the castles of Great Britain from different historical eras;
2. Identify and reveal the architectural features of buildings;
3. To illuminate the unique history of the emergence and owners of castles.

1.4 Research methods.

1. Analysis of literature
2.  Problem-search method
3.  Research
4. Systematization and generalization.

1.5 Practical significance.

Such work forms interest in history, to the country of the studied language, develops cognitive and creative activity. Independent activity contributes to a comprehensive familiarity with the topic, the expansion of knowledge on the subject. Skills of working with literature develop critical thinking, the ability to analyze phenomena on a scientific basis, and this is a component of any research work.

This  project  can be used during the English lessons.

2. Main part.

2.1. Castles of England.

  England keeps its own traditions and cultural values. In addition, the remoteness from the mainland allowed it to avoid direct invasion during the Second world war and some other military conflicts. The combination of these and other factors – a guarantee of safety of ancient buildings, which are now not overgrown Hiking trail. Castles are scattered almost all over the country. They reflect the era and represent different styles. Almost everyone is connected with historical events, famous personalities and amazing legends. The most interesting of them are Tintagel, Goodrich, Bodiam

2.1.1. Tintangel castle

  Tintagel castle-a medieval fortress, located near the village of the same name in Cornwall. To this day, the castle itself has not been preserved, but its picturesque ruins attract many tourists, because it is closely connected with the name of the legendary king Arthur. The castle is also mentioned in the legend of Tristan and Isolde. Since the XIX century archaeological excavations have been carried out here.

Archaeologists say that people lived here during the stay of the Romans in Britain, but the existence on this site of the Roman Fort or other fortifications could not be confirmed. The castle appeared here only in the middle of the XIII century. It had no strategic value, and was used only as the residence of count Richard. His descendants were not interested in the castle, there was the residence of the County Sheriff and the prison. The castle was gradually destroyed.

  In the Victorian era, interest in the legends of king Arthur flared up again, and the castle became a popular tourist attraction. Archaeological excavations were carried out, but only the chapel was found. Careful excavations began only in the 30-ies of XX century, but they were interrupted in 1939 began the Second World war.

In 1998, the so-called Arthur stone was discovered in Tintagel, which dates back to the VI century. In the inscription on the stone mentions the "king Artognou", which many equate with the legendary king Arthur, although a significant part of scientists and archaeologists this relationship denies.

  Not far from the castle is a cave, which is called the cave of Merlin.

The castle offers costumed performances and entertainment for children.

2.1.2. Castle Goodrich

  Goodrich castle is a ruined castle located by the Wye river, in the Northern part of the village of Goodrich (Herefordshire), about 25 km South of Hereford and 6 km from Ross-on-Wye.

  As one of the best examples of English military architecture, the castle is listed as an architectural monument of the 1st category.

  The first (wooden) castle was built soon after the Norman conquest. In the 12th century it was replaced by a stone donjon. During this period, the castle was successively owned by Baderon de Monmouth, his brother-in — law Gilbert de Clair (1st Earl of Pembroke) and the latter's son-Richard de Clare. In 1154, the castle became the property of the crown, and in the early 13th century was transferred to William Marshall — the famous knight, who received the title of count Pembroke after marrying Isabella de Clare. Forced to repel the attacks of the Welsh (the castle is located near the border with Wales), the Marshal further strengthened the castle.

In 1247, the castle passed to the half-brother of Henry III William de valence, who married the granddaughter of William Marshall. The situation on the border remained turbulent, and in the second half of the 13th century, de Valens significantly expanded the complex, resulting in a concentric castle with extensive fortifications and living quarters. In the early 14th century, William's son built an external defense line that included a Barbican. In 1326, the castle became the residence of the influential Talbot family. However, by the 16th century the threat of Welsh invasions came to naught, the castle lost its defensive importance and was abandoned.

  In 1646, during The English revolution, the castle, which was one of the last strongholds of the royalists, was besieged by the Parliament. The royalists surrendered and the parliamentarians destroyed the fortifications make the castle unsuitable for further military use.

  At the end of the 18th century, Gudrich became famous as a picturesque ruin, to which many artists and poets devoted their works. A visit to the castle inspired William Wordsworth to write the famous poem "The seven of us". In the 19th century, the popularity of the castle continued to grow, and it became a tourist attraction.

  Currently, the castle is run by the organization "English heritage" (English Heritage) and is open to the public.

  The heart of the castle is square in plan, the Torre del homenaje ("tower of Macbeth"), with its Norman Windows and pilasters and buttresses. It is surrounded by a rectangular fortress wall with three massive corner towers, built in the 1280s. On the South and East side of the rock around the castle broken ditches. The towers have characteristic sharp pyramidal projections ("spurs"), which were designed to prevent attempts to dig. The fourth corner of the wall is occupied by an asymmetric gate construction, the approaches to which are protected by a Barbican. The Barbican is connected to the gate construction by a stone bridge. In the tower of the gate building is a chapel with an ancient altar and stained glass, created in 2000 using fragments of the 15th century. In the Northern and Western parts of the castle remains of a Banquet hall and residential quarters. In the courtyard shows the famous mortars "Roaring Meg", with which parliamentary forces besieged the castle in 1646.

  In April-September, the castle is open daily, the rest of the time-on weekends. Tourists can explore the exhibition telling about the history of the castle, admire the views from the fortress walls, relax in the cafe and visit the souvenir shop. Periodically there are interesting activities for children and adults.

2.1.3. Castle Bodiam

  Bodiam castle was built in 1385, during the Hundred years war, by order of king Richard II (Richard II). The reason for the construction of the fortress was the threat of attack on British territory by the French. The castle was surrounded by a moat about 200 m wide, which was filled with water. The only way to pass the moat was to go over the bridge, which leads to the main gate of the fortress.

Bodiam castle is located near the Celtic sea, in the South of England (Celtic Sea, England). It is one of the most beautiful and one of the best preserved castles in this part of the country. Bodiam castle has a quadrangular shape, characteristic of the castle architecture of the 14th century, close to the square. From the fortress overlooking the beautiful and picturesque plains of East Sussex (East Sussex) in the village of Robertsbridge (Robertsbridge). To London (London) from the castle to get about 100 km in the South-East direction.

  Bodiam castle was built in 1385, during the Hundred years war, by order of king Richard II (Richard II). The reason for the construction of the fortress was the threat of attack on British territory by the French. The castle was surrounded by a moat about 200 m wide, which was filled with water. The only way to pass the moat was to go over the bridge, which leads to the main gate of the fortress.

  Initially, wooden bridges were built on each side of the tiny island on which Bodiam castle stood for better protection. Today the only remains of the bridge supports, with the exception of the main approach to the gate. Before the gates of the castle are the ruins of a small defensive structure, the so-called barbicon. The barbicon was called the tower above the gate or the fortification above the drawbridge, and this structure was the standard for most English castles.

  Until 1917, when the Marquis of Carson (Carson) acquired the property rights to the castle and became involved in its restoration and repair, Bodiam castle remained abandoned and, as evidenced by the facts, came to a state of semi-destruction. After the death of the Marquis, the castle was transferred to the custody of the state.

The architecture of the castle is truly unique. The inner part of it is completely contrasted with the facade. Unfortunately, the rooms inside are almost completely destroyed and looted. In front of the castle there is a lake with beautiful water lilies. In total, the castle had about 33 fireplaces, 10 staircases, and many winding ascents and descents. The architecture of the castle reflects its defensive function and emphasizes that comfortable living conditions were created for its residents.

  The building was divided into several residential areas – for the owner and his family, for guests of noble origin, for the location of garrisons and servants. In the southern part of the castle there was a large hall, kitchens and utility rooms. Large hall size 7.3x12 m is not inferior in height to the curtain wall. To the West of the great hall there was a storage room for food and a storage room for provisions connected with the hall through special wooden openings. Ball'

'the hall was a kind of public center of the castle, where the owner entertained his guests. Storage for supplies presupposes the existence of a basement, where he kept beer and wine. In the South-Western tower there was a well, the water from which was used for household needs.

  Along the East wall were the chapel, hall and front. To place the chapel, the outer wall at the northeast corner protruded 2.7 m into the moat-much further if compared to the other part of the wall on the East side. Immediately South of the chapel began the main premises for the owner and his family.

  Despite the fact that little remains of the interior decoration of the Bodiam castle, its appearance is almost intact. The structure is so well camouflaged parkland that you can simply get lost on the way to it. However, when you open the castle walls, towering over the shimmering waters, it is simply impossible to look away from the enchanting beauty of the picture.

2.2.Northern Ireland castles                                                              

        Ireland is considered one of the Champions in the number of medieval castles in its territory. Unfortunately, from the destructive power of time "saved" few once majestic buildings. Today there are thousands of ruins of ancient castles. It is worth noting that even in the ruined form they are of great historical value and are the pride of the country. Extant castles serve as popular attractions for tourists. Some of them have been restored and converted into hotels or museums. So every traveler-fatso has the opportunity to stay in one of the ancient castles and feel the spirit of the past.

2.2.1. Dundrum Castle

  Dundrum castle is located near Dundrum in Down County, 50 km South of Belfast.

  The castle is a striking example of Norman architecture. It was built by Norman knight Jean de Corsi after his invasion of Ulster in the early 13th century. The first mention of the castle dates back to the middle of the 13th century and are in the chronicle of Mann, where the castle is called as "Castle Rat".

  In 1203, de Corsi was banished from Ulster by the knight Hugo de lasi, who rebuilt and strengthened the castle, adding a massive round tower. In 1210 king John was deprived of Hugh de Lacy title and property, including a castle and Dundrum. In 1226, de lasi again took the title of Earl of Ulster and continued the reconstruction of the castle.

  Most of the rooms on the second floor of the building was rebuilt in the 15th century, as evidenced by the preserved chimney and spiral staircase, which originally opened access to the third floor. The basement of the castle was used as a warehouse, and had a capacity for water storage. The stone outer wall of the castle was probably built by the family Maginnis of Mourne, who seized Dundrum in the late 15th century.

  The Earl of Kildare for a short time owned the castle since 1517, and then for the next 120 years, the castle has repeatedly changed owners.

  After 1660, the then owners in the South-Western corner of the outer wall of the castle was built mansion, which had in the form of letters in the plan of the letter was destroyed in the early 19th century. The castle was transferred to the custody of the state in 1954.

  In addition, on the territory of the castle in 1730 was also built a building known as Dundrum House, which until the beginning of the 20th century was owned by the descendants of Cornelius Fashion, Viscount Hawarden. In the early 20th century, the building was sold to a Catholic monastery, and since 1978 it is a luxury hotel and Golf club.

2.2.2. Blarney castle( Application №6)

  The castle is located in the village of Blarney, about 8 km Northwest of cork in southern Ireland. It was the third building built on this site. In the X century there was a wooden construction; stone castle replaced it in 1210, the building was destroyed due to problems in the Foundation and, eventually, in 1446 the Blarney present wall was built by Dermot McCarthy.

  The main feature of the castle is the massive square donjon, 85 feet tall and with walls up to 18 feet thick. In it were the dwelling of a family of McCarthy, their knights and vassals. The toothed upper part of the main donjon was supposedly added later in the 1500s. The lower floor consists of a large open room with the count's bedroom to the side. On the second floor there was A large hall and a security room. On this floor, there was also a tiny room called the "assassin's room" where the guards could hide and keep an eye on the guests entering the large room on the first floor. On an unwanted guest could suddenly pour out a shower of hot liquid or released a sighting beam of arrows. On the third floor there was a large family room and a chapel, and the floor above - a Banquet hall. Under the castle you can find a network of dungeons and caves.

  On the territory of the castle are still the ruins of the bell tower, which remained from the Gothic chapel of the XVIII century, destroyed by fire. World famous Blarney acquired as the storage location of the famous Blarney Stone. The stone is mounted in the castle wall. According to legend, the one who kissed this stone will find the gift of eloquence forever.

2.3. Castles of  Scotland( Application №7)

  Scotland is a country of picturesque landscapes, harsh men in plaid skirts and ancient mysterious castles, built somewhere in the deep recess, in complete solitude. Many ancient Scottish buildings are preserved in the mountains and on the rocky shores of the Islands. Ancient Scottish clans are very respectful of their past, passing from generation to generation tales of the glorious and fearless Scottish warriors, beautiful love stories and, of course, about the mysterious and unexplained events that sometimes occur within the walls of ancient ruins, where once there were terrible crimes. For example some of the most beautiful ancient castles: Glamis, Dunnottar, Hermitage.

2.3.1. Castle  Glamis

  Glamis castle is one of the most visited castles in Scotland. It was built in the 15th century and was originally conceived as a hunting Lodge of the Royal family. Later it was completed. The large-scale structure is surrounded by Dutch and Italian gardens with shady alleys and beautiful flower beds of roses. The castle has long been the ancestral home of the family of Bowes-Lyon (by the way, he still belongs to the representatives of this family). The Bowes-Lyon family was closely associated with representatives of the Scottish crown. According to historians, in this house grew Queen-mother Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, here same was born Princess Margaret.

The castle has been restored many times, and only in the Central part of the original buildings have been preserved. Outwardly, now it does not look like a fortress of the 15th century, but if you go inside, you will immediately plunge into the atmosphere of that time.

  The most interesting mystical legends of Gladys castle are connected with the name of Lady Janet Douglas and Count Birdy.

  Janet Douglas, the Ghost of which is called the Gray Lady, is one of the most tragic figures of medieval Scotland. About 400 years ago, the owner of the castle Lord Gladys married Janet Douglas. Soon they had a son named John. The family lived peacefully and happily until the day Lord Gladys died in 1528. The unfortunate widow, left without protection, became the object of hatred of King James V, as she headed one of the most influential Scottish clans. On top of that, her brother was the king's stepfather. Hatred of his stepfather and the whole Douglas clan made of James V on the implementation of the plan of retaliation. Janet was accused of witchcraft and conspiracy to kill the king.

  Lady Janet's reputation was impeccable, so in order to fabricate evidence against Her, the king ordered the torture of her relatives, who in the process testified against the unfortunate woman. After that, she was sentenced to death and her son was sentenced to life imprisonment in prison.

  On July 17, 1537, in Edinburgh, after a long incarceration, Lady Janet Douglas was burned at the stake in castle hill. A beautiful young woman bravely endured the suffering. The spectators of the execution were silent: her innocent was no doubt.

The son of the lady Janet was released in 1542 After the death of Jacob.

A few years after the incident, the Ghost Janet, dressed in a gray dress (for which the Ghost and nicknamed the Gray Lady) is often seen praying in the chapel. Many tourists say that even now you can watch the Gray Lady praying on her knees in front of the altar.

  Another well-known Ghost Count Birdy according to legend was an avid gambler. And one day before Sunday I sat up till midnight, playing cards with my servant. To caution the servants to stop the game (so as to play cards on Sunday is blasphemy) count answered that he would play “at least until the day of judgment, even with the Devil.” At midnight the door was knocked, and a man dressed in black clothes entered the room. The stranger threw a handful of rubies on the table and joined the count. The servant went out. After a while he heard a scream. Running into the room, the servant saw the burning Count Birdy.

 According the legend, the soul of count must play the devil at cards until the day of judgment. Rumor has it that the Ghost of Birdy still roams the room, unable to leave his trap.

2.3.2. Dunnottar castle

  Dunnottar castle is the most romantic historical site in Scotland.

  At the time, Dunnottar castle was the most impregnable of Scottish fortress because of the thick walls and the location on top of a high cliff. The building is almost completely surrounded by the waters of the North sea. In addition, there is a beautiful view of its raging waves.

  In the 13th century, at the top of the cliff on which the castle stands, on the ruins of the old Church founded by St. Ninian (Bishop missionary, in the V century converted to Christianity the tribes of the Picts and Britons) was built a Church. At the end of the 13th century it took refuge inside the English soldiers, who together with the Church burned the famous fighter for the independence of Scotland William Wallace. 300 years later, a third Church was built on the same site.

  In the close cellars of the castle in the middle ages kept opponents of king James II. It was believed that this castle-fortress is not only impossible to get, but it is impossible to get out of it.

2.3.3 Тhe Hermitage

  One of the scariest castles in Scotland. The oldest part of it was built in the late 13th century. Now part of the building is a ruin.

  If you believe the local population, in this mysterious place inhabited by several ghosts: sir Alexander Ramsey, Sheriff of Tividale and Lord of souli.

  The first, according to legend, in the middle of the 14th century was lured to the castle, promising a meeting with an old friend, and left in prison to die of hunger and thirst. The remains of sir Ramsey were found in the early 19th century, when the prison wall was demolished. They say that still out of the prison she could hear his pathetic cries for help.

2.4. Castles of  Wales

  Washed by the sea waves of the land of Wales in ancient times inhabited by proud and warlike Celts " as reported by www.theuk.one. For many centuries, these people fought for their independence, so among the beautiful mountain scenery on the banks of the bustling sea coast and fabulous lakes were built numerous fortifications. In the future, in their place, the conquerors built majestic castles. We offer the top 10 most famous.

2.4.1. Raglan castle

  Raglan castle is located in South-East Wales, near the eponymous village in Monmouthshire.

  The modern castle was built in the 15th-early 17th centuries. The first fortified structure on this site appeared much earlier, most likely immediately after the Norman conquest of England in the middle of the 11th century. The territory of South-East Wales was given to one of the closest associates of William the Conqueror count William Fitz-Osbern, who decided to build a castle like Mott and Bailey in a strategically important place.

  Since the end of the 12th century, these lands were taken over by the Blue family, who built a family mansion here, surrounded by a Park complex, and owned it until the end of the 14th century. The modern castle was built by the subsequent owner of the local estate William AP Thomas (died in 1445) , a representative of the noble Welsh dynasty. He outlined a plan for the grandiose construction of the castle and laid the Foundation in the form in which it has survived to this day. At the same time, the southern gate and the main tower of the castle were built.

  The greatest flowering of the estate reached when the son of Thomas, William Herbert-that's how the name was transformed, glorified this family in the history of medieval England. William was politically active, supported the Yorks in the war of the roses, took part in the Hundred years war, fighting in France, and at the same time managed to make a fortune, doing wine. William became the first Welshman to receive the status of Duke. Contemporaries believed that he could even win independence for Wales. In the 1460s, William decided to rebuild the castle, trying to give it a real grandeur. It is obvious that the famous Carnarvon castle served as a model for architects, which in turn resembled the architecture of the once powerful Constantinople.

  However, almost Roman power did not save William from the terrible end: in 1469 he was executed as a supporter of York. The castle was succeeded by his daughter Elizabeth, who married sir Charles Somerset, and Raglan took possession of the family name. Somersets rebuilt the estate into an even more luxurious mansion. They developed a Park complex, which eventually turned out to be truly Grand.

In the 17th century, during the civil war in England, the castle was destroyed by Cromwell's troops. During the 18-19 centuries the castle was in ruins, and the local population took it to the building materials. Today, the castle is in the care of the state.

2.4.2. Harlech castle (Application №12)

  Harlech castle is  in the town of the same name in North Wales, on the Irish sea coast, 40 km South of Carnarvon and 215 km North of Cardiff. The castle stands on a high rocky cliff facing the sea.

  The castle was built by Edward I (1272-1307) during the conquest of independent Wales. Construction work was led by the famous architect and military engineer James of St. George (1230-1309).

  In the next few centuries, the castle played an important role in several wars, withstood the heavy siege of the troops of Madog AP Llewelyn in 1294-1295, but surrendered to the army of the famous Owain Glyndur, Prince of Wales and the national hero of the Welsh. In 1404, Owain, who was trying to regain Wales ' independence, besieged harleck and after a long siege captured Him, making him the headquarters of the rebels and his personal residence.

  In the 15th century, during the wars Of the roses, the castle was the subject of discord between York and Lancaster. For a long time Lancastrians owned this territory until in 1468 the Yorks besieged the castle. This dramatic siege is even dedicated to the Patriotic song of the Welsh called "Harlek's People".

  In the 17th century, during the civil war in England, Harlech long remained a stronghold of royalists. It fell last, in 1647, and it essentially put an end to the war.

In the 19th century on the ruins of the castle there was a famous British painter, master of romantic landscape, William Turner (1775-1851), who is known for a series of paintings depicting the castle ruins. The picturesque ruins of Harlech also attracted landscape painters such as Henry Gastino, Paul Sandby and John sell Cotman.

  Today the castle is protected By the Welsh heritage service. It is included in the list of UNESCO world heritage sites, which called the castle"one of the best examples of military architecture in Europe of the late 13th-early 14th centuries." The castle is open to tourists.

2.4.3. Penryn castle (Application №13)

  The history of this castle dates back to the XIII century, but the current structure appeared in the XIX century, between 1820 and 1840. Penryn castle, as it is seen by today's tourists and visitors to North Wales was built by the architect Thomas Hopper (Thomas Hopper) in the Norman style. The construction of the castle was financed by the owner of shale quarries, a very serious businessman, a trader of Jamaican sugar named George pennant (George Hay Dawkins-Pennant).

For almost a century, the pennant family lived in the castle, but later another heir was unable to pay a very serious inheritance tax, and in 1951, Penryn castle and all 40,000 acres (160 km 2) of land around it came into the possession of the Treasury of great Britain. It is currently part of the national Trust (national Trust) and is open to the public.

  Everyone who has ever been to Penryn castle and its surroundings, say that they have been in a fairy tale. North Wales is also famous for its ancestral homes, however, Penryn is still something special. Severe in appearance, it impresses visitors with its internal interiors so much that they cannot bring their feelings back to normal for a long time after the tour. So what's so surprising about Penryn? Okay!

It would be possible to live in the castle today - all its premises are so clean, carefully and carefully preserved. Almost all the interior looks majestic-it concerns the floors, walls, paintings and tapestries, portraits, dishes. Ancient paintings are perfectly complement the beautiful ceilings with stucco, and statues and columns are adjacent to the stunning chandeliers and vases.

  Penryn is surprisingly spacious, and the domed ceilings of some rooms make it look like a Cathedral. Apartments and apartments follow one after another-some of them are flooded with streams of sunlight, some, on the contrary, are immersed in a very mysterious twilight.

  Stucco molding in the castle resembles a light, delicate lace, and all wooden products are processed with the finest carving.

  Special attention of tourists of Penryn castle traditionally, the cuisine deserves. By the way, it is here, unlike most other rooms, tourists are allowed to take photos, and therefore it is pictures of the kitchen of Penryn can be found on the Internet. So, the room is really looks amazing – with a huge fireplace, which has the middle ages'

the grill. A special mechanism rotates the chain, which, in turn, sets in motion the spit, which is planted and game, ham or other meat. There is also an old water tank, which looks fantastic nowadays.

  During the tour of the castle you can also see the rooms for servants, as well as workshops.

  By the way, one of the innovations of The current Penryn castle, which was never learned by its former owners - the Museum of dolls (Dolls museum), which is located in the former stable. Here also appeared the Railway Museum (Industrial railway museum) And the Museum of miniature Railways (Model railway museum).

An excellent Park, which is adjacent to the castle is full of exotic plants – here, among other bushes and trees, palm trees, Jasmine and Chinese gooseberry grow.

The castle offers breathtaking views of the surrounding area. Tourists of Penryn castle, among other things, are offered lunch in a cozy cafe, as well as a souvenir shop.

2.4.4 Pembroke castle

  Pembroke castle is situated in the eponymous town in the West of Wales, on the banks of the river Cleddau, 150 miles from Cardiff.

  The first castle on this site in 1093 was built by Norman aristocrat, colleague of William the Conqueror, count Roger de Montgomery (1030-1094). The castle was an important strategic point for the further channel of promotion in Wales. In its architecture, Pembroke was built as a typical moth and Bailey castle, characteristic of the middle ages. As a result of the construction of the castle under Roger was most of the Middle and South-West Wales. However, the conquest was fragile: in 1094 in Wales broke out a mass uprising against the Anglo-Norman feudal lords, as a result of which all the territories of Montgomery in Central Wales were conquered by the Welsh.

  A century later, in 1189, king Richard I granted the castle to William Marshall (1146-1219), who became the first Earl of Pembroke. He rebuilt the castle and added both new fortifications and interior spaces.

  For centuries, the castle has repeatedly been the subject of discord between the   British authorities and the Welsh rebels, who tried to regain the independence of the region. In the 17th century, during the English Civil war, Pembroke took the side of Parliament.

  In 1951, Pembroke castle was included in the British list of buildings of special architectural and historical interest, and in its first category – "buildings of exceptional importance." This is the largest castle, which is still in private ownership. However, it is open to the public. The castle has repeatedly served as a backdrop for the filming of famous feature films and documentaries.

3.Conclusion

Medieval Castles carry a rich heritage of the Middle Ages. These are

Magnificent monuments of history, culture and art. For a Millennium they were the center of politics and Economics, they are associated with major battles, they lived great historical figures. Each castle-it's not just an old and very large building, for hundreds of years there have been so many events that about every significant castle can write a historical novel.

  These structures are the genius of human thought so far as to bring us to a time when a soldier could count only on the strength of their hands and courage. They are one of the few things of antiquity that have reached us almost unchanged. Each ancient castle is a page of European history and beautiful legends. Each ancient castle is a repository of interior and luxury items.

  The most famous castles of great Britain, located in picturesque places-on the slopes and mountain tops, attracting tourists from all over the world, they were admired both in the past and in the present.

  In the process of work I have collected photos and text materials about the castles of great Britain. Based on the collected materials, a multimedia PowerPoint presentation was created, which shows these locks. The presentation and the developed material will be useful both for teachers of English, schoolchildren and students studying the language, and for individuals interested in this country.

  During my work I learned how to use the Internet to search and select the necessary information, create a multimedia presentation in MS PowerPoint, work with an electronic dictionary and translator.

3.List of information sources.

1. Ulrika scheber "Castles and palaces of Europe". - - Bertelsmann, 2006A.

2.  I. Popov, "The Bavaria. Fortresses, castles, palaces". - Veche, 2007.

3. Ananieva " Castles. Palaces " - 2003.

4. Vasilyeva, "100 famous monuments of architecture" - Phoenix, 2009Article

5. "Culture and art, architecture and design".

6. Medieval castles and fortresses of the world. [site] URL: www.allcastles.ru 7. Castles Of Great Britain.[site] URL: www.votpusk.ru