Научно-исследовательская работа на английском языке. Выполнил студент 1 курса специальности 25.02.06.Производство и обслуживание авиационной техники
IV All-Russian (with an international participation)
scientific conference of pupils of N.I. Lobachevsky
Section "English — a Key to Success in Science"
Research
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY MEASURES AT INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES OF LYUBERTSY
Sadovov Nikita, the first-year student
The directing organization:
State budgetary vocational educational institution of Moscow region
Lyubertsy technical school of the Hero of the Soviet Union,
space pilot Y.A. Gagarin
Research supervisor:
English language teacher, the I category
Shishkevich S.A.
Lyubertsy 2019
Contents
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………3
Chapter I. Industry and ecology
Environmental activities of enterprises …………………………………………..5
Sources of pollution in Lyubertsy ………………………………………………..8
Air pollution………………………………………………………………………9
How is environmental pollution calculated?..........................................................12
How to fight against environmental pollution?......................................................13
Poll of Lyubertsy inhabitants……………………………………………………..15
Interview of the general manager of a car service center…………………………15
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...17
Information sources……………………………………………………………….18
Introduction
We are people, and we began to forget about such problem as the environmental pollution. In a pursuit of money and faster results people began to neglect the nature. Once you only open eyes, at once see that everything is not as good as it seemed. Dirt, smog, tons of garbage, terrible smell on the street, apparently, that all is from some scary movie, and the one who will remain to the last will become the head of all that empty territory with the plants, factories. But who needs such life, who wants to live in emptiness?
Environmental problems were always relevant, and though it seems that we live on the huge planet Earth, it is not far so. All begins with small and comes to an end on a substantial scale as the snowball sliding from the mountain at the beginning of a way it is small and harmless, but at a mountain foot it will become a huge lump which will break everything that will get to it on his way. For this reason, nothing remains not touched. Idleness – the true enemy of mankind.
Relevance of the research subject is that now pollution of the surrounding environment as result of work of industrial manufacturing enterprises gained huge scope. It led to serious ecological, economic, social effects for society which are shown in deterioration in a status of the surrounding environment, need of the considerable financial investments for its recovery, sharp decrease in life expectancy of people in comparison with the developed countries.
Purpose of the research work: to study ensuring compliance with environmental safety standards at the industrial and production enterprises in the city of Lyubertsy.
Research tasks:
- to find out the influence of emissions from the industrial enterprises on the environment;
- to study the information about the environmental safety measures which are compulsory at the industrial and production enterprises;
- to find out the status of environmental safety at the industrial and production enterprises in Lyubertsy;
- to make questions and conduct a poll among the students about the environmental safety situation in Lyubertsy;
- to make questions and interview the officials responsible for ensuring compliance with environmental safety standards at the industrial and production enterprise.
Based on the above, we have defined the object and the subject of our research work.
Research object: measures of environmental safety.
Subject: ensuring compliance with environmental safety standards at the industrial and production enterprise in city of Lyubertsy.
During the work we applied the following methods of research: studying, generalization, comparison and analyzing of information, interview, poll.
We consider that the theoretical importance of our research is to show how interrelated the human activity and the surrounding environment; that it is vital and essentially necessary to observe measures of environmental safety both at the industrial enterprises, and in normal everyday life to each person. We ourselves are responsible for our life!
The practical importance of research is that it can be used when studying certain subjects on discipline "Ecology". Besides, the applied value of a practical part of a research that we developed questions both for the interview and poll for students and conducted them, asking the residents. Answering, people, perhaps, will think of the such important issues as environmental pollution sand will approach more consciously and responsibly to the problem of environmental safety.
Chapter I. Industry and ecology
Environmental activities of industrial enterprises
Main types of nature protection activity of the industrial enterprises are:
• protection of atmospheric air;
• protection and rational use of water resources;
• protection, reproduction and rational use of land resources;
• protection, reproduction and rational use of forest resources;
• protection of fauna.
Main directions of environmental activities for atmospheric air protection are:
• planning and realization of actions for studying and observance of the international and national legislation on protection of atmospheric air, including requirements of the existing normative documents for protection of an ozone layer of the atmosphere;
• respect for the maximum-permissible or temporarily coordinated norms of emissions of harmful substances in the atmosphere;
• equipment of production and other objects installations and the equipment for catching and neutralization of dust and the harmful gaseous substances departing from technological units and ventilation systems;
• ensuring trouble-free and effective operation gas-purifying and dust removal systems;
• decrease in toxicity of exhaust gases of the vehicles used for ensuring production and economic requirements of the enterprise;
• reduction of quantity of objects of the enterprise (objects and processes) polluting atmospheric air;
• introduction of the progressive technological processes reducing or excluding emissions of harmful substances in the atmosphere;
• holding actions for fight against noise, radiations, electromagnetic oscillations and other harmful physical impacts;
• others.
Main directions of environmental activities for water resources protection are:
• planning and realization of actions for studying and observance of requirements of the international and national water legislation, and nature protection normative documents on protection of water resources;
• providing the rational mode of operation of surface and underground water, protection from pollution and exhaustion of their stocks, respect for the established norms of water use, a complete elimination of operation of underground waters for production needs, (their use only for drinking and economic and household water supply of personnel of the enterprise);
• improvement of the processes which are carried out in production and economic activity of the enterprise for the purpose of water consumption reduction, development and (or) introduction of devices of reverse water supply;
• ensuring introduction of tool methods of accounting of the got water resources, water quality control, the organization of accounting of a consumption of water on objects of the enterprise;
• respect for present rules and regulations of dumping of sewage into water natural objects (the seas, the rivers, lakes and other closed reservoirs), implementation of dumping of sewage into water objects on condition of their cleaning to the limits coordinated with authorized federal body of executive power of the Russian Federation;
• the equipment of the objects of the enterprise having dumpings of sewage into water objects, the treatment facilities providing the required extent of cleaning and neutralization of sewage;
• maintenance in working operational order of clearing constructions, control of the technological mode of their work;
• prevention of the passage of oil products, fuel, oils, technical liquids, fuel and other harmful and poisonous liquids and their hit in water natural objects, including through the open ground (the equipment in warehouses of fuel of points of discharge and distribution of oil products, poisonous and other harmful liquids, points of a wash of the equipment – platforms with a hard coating, devices for a sewage disposal, oil traps, settlers, separators of oil-water mix, filters);
• contents in serviceability of underground services (pipelines);
• implementation of collecting (participation in collecting) the oil products poured on water natural objects because of the enterprise;
• others.
Main directions of environmental activities for protection and rational use of land resources are:
•• planning and realization of actions for studying and observance of requirements of the international and national land legislation, and nature protection normative documents on protection of soils, lands and subsoil;
• recultivation of lands after carrying out construction or other works and also the actions which are carried out during production and economic activity of the enterprise and connected with violation of a soil cover;
• protection from degradation and destruction of a landscape, flood, flooding and other violations of soils, lands and a subsoil of the territories occupied under objects of the enterprise, due to maintenance of the required modes of operation of objects, safety of nature protection, strengthening, hydrotechnical, drainage constructions and devices, etc.;
• protection of lands from pollution by waste production and economic activity (fragments and structural elements of buildings, machines and the equipment, sewage, production, household or other waste), oil spill and other harmful liquids;
• obtaining permission of authorized federal body of executive power of the Russian Federation to placement of waste, observance of rules of collecting and temporary accumulation of waste in the places authorized, equipped for this purpose, the organization of timely removal of waste;
• implementation of transportation of hazardous waste by the established rules in the equipped for this purpose and serviceable vehicles;
• the organization of implementation of accounting rules, norms and rules of education and placement of waste in the territory of objects of the enterprise, control of implementation of sanitary and hygienic requirements of enterprise territories, granting to the controlling nature protection bodies of the Russian Federation of full, undistorted documentation (information) on the address with waste;
• elimination of pollution of territories of objects of the enterprise oil products, production, household and other waste of production and economic activity, their processing (utilization);
• the device of hard coatings, the production and stormwater drainage system in parking lots and service of the equipment used for ensuring production and economic activity of the enterprise;
• others.
Main directions of environmental activities for protection and rational use of forest resources are:
• planning and realization of actions for studying and observance of requirements of the international legislation and the Forest code of the Russian Federation and also normative documents on forest conservation and flora;
• the organization of protection of the wood and holding forestry and landscape actions in the occupied territories;
• ensuring forest conservation from the fires and unauthorized fellings in the occupied territories;
• assistance to the public authorities exercising control of protection and use of forest resources;
• holding other actions directed to prevention of pollution and damage of the woods in the occupied territories;
• others.
Ecological activity at the industrial enterprise is, as a rule, carried out in the following spheres:
• environment protection;
• rational environmental management;
• ensuring environmental safety of products and processes.
Sources of pollution to Lyubertsy
Speaking about harmful emissions, many represent the smoking pipes of a certain plant at once. However, everything is not so unambiguous. Pollution of the environment is meant as not only gas mixes, but also sewage and also noise. Speaking to language of science, the industrial ecology is engaged in studying of this subject closely. At the enterprise waste can accumulate. They are meant as connections which are allocated in air, in water. Also solid substances, noise, thermal and electromagnetic beams formed as a result of production of products raw materials concern them. All this has negative impact on ecology.
Distinguish two types of sources of pollution. Under the first understand directly technological process of production. Under the second – technical systems and devices, that is pipes, drainage systems through which waste also gets to the environment.
Emission sources happen two types. If the enterprise has special systems influencing ecology are organized sources. If waste is just stored, then these are unorganized sources of pollution.
During studying of information we revealed that industrial emissions belong to the main sources of ecological pollution. Lyubertsy is one of leaders in the Moscow region by the number of harmful industrial emissions in the atmosphere. About 25 industrial enterprises work in the city; the enterprises for release of means of communication, helicopters, automation, agricultural and transport mechanical engineering, the municipal equipment, carpet weaving are well developed; building constructions and materials.
The largest industrial and production enterprises of the city are:
• the helicopter plant of Kamov (construction bureau and experimental production. Exactly here the world-known helicopters Ka-50 "Black shark" and Ka-52 «Alligator» have been developed);
• the scientific production enterprise «Perfect Mechanics" which was placed in several workshops of the former engineering plant of Ukhtomsky, projecting and releasing aluminum designs for industrial glazing of buildings;
• OJSC «Torgmash» releasing processing equipment for trade enterprises;
• Lyubertsy plant of construction materials and designs;
• association "Lyubertsy Carpets"
• Rudnyovo industrial zone in Lyuberetskiy district where the largest incineration plantis located;
• to the north from the city, on the territory of the Lyubertsy fields there is the plant «Ekolog» whose activity is connected with destruction of waste of biological production (burn remains of sick animals and the biological remains from numerous medical institutions of Moscow);
• near Lyubertsy (Area of Nekrasovka) there are largest fields of aeration. It is known that silt platforms of the station of aeration and pometokhranilishche poultry farm deliver ammonia to water-bearing stations.
So, in total the ecological situation in the city and the area is influenced by about 600 enterprises and the organizations, about 300 of them are potential pollutants of air!
Air pollution
Periodically throughout certain time inhabitants of Lyuberetsky district suffer from specific smells as which source serve obviously hydrogen sulfide compounds. First the specific aroma was felt only by residents of Lyubertsy – neither local authorities, nor supervising bodies did not note any anomalies. Over time, when complaints of Muscovites were added to protests of local population, the administration of the town signed the contract with Hydrometeorological center on carrying out researches of composition of atmospheric air. Systematic observations allowed to establish cases of 25time excess of maximum allowable concentration of hydrogen sulfide in composition of air.
At the following stage there were difficulties with establishment of the object polluting the atmosphere. Potential responsible appeared a little among which, the industrial enterprises of the city.
During certain periods in evening and night time people feel the pungent unpleasant sickening smell appearing owing to work of Lyubertsy station of aeration (LSA) and incineration plants which causes in many inhabitant’s exhaustion, dizziness, cough, suffocation and vomiting. At the same time inhabitants note that for the last year the intensity of an unpleasant smell amplified repeatedly, observed the sharp growth of various associated diseases at night. In evening and night time (and sometimes and in day) because of a sickening stench not only it is impossible is on the street, but also in the apartment, even with the closed windows! Excesses of hygienic standards of concentration of the hydrogen sulfide possessing an unpleasant smell and the being indicator of emissions of LSA are recorded. The Lyubertsy station of aeration (LSA) – the place where decades all sewerage and from residential quarters of Moscow, and from industrial zones of Moscow merged. When draining the sewerage in the next years, the station will be insanitary that means appearance of new diseases in nearby houses and constructions.
Recently, according to official information of the Moscow Department of Construction, on the territory of the settlement Kraskovo of Lyuberetsky district, to the area of the Pekhorka river and the railway station Lyubertsy-2 delivery of dangerous soil is conducted with the territory of the taken-down Kuskovo Order of the Badge of Honour of the chemical plant. At the same time the ground for delivery of soil is properly not issued and not protected, the project of recultivation is not approved, environmental assessment was not carried out, control of the delivered soil is absent. Works on soil delivery (waste disposal of construction and demolition of Kuskovo chemical plant) have large-scale character, are conducted on the basis of the illegal order of administration of the settlement Kraskovo of 02.12.11.
It led to regular and mass complaints of the population to a pungent "chemical", "phenolic" smell, growth of appeals to medical institutions and pose obviously expressed threat for residents of all Lyuberetsky district and the territories adjoining to it. Kuskovo chemical plant was located in one of capital areas. Due to the elimination of production and conversion of platforms the management of the enterprise chose Lyubertsy vicinities for unauthorized dumping of the poisoned soils. The dump is defined how unauthorized. Court yes business several years last. Each of participants denies the fault, local authorities and the nature protection organizations take active actions which, however, positively do not affect creation of environmentally friendly Lyubertsy.
Incineration plant No. 4 of Ekotekhprom of WIP-4 – one of the most powerful in Moscow rigion and Russia. These are 250,000 tons of garbage which almost did not undergo processing and burned annually, about 700 tons of technical domestic waste (TDW) or 100 garbage trucks daily (see Appendix 1). When burning garbage is processing new harmful chemical compounds, the most dangerous of which – dioxine, and also up to 30% of the volume of garbage of poisonous ashes which should be utilized are formed. Therefore, all poisons which are contained in plasticity (dioxine) home appliances (heavy metals) straight go to lungs of residents of nearby areas.
Veterinary burning plant «Ekolog» is the place of utilization of biologically hazardous waste – medical biological waste and remains of animal, expired medicines, a seized property of meat and a bird, the meat infected with dangerous diseases (including anthrax). In a case without control emission of biologically hazardous waste, there is an increased probability of emergence of epidemic that will entail the high mortality of the population.
Moscow Oil Refining plant which is located not further, than in two kilometers, in the settlement Tomilino of Lyuberetsky district. Production capacities of this enterprise belonging to the Gazpromneft company exceed 12 million tons of oil products a year. According to preliminary data, the plant makes modernization of clearing designs without stopping of the main production, and these are more than thirty industrial complexes. Thereof, according to Rosnadzorpriroda, unauthorized emissions of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere are possible.
The Lyubertsy treatment facilities belonging to Mosvodokanal. The rivers in this region of Russia flow from the North to the south. Also the Moskva River which, coiling, crosses the capital in the southeast direction is not an exception: just in the direction of Lyubertsy. In territories, adjacent to the town, treatment facilities of the multimillion megalopolis are placed. On power this enterprise has no analogs in Europe – it every day processes 3 million cubic meters of biologically active waste. Despite the created highly effective systems of cleaning, dumping of this enterprise have significant effect on ecology of all adjacent area.
The industry of the city which remained from the Soviet period is in the basic the hi-tech plants connected with agricultural and transport mechanical engineering, research institutes. Today the enterprises for release of helicopters, means of communication and automation continue to work in the city. Along with them there were companies which are engaged in production of the municipal equipment, aluminum designs, the trade equipment. There are at the city subjects to woodworking, construction details, carpet weaving. The big share is occupied by shopping centers, supermarkets and little shops. Activity of all these enterprises could be qualified as environmentally friendly if not their logistic operations
Motor transport – the essential factor influencing ecology. For transport enterprises major factors of technogenic impact from its objects (objects and/or processes) on subjects of the surrounding environment is the following:
• consumption of natural resources (air, water, soil, petro and gas products);
• pollution of the air basin, water objects, soils at construction and operation of infrastructure facilities of transport enterprises and means of communication;
• creation of high noise levels, vibrations, electromagnetic and thermal radiations;
• traumatism and death of the population and animals at transport incidents and accidents on production;
• crossing by routes of habitual ways of the movement of wild animals and flight of birds;
• destruction and alienation of the soil under construction of transport objects and other purposes.
The other city enterprises, according to city dwellers and administration, do not possess considerable technogenic action.
From the above it is visible that the ecological situation as a result of activity of data of the enterprises in the territory of Lyuberetsky district is not favorable.
Thus, it is possible to draw a conclusion that in order to avoid environmental disaster fight against physical pollution has to be a paramount task. The problem has to will decide at the international level because the nature has no frontiers. For prevention of pollution the enterprises which are throwing out waste to the environment need to impose sanctions, to impose large penalties for placement of garbage in not put place. Stimulation to respect for standards of environmental safety can be also carried out by financial methods. Such approach proved the efficiency in some countries. The inaction is fraught with consequences!
How is environmental pollution calculated?
Any enterprise in the territory of Russia, according to the legislation, has to develop the whole system of technical documentation for implementation of the activity. The organization should specify accurately maximum permissible and temporarily coordinated number of emissions, dumping and limits of placement of waste in it. According to these data environmental safety at the enterprise, impact of capacities on the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the environment generally is estimated. The reliability of these documents as it was told earlier, is checked every five years during audit. Having received instructions, the enterprise undertakes independently, without supervision, to follow them, up to the next check. That is a peculiar presumption of innocence works, the organization is considered law-abiding, the return will not be proved yet. But it does not mean that, having undergone testing, it is possible to live quietly next several years. The matter is that local and federal bodies of supervision can book audit at any time. And both the planned, and spontaneous, provoked locals who complained, for example, of excessive noise or gas contamination.
Environmental safety of the enterprise is estimated at the local level by bodies of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance. On federal – nature protection prosecutor's office. Owners of productions should consider that these organizations rather easily write out penalties, beginning from several tens of thousands rubles and finishing with millions and also close productions before elimination of the reasons. In case of the ban on functioning of the organization to pay for violation of norms nevertheless it is necessary.
By the way, about norms. They are calculated according to results of ecological audit according to normative documents of the Law "About Protection of the Environment". At the same time results of researches which are given both in text, and in a graphic look mean the worst succession of events on production. That is the owner is interested in continuous modernization of capacities for the purpose of decrease in number of waste as the their is more, the tax which is appointed for pollution of the environment is higher.
Having studied information sources, we found out how environmental pollution is calculated.
Environmental safety at the enterprise is calculated definitely. In the presence of organized waste measurements on pipes, drains and other systems are made. At unorganized gross emission and its power and also the amount of the production from which pollution is made is calculated. The obtained data enter into the special computer programs which are realization of mathematical model of professor Berlyandt. They, considering a wind rose, features of a relief, weather conditions and also impact on ecology of other capacities, calculate settlement model. According to these calculations recommendations and instructions which need to be executed for further functioning of production are also given.
How to fight against environmental pollution?
So, environmental pollution represents large-scale world problem which is possible for solving only with active participation of everyone who calls the planet Earth the house, otherwise ecological accident will be inevitable.
We have stated the environmental problems connected with the operating industrial enterprises in the territory of Lyubertsy and Lyuberetsky district and, respectively, further we will designate methods of their decision for improvement of ecological situation in this region.
The perspective direction on pollution abatement is application of alternative energy sources. Use of solar batteries, hydrogen fuel and other preserving technologies will allow to reduce blowout of toxic joints in the atmosphere. It is possible to carry to other methods of pollution abatement:
• construction of treatment facilities;
• increase in number of green plantings;
• drawing attention of the public to problem.
Already a lot of things are doing by the city authorities for change of the developed deplorable situation, but also it is insufficiently. It is necessary to attract more and more people on protection of ecology! I will repeat that it has already made much, exactly:
1. Today annually Lyuberetsky district "produces" 98 thousand tons of "firm" waste. For drop of their quantity the network of the enterprises for intake of secondary raw materials is created (waste paper, rags, glassware, scrap of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, polyethylene).
2. In the last several years 5300-5400 tons of harmful substances are annually released into the atmosphere. But the situation is stabilized as there is decline in production which is favorably influencing ecology:
a) thanks to drop of production in KAMOV not 76, but 39 tons of substances, dangerous to the environment, annually get to the sky;
b) The Malakhovka experimental plant has reduced blowouts from 69 to 37 tons per year;
c) The Lyubertsy electromechanical plant due to cutting-down of use in the boiler house of diesel fuel has reduced blowouts from 97 to 36 tons.
3. Annually in autumn in Moscow region the action «Our forest. Plant a tree» takes place during which planting seedling on specially prepared sites of the forest is made. Students and teachers of our Lyubertsy technical school of the Hero of the Soviet Union, space pilot Y.A. Gagarin always take active part in this useful action.
Moreover, it is planned to take the following measures:
1. Modernization of the equipment and use of advanced technologies on DOCK-13 will allow to reduce blowouts in the atmosphere almost by 10 times.
2. Elimination of the existing sources of pollution, such as silt platforms of the Lyubertsy station of aeration LSA) and building under subjects to social appointment, will also clean the atmosphere.
3. It is planned to reduce blowouts from motor transport due to liquidation of open "unorganized" parking and transfer of cars to the closed storage.
4. In the area also competent landing of green plantings, the device and the maintenance of lawns could improve ecological situation. As the city which is not strongly "planted trees and shrubs".
We consider that in general competent and consecutive implementation of the approved ecological program of the city of Lyubertsy is necessary! It will allow to improve air quality, drinking water to equip the corresponding objects with the modern equipment, to solve problem of processing and recycling. Of course, completely it will not be possible to solve all problems, but also small improvements will be good even let.
Chapter II. Practical part
Poll of inhabitants of Lyubertsy
1. Questionnaire "Ecology in Lyubertsy".
Questioning purpose: to find out the relation interviewed to environment pollution, whether they know about these problems.
It was interviewed: 16 students of group 11, students on specialty 25.02.06 Production and maintaining of the aircrafts and aviation equipment.
Having carried out the poll we obtained the following data in a percentage ratio:
Answered question 1:
Yes - 25% No - 75 %
Answered question 2:
Very loudly - 7.14% Normal - 14.29 % Quietly - 14.29 %
I do not live near the plant - 64.29 %
Answered question 3:
Yes - 14.29% No - 85.7 %
Answered question 4:
Yes - 33.33% No - 66.67 %
Answered question 5:
Yes - 78.57% No - 21.43 %
Interview of the general manager of a car service center
2. The official's interview from a car service center.
Enterprise: limited liability corporation (LLC) STRINK, is registered in 20.11.1996, address 140005, Moscow region, Lyubertsy, Kirov St., 3.
Respondent: general manager (CEO) Remizov Anton Sergeevich
Question: What rules of environmental safety are compulsory to be ensured at the enterprise?
Answer: The analysis of the main events held on the service center for prevention and reduction of harmful effects on the surrounding environment was carried out on those technological to processes which make negative impact on all components of the environment it:
• check of technical condition of vehicles and their units,
• painting, body works and welding works,
• lubricant works and works with technical liquids,
• washing works.
Question: What equipment is used for ensuring environmental safety and what functions does it perform?
Answer: At the enterprise the equipment for ensuring environmental safety for the purpose of decrease in environmental pollution is used by the fulfilled gases and operational materials.
Work on diagnostic and other posts with the running engine is carried out with use of the supply and exhaust ventilation deleting gaseous waste in the atmosphere via additional filters.
Paint and varnish and body works are carried out in separate cabins, the suction of harmful evaporations and abrasive dust occurs in the isolated cabin through a floor, firm particles are pressed and in process of accumulation are taken and given on utilization. The polluted air undergoes further cleaning through the exhaust ventilation supplied with replaceable filters and comes to the atmosphere. Similarly, there takes place purification of air during the welding works.
Question: How is monitoring of ecological violations carried out?
Answer: For ensuring prevention of escape of the fulfilled engine, transmission oils, lubricant greases and technical liquids at their replacement or refilling on the car or the unit when performing locksmith works, lubricant works at the enterprise the processing mobile equipment is used and also places for collecting and storage of the used fuels and lubricants are provided. When performing the tire repairing works collecting the fulfilled materials is made in special troughs and utilized separately.
Question: What is doing for implementation of minimum ecological deviations from standards?
Answer: We buy newer and modern equipment; we employ skilled technicians who are engaged in checks at the enterprise. They keep magazines, write reports, these people also watch norms ecological safety.
Conclusion
During our research work on the subject «Environmental safety measures at industrial and production enterprises of Lyubertsy» we:
1. In theoretical part of research:
• have learned what directions of nature protection activity exist and how they are implemented;
• have studied the information about environmental standards at the enterprises (how to calculate environmental pollution, how to fight against pollution, what influence renders the enterprises on the surrounding environment, what problems are, what it is offered to make and also what there will be if nothing to do, and to leave everything as it is);
• have studied and analyzed the information about the ecological situation in Lyubertsy and its surroundings; have found out the influence of work of industrial manufacturing enterprises of the city on ecology;
• have found out what measures are undertaken also what is being planned to be made for improvement of an ecological situation in the city;
2. In practical part of work:
• have carried out a poll among students of our technical school with the purpose to find out the relation interviewed to environmental pollution; whether they know about problems; to find out whether the problem has changed for the last 3 years;
• have interviewed the general manager of a car service center and obtained information about how the environmental safety at this enterprise is provided.
Thus, in our research we have covered rather in detail the topic of an ecological situation in Lyubertsy and Lyuberetsky district, revealed sources of environmental pollution and essentially necessary measures for its protection. We have made following conclusions:
• environmental protection directly concerns all of us. All people breathe the same air of Earth, all drink water and eat food which molecules continuously participate in infinite circulation of substance in the biosphere of the planet. Perhaps, still there is a chance to correct an ecological situation in the world, and we have to use this chance, restore in the biosphere what we broke and to learn to live in consent with the nature.
Information sources
https://democrator.ru/petition/ekologicheskaya-katastrofa-v-lyubercahnekrasovkeko/
http://fb.ru/article/147780/ekologicheskaya-bezopasnost-na-predpriyatii-ekologiya-proizvodstva
https://lubernet.ru/news/ekologia-v-lubercah-situacia-i-prognoz-oficialnye-dannye-2676/
https://works.doklad.ru/view/zvy82x_hFeg.html
https://studfiles.net/preview/6305715/page:16/
http://betosteel.ru/ecology/lyubercy-7.html
https://studbooks.net/887797/ekologiya/zaklyuchenie
https://spbnovo.ru/raznoe/ekologiya-v-lyubercah-2018.html
http://eco.bobrodobro.ru/18906
https://lektsii.org/1-16861.html
Appendix 1
Zone of defeat of incineration plants
Appendix 2
Interview questions:
1. What rules of environmental safety are compulsory to be ensured at the enterprise?
2. What equipment is used for ensuring environmental safety and what functions does it perform?
3. How is monitoring of ecological violations carried out?
4. What is doing for implementation of minimum ecological deviations from standards?
Appendix 3
Questionnaire "Ecology and environment" questions:
1. Whether you catch smell of rotten eggs on the street?
Yes No
2. Whether you live near the plant? Asses noise level.
Very loudly Normal Quietly I do not live near the plant
3. Whether you feel dizzy frequent?
Yes No
4. Whether you catch smell of metals or different impurity on the street?
Yes No
5. Would you like to know more about ecology at the enterprises?
Yes No
IV Всероссийская (с международным участием)
научная конференция учащихся им. Н.И. Лобачевского
Секция «Английский язык – ключ к успеху в науке»
Исследовательская работа
МЕРЫ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ НА ПРОМЫШЛЕННО-ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ Г. ЛЮБЕРЦЫ
Садовов Никита, 1 курс
Направляющая организация:
ГБПОУ МО Люберецкий техникум им. Героя Советского Союза,
летчика-космонавта Ю.А. Гагарина, г. Люберцы, МО
Научный руководитель:
преп. англ. яз. I категории Шишкевич С.А.
Люберцы 2019
Содержание
Введение …………………………………………………………………………3
Глава I. Промышленность и экология
Природоохранная деятельность промышленных предприятий ………………. 5
Источники загрязнений в г. Люберцы …………………………………………. 8
Ситуация с состоянием воздушной среды ………………………………………9
Как рассчитывается загрязнение окружающей среды?.....................................13
Как бороться с загрязнением окружающей среды? ……………………………14
Глава II. Практическая часть
Анкетирование и опрос…………………………………………………………16
Заключение……………………………………………………………………. ...18
Источники информации…………………………………………………………20
Введение
Мы – люди, и мы стали забывать о такой проблеме, как загрязнение окружающей среды. В погоне за деньгами и более быстрыми результатами люди стали пренебрегать природой. Стоит лишь открыть глаза, как сразу видишь, что все не так хорошо, как казалось. Грязь, смог, тонны мусора, ужасный запах на улице, казалось бы, что все это из какого-то страшного фильма, и тот, кто останется последним, станет главой всей той пустой территории с заводами, фабриками. Но кому нужна такая жизнь, кто хочет жить в пустоте?
Проблема экологии всегда были актуальны, и, хотя кажется, что мы живем на огромной планете, это далеко не так. Все начинается с малого и заканчивается масштабно, как снежок, катящийся с горы, в начале пути он маленький и безобидный, но у подножья горы он станет огромным комом, который будет ломать всё, что попадет ему на пути. Именно поэтому ничто не остаётся не тронутым. Праздность – истинный враг человечества.
Актуальность темы исследования заключается в том, что в настоящее время загрязнение окружающей природной среды как результат работы промышленно-производственных предприятий приобрело огромный размах. Это привело к серьезным экологическим, экономическим, социальным последствиям для общества, которые проявляются в ухудшении состояния окружающей природной среды, необходимости значительных финансовых вложений для ее восстановления, резкого снижения продолжительности жизни людей по сравнению с развитыми странами.
Цель научно-исследовательской работы: изучить обеспечение соблюдения экологических норм на промышленно-производственных предприятиях города Люберцы.
Задачи исследования:
- выяснить влияние на окружающую среду выбросов от промышленных предприятий;
- изучить информацию о мерах экологической безопасности, необходимых на промышленно-производственных предприятиях;
- составить вопросы и взять интервью у должностных лиц, ответственных за соблюдение экологических норм на производстве;
- выяснить состояние экологической безопасности на промышленно-производственных предприятиях г. Люберцы.
Исходя из вышеизложенного, мы определили объект и предмет нашей научно-исследовательской работы.
Объект исследования: меры экологической безопасности.
Предмет: соблюдение экологических норм на промышленных предприятиях г. Люберцы.
В ходе работы мы применяли следующие методы исследования: изучение, обобщение, сравнение и анализ информации, интервью, опрос.
Мы считаем, что теоретическая значимость нашего исследования заключается в том, чтобы показать, насколько взаимосвязаны деятельность человека и окружающая природная среда; что жизненно важно и необходимо соблюдать меры экологической безопасности как на промышленных предприятиях, так и в обычной повседневной жизни каждому человеку. Мы сами в ответе за нашу жизнь!
Практическая значимость исследовательской работы состоит в том, что ее можно использовать при изучении определенных тем по дисциплине «Экология». Кроме этого, прикладная ценность практической части исследования в том, что мы разработали вопросы для интервью ответственных лиц и провели опрос жителей города. Отвечая на них, люди, возможно, задумаются и подойдут более осознанно и ответственно к проблеме экологической безопасности.
Глава I. Промышленность и экология
Природоохранная деятельность промышленных предприятий
Основными видами природоохранной деятельности промышленных предприятий являются:
К основным направлениям природоохранной деятельности по охране атмосферного воздуха относятся:
К основным направлениям природоохранной деятельности по охране водных ресурсов относятся:
Основными направлениями природоохранной деятельности по охране и рациональному использованию земельных ресурсов являются:
Основными направлениями природоохранной деятельности предприятия по охране и рациональному использованию лесных ресурсов являются:
Экологическая деятельность на промышленном предприятии, как правило, осуществляется в следующих сферах:
Источники загрязнений в г. Люберцы
Говоря о вредных выбросах, многие сразу представляют дымящие трубы некоего завода. Однако все не настолько однозначно. Под загрязнением окружающей среды подразумеваются не только газовые смеси, но и сточные воды, а также шум. Говоря научным языком, изучением данной тематики занимается вплотную промышленная экология. На предприятии могут скапливаться отходы. Под ними подразумеваются соединения, которые выделяются в воздух, в воду. К ним относятся также твердые вещества, шумы, тепловые и электромагнитные лучи, образованные в результате изготовления из сырья продукции. Все это оказывает негативное влияние на экологию.
Различают два вида источников загрязнения. Под первым понимают непосредственно сам технологический процесс производства. Под вторым – технические системы и устройства, то есть трубы, водоотводы, через которые в окружающую среду и попадают отходы. Источники выбросов бывают двух типов. Если у предприятия есть специальные системы, влияющие на экологию – это организованные источники. Если отходы просто складируются, то это – неорганизованные источники загрязнения.
В ходе изучения информации мы выявили, что к основным источникам экологических загрязнений относятся промышленные выбросы. Люберцы являются одним из лидеров в Московской области по количеству вредных промышленных выбросов в атмосферу. В самом городе действуют около 25 промышленных предприятий; хорошо развиты предприятия по выпуску средств связи, вертолётов, автоматизации, сельскохозяйственного и транспортного машиностроения, коммунальной техники, коврового ткачества; строительных конструкций и материалов.
Крупнейшие предприятия города:
Итак, в общей сложности на экологическую обстановку в городе и районе влияют около 600 предприятий и организаций, около 300 из них являются потенциальными загрязнителями воздуха!
Ситуация с состоянием воздушной среды
Периодически на протяжении определенного времени жители Люберецкого района страдают от специфических запахов, источником которых служат явно сероводородные соединения. Поначалу специфический аромат ощущали лишь жители Люберец – ни местные власти, ни надзорно-контролируюшие органы не отмечали никаких аномалий. Со временем, когда к протестам местного населения добавились жалобы москвичей, администрация городка заключила договор с Гидрометцентром о проведении исследований состава атмосферного воздуха. Систематические наблюдения позволили установить случаи 25-тикратного превышения ПДК сероводорода в составе воздуха.
На следующем этапе возникли сложности с установлением объекта, загрязняющего атмосферу. Потенциальных виновников оказалось несколько, в числе которых, промышленные предприятия города.
В определенные периоды в вечернее и ночное время жители г. Люберцы ощущают резкий неприятный тошнотворный запах, появляющийся вследствие работы ЛОС и мусоросжигательных заводов, который вызывает у многих жителей утомление, головокружение, кашель, удушье и рвоту. При этом жители отмечают, что за последний год интенсивность неприятного запаха в ночное время многократно усилилась, наблюдается резкий рост различных сопутствующих заболеваний. В вечернее и ночное время (а иногда и в дневное) из-за тошнотворной вони не только невозможно находится на улице, но и в квартире, даже с закрытыми окнами! Зафиксированы превышения гигиенических нормативов концентрации сероводорода, обладающего неприятным запахом и являющимся индикатором выбросов ЛОС. Люберецкая станция аэрации (ЛОС) – места, куда десятилетиями сливалась вся канализация и с жилых кварталов Москвы, и с промышленных зон Москвы. При сливании канализации в последующие годы, станция будет антисанитарной, что означает появление новых болезней у близлежащих домов и сооружений.
В последнее время, согласно официальной информации департамента строительства г. Москвы, на территорию пос. Красково Люберецкого района, в район р. Пехорка и станции Люберцы-2 ведется завоз опасных грунтов с территории сносимого Кусковского ордена "Знак Почета" химического завода. При этом полигон для завоза грунтов должным образом не оформлен и не огражден, проект рекультивации не утвержден, экологическая экспертиза не проводилась, контроль завозимого грунта отсутствует. Работы по завозу грунта (захоронению отходов строительства и сноса Кусковского химического завода) носят масштабный характер, ведутся на основании незаконного распоряжения администрации пос. Красково от 02.12.11 г. Это привело к регулярным и массовым жалобам населения на резкий "химический", "фенольный" запах, росту обращений в медицинские учреждения и представляют явно выраженную угрозу для жителей всего Люберецкого района и прилегающих к нему территорий. Кусковский химический завод располагался в одном из столичных районов. В связи с ликвидацией производства и перепрофилированием площадок руководство предприятия выбрало Люберецкие окрестности для несанкционированного сваливания отравленных почв. Свалка определена, как несанкционированная. Суд да дело тянутся несколько лет. Каждый из участников свою вину отрицает, местные власти и природоохранные организации предпринимают активные действия, которые, однако, на создании экологически чистых Люберец положительно не сказываются.
Мусоросжигательный завод № 4 "Экотехпрома" МСЗ-4 – один из самых мощных в Подмосковье и России. Это 250 000 тонн мусора, практически не прошедшего переработку и сжигаемого ежегодно, примерно 700 тонн ТБО или 100 мусоровозов ежедневно (см. Приложение 1). При сжигании мусора образуются новые вредные химические соединения, самые опасные из которых – диоксины, а также до 30% от объема мусора ядовитой золы, которую надо утилизировать. Поэтому все яды, содержащиеся в пластике (диоксины), электротоварах (тяжелые металлы) прямиком идут в легкие жителей близлежащих районов.
Ветеринарно-сжигательный завод «Эколог» – это место утилизации биологически опасных отходов – медицинских биологических отходов и останков животных, просроченных медикаментов, конфиската мяса и птицы, мяса, зараженного опасными заболеваниями (в том числе сибирской язвой). В случае без контрольного выброса биологически опасных отходов, существует повышенная вероятность появления эпидемии, что повлечет высокую смертность населения.
Московский нефтеперерабатывающий завод, который расположен не далее, чем в двух километрах, в поселке Томилино Люберецкого района. Производственные мощности этого предприятия, принадлежащего компании «Газпромнефть», превышают 12 млн. тонн нефтепродуктов в год. По предварительным данным, завод производит модернизацию очистных конструкций без остановки основного производства, а это более тридцати производственных комплексов. Вследствие этого, по мнению Роснадзорприроды, возможны несанкционированные выбросы сероводородов в атмосферу.
Люберецкие очистные сооружения, принадлежащие Мосводоканалу. Реки в этом регионе России текут с севера на юг. Не является исключением и Москва-река, которая, извиваясь, пересекает столицу в юго-восточном направлении: как раз в направлении Люберец. На прилегающих к городку территориях размещаются очистные сооружения многомиллионного мегаполиса. По мощности это предприятие не имеет аналогов в Европе – оно ежесуточно перерабатывает 3 млн. кубометров биологически активных отходов. Несмотря на созданные высокоэффективные системы очистки, сбросы этого предприятия оказывают существенное влияние на экологию всего прилежащего района.
Промышленность города, оставшаяся от советского периода – это в основном высокотехнологичные заводы, связанные с сельскохозяйственным и транспортным машиностроением, научно-исследовательские институты. Сегодня в городе продолжают действовать предприятия по выпуску вертолетов, средств связи и автоматизации. Наряду с ними появились компании, занимающиеся производством коммунальной техники, алюминиевых конструкций, торгового оборудования. Присутствуют в городе объекты деревообработки, строительных деталей, коврового ткачества. Большую долю занимают торговые центры, супермаркеты и магазинчики. Деятельность всех этих предприятий можно было бы квалифицировать, как экологически чистую, если бы не их логистические операции
Автотранспорт – существенный фактор, влияющий на экологию. Для транспортных предприятий основными факторами техногенного воздействия со стороны его объектов (предметов и/или процессов) на субъекты окружающей природной среды являются следующие:
Прочие городские предприятия, по мнению городских жителей и администрации, не обладают значительным техногенным действием.
Из вышеизложенного видно, что экологическая ситуация в результате деятельности данных предприятий на территории Люберецкого района не является благоприятной.
Таким образом, можно сделать вывод, что во избежание экологической катастрофы борьба с физическим загрязнением должна быть первостепенной задачей. Проблема должна решатся на международном уровне, потому что у природы нет государственных границ. Для предупреждения загрязнения необходимо вводить санкции предприятиям, выбрасывающим отходы в окружающую среду, налагать крупные штрафы за размещение мусора в неположенном месте. Стимуляция к соблюдению норм экологической безопасности также может быть осуществлена финансовыми методами. Такой подход доказал свою эффективность в некоторых странах. Бездействие чревато последствиями!
Как рассчитывается загрязнение окружающей среды?
Любое предприятие на территории России, согласно законодательству, для осуществления своей деятельности должно разработать целую систему инженерно-технической документации. В ней организации следует четко указать предельно допустимое и временно согласованное количество выбросов, сбросов и лимитов размещения отходов. По этим данным оценивается экологическая безопасность на предприятии, воздействие мощностей на гидросферу, атмосферу и окружающую среду в общем. Достоверность этих документов, как говорилось ранее, проверяется раз в пять лет во время аудита. Получив предписания, предприятие обязуется самостоятельно, без надзора, им следовать, вплоть до очередной проверки. То есть действует своеобразная презумпция невиновности, организация считается законопослушной, пока не будет доказано обратное. Но это не значит, что, пройдя проверку, можно жить спокойно следующие несколько лет. Дело в том, что местные и федеральные органы надзора могут провести аудит в любое время. Причем как плановый, так и спонтанный, спровоцированный местными жителями, пожаловавшимися, например, на чрезмерный шум или загазованность.
Экологическая безопасность предприятия оценивается на местном уровне органами санитарно-эпидемиологического надзора. На федеральном – природоохранной прокуратурой. Собственникам производств стоит учитывать, что данные организации достаточно легко выписывают штрафы, начиная от нескольких десятков тысяч рублей и заканчивая миллионами, а также закрывают производства до устранения причин. В случае запрета на функционирование организации заплатить за нарушение норм все же придется. Кстати, о нормах. Высчитываются они согласно итогам экологического аудита в соответствии с нормативными документами Закона "Об охране окружающей среды". При этом итоги исследований, которые приводятся как в текстовом, так и в графическом виде, подразумевают наихудшее развитие событий на производстве. То есть собственник заинтересован в постоянной модернизации мощностей с целью снижения количества отходов, так как чем их больше, тем выше налог, который назначается за загрязнение окружающей среды.
Изучив информационные источники, мы выяснили, как рассчитывается загрязнение окружающей среды.
Экологическая безопасность на предприятии рассчитывается определенным образом. При наличии организованных отходов производятся замеры на трубах, стоках и других системах. При неорганизованных высчитывается валовый выброс и его мощность, а также размеры самого производства, с которого производится загрязнение. Полученные данные вводят в специальные компьютерные программы, являющиеся реализацией математической модели профессора Берляндта. Они, учитывая розу ветров, особенности рельефа, метеорологические условия, а также воздействие на экологию других мощностей, высчитывают расчетную модель. Согласно этим расчетам и даются рекомендации и предписания, которые необходимо выполнить для дальнейшего функционирования производства.
Как бороться с загрязнением окружающей среды?
Итак, загрязнение окружающей среды представляет собой масштабную мировую проблему, решить которую возможно лишь при активном участии каждого, кто называет планету Земля своим домом, иначе экологическая катастрофа будет неминуема.
Мы изложили экологические проблемы, связанные с действующими промышленными предприятиями на территории г. Люберцы и Люберецкого района и, соответственно, далее мы обозначим методы их решения в целях улучшения экологической ситуации в данном регионе.
Перспективным направлением по борьбе с загрязнением является применение альтернативных источников энергии. Использование солнечных батарей, водородного топлива и других сберегающих технологий позволит уменьшить выброс токсичных соединений в атмосферу. К другим методам борьбы с загрязнением можно отнести:
• строительство очистных сооружений;
• увеличение количества зелёных насаждений;
• привлечение внимания общественности к проблеме.
Уже очень многое делается властями города для изменения сложившейся плачевной ситуации, но и этого недостаточно. Нужно привлекать всё больше и больше людей на защиту экологии! Повторюсь, что сделано уже много:
1. Сегодня ежегодно Люберецкий район "производит" 98 тысяч тонн "твердых" отходов. Для снижения их количества создана сеть предприятий для приема вторичного сырья (макулатуры, тряпья, стеклотары, лома черных и цветных металлов, полиэтилена).
2. В последние несколько лет в атмосферу ежегодно выбрасывается 5300-5400 тонн вредных веществ. Но ситуация стабилизируется, поскольку происходит спад производства, благоприятно влияющий на экологию:
а) благодаря снижению производства на фирме «КАМОВ» в небо ежегодно попадает не 76, а 39 тонн опасных для окружающей среды веществ;
б) Малаховский экспериментальный завод уменьшил выбросы с 69 до 37 тонн в год;
в) Люберецкий электромеханический завод за счет сокращения использования в котельной дизельного топлива снизил выбросы с 97 до 36 тонн.
3. Ежегодно осенью в Московской области проходит акция «Наш лес. Посади свое дерево» в ходе которой производится высадка саженец на специально подготовленные участки леса. Студенты и преподаватели нашего Люберецкого техникума имени Героя Советского Союза, летчика-космонавта Ю.А. Гагарина всегда принимают активное участие в этом полезном мероприятии.
Планируется предпринять следующие меры:
1. Модернизация оборудования и использование передовых технологий на ДОК -13 позволят снизить выбросы в атмосферу почти в 10 раз.
2. Ликвидация существующих источников загрязнения, таких как иловые площадки Люберецкой станции аэрации и застройка под объекты социального назначения, также очистят атмосферу.
3. Сократить выбросы от автотранспорта планируется за счет ликвидации открытых «неорганизованных» автостоянок и перевода автомобилей на закрытое хранение.
4. Экологическую обстановку в районе могли бы улучшить и грамотная посадка зеленых насаждений, устройство и содержание газонов. Поскольку город не сильно «озеленённый».
Мы считаем, что в целом необходима грамотная и последовательная реализация утвержденной экологической программы города Люберец! Это позволит улучшить качество воздуха, питьевой воды оснастить соответствующие объекты современным оборудованием, решить проблему переработки и утилизации отходов. Конечно, полностью решить все проблемы не удастся, но хороши будут даже пусть и небольшие улучшения.
Глава II. Практическая часть
Опрос жителей г. Люберцы
1.Анкетирование «Экология в Люберцах».
Цель анкетирования: выяснить отношение опрашиваемых к загрязнению окружающей среды; знают ли опрашиваемые о проблемах.
Было опрошено: 16 человек, студенты группы 11, обучающиеся по специальности 25.02.06 Производство и обслуживание авиационной техники.
Проведя анкетирование, мы получили следующие данные в процентном соотношении:
На вопрос 1 ответили:
Да-25%- нет-75%
На вопрос 2 ответили:
Очень громко-7,14% Умеренно-14,29% Тихо-14,29% Я не живу рядом с заводом-64,29%
На вопрос 3 ответили:
Да-14,29% Нет-85,71%
На вопрос 4 ответили:
Да-33,33% Нет-66,67%
На вопрос 5 ответили:
Да-78,57% Нет-21,43%
2.Опрос должностного лица из сервисного центра по обслуживанию автотранспорта.
Предприятие: ООО «ФИРМА СТРИНК», зарегистрирована 20.11.1996 г. по адресу 140005, Московская область, г. Люберцы, ул. Кирова, д.3.
Респондент: генеральный директор Ремизов Антон Сергеевич
Вопрос: Какие нормы экологической безопасности необходим соблюдать на предприятии?
Ответ: Анализ основных мероприятий, проводимых на сервисном центре по предотвращению и уменьшению вредного воздействия на окружающую среду проводился по тем технологических процессам, которые оказывают негативное воздействие по всем компонентам окружающей среды это:
Вопрос: Какое оборудование используется для обеспечения экологической безопасности и какие функции оно выполняет?
Ответ: На предприятии используется оборудование для обеспечения экологической безопасности с целью снижения загрязнения окружающей среды отработавшими газами и эксплуатационными материалами.
Работа на диагностических и других постах с работающим двигателем проводится с использованием приточно-вытяжной вентиляции, удаляющей газообразные отходы в атмосферу через дополнительные фильтры.
Лакокрасочные и кузовные работы проводятся в отдельных кабинах, отсос вредных испарений и абразивной пыли происходит в изолированной кабине через пол, твердые частицы прессуются и по мере накопления извлекаются и сдаются на утилизацию. Загрязненный воздух далее через вытяжную вентиляцию, снабженную сменными фильтрами, проходит очистку и поступает в атмосферу. Аналогично проходит очистка воздуха при сварочных работах.
Вопрос: Как осуществляется мониторинг экологических нарушений?
Ответ: Для обеспечения недопущения утечки отработанных моторных, трансмиссионных масел, консистентных смазок и технических жидкостей при их замене или доливе на автомобиле или агрегате при выполнении слесарно-смазочных работ на предприятии используется технологическое передвижное оборудование, а также предусмотрены места для сбора и хранения использованных горюче-смазочных материалов. При выполнении шиноремонтных работ сбор отработанных материалов производится в специальные мульды и утилизируется отдельно.
Вопрос: Что делается для осуществления минимальных экологических отклонений от норм?
Ответ: Мы покупаем более новое и современное оборудование, нанимаем квалифицированных специалистов, которые и занимаются проверками на предприятии. Они ведут журналы, пишут отчеты, именно эти люди и следят за нормами экологических безопасности.
Заключение
В ходе нашей научно-исследовательской работы по теме «Меры экологи ческой безопасности на промышленно-производственных предприятиях г. Люберцы» мы:
1. В теоретической части исследования:
2. В практической части работы:
Таким образом, в нашей исследовательской работе мы достаточно подробно осветили тему экологической обстановки в г. Люберцы и Люберецком районе, выявили источники загрязнения окружающей среды и необходимые меры по ее защите. Мы сделали следующие выводы:
Нельзя сидеть, сложа руки, необходимо действовать, если каждый человек будет вносить изменения в окружающую среду (не выкидывать мусор где попало, экологам следить за нормами выполнения на предприятиях, а ученым придумывать более новые технологии по борьбе с загрязнениями), то благодаря нам всем, мы сможем побороть эту ужасную напасть. Неважно деревня это или город, огромный мегаполис или село, главное, чтобы изменить мир, нужно начать с себя.
Цель научно-исследовательской работы достигнута, поставленные задачи решены.
Источники информации
https://democrator.ru/petition/ekologicheskaya-katastrofa-v-lyubercahnekrasovkeko/
http://fb.ru/article/147780/ekologicheskaya-bezopasnost-na-predpriyatii-ekologiya-proizvodstva
https://lubernet.ru/news/ekologia-v-lubercah-situacia-i-prognoz-oficialnye-dannye-2676/
https://works.doklad.ru/view/zvy82x_hFeg.html
https://studfiles.net/preview/6305715/page:16/
http://betosteel.ru/ecology/lyubercy-7.html
https://studbooks.net/887797/ekologiya/zaklyuchenie
https://spbnovo.ru/raznoe/ekologiya-v-lyubercah-2018.html
http://eco.bobrodobro.ru/18906
https://lektsii.org/1-16861.html
Приложение 1
Зона поражения мусоросжигательных заводов
Приложение 2
Вопросы интервью должностного лица сервисного центра по обслуживанию автомобилей:
1. Какие нормы экологической безопасности необходимо соблюдать на предприятии?
2. Какое оборудование используется для обеспечения экологической безопасности и какие функции оно выполняет?
3.Как осуществляется мониторинг экологических нарушений?
4.Что делается для осуществления минимальных экологических отклонений от норм?
Приложение 3
Анкета «Экология и окружающая среда»
Цель анкетирования: выяснить отношение опрашиваемых к загрязнению окружающей среды; знают ли опрашиваемые о проблемах.
1.Чувствуете ли вы запах протухших яиц на улице?
2.Живёте ли вы рядом с заводом? Оцените уровень шума.
3. Испытываете ли вы частые головокружение?
4. Чувствуете ли вы запах металлов или разных примесей на улице?
5. Хотели бы вы знать больше об экологии на предприятиях?
IV All-Russian (with an international participation)
scientific conference of pupils of N.I. Lobachevsky
Section "English — a Key to Success in Science"
Research
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY MEASURES AT INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES OF LYUBERTSY
Sadovov Nikita, the first-year student
The directing organization:
State budgetary vocational educational institution of Moscow region
Lyubertsy technical school of the Hero of the Soviet Union,
space pilot Y.A. Gagarin
Research supervisor:
English language teacher, the I category
Shishkevich S.A.
Lyubertsy 2019
Contents
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………3
Chapter I. Industry and ecology
Environmental activities of enterprises …………………………………………..5
Sources of pollution in Lyubertsy ………………………………………………..8
Air pollution………………………………………………………………………9
How is environmental pollution calculated?..........................................................12
How to fight against environmental pollution?......................................................13
Chapter II. Practical part
Poll of Lyubertsy inhabitants……………………………………………………..15
Interview of the general manager of a car service center…………………………15
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...17
Information sources……………………………………………………………….18
Introduction
We are people, and we began to forget about such problem as the environmental pollution. In a pursuit of money and faster results people began to neglect the nature. Once you only open eyes, at once see that everything is not as good as it seemed. Dirt, smog, tons of garbage, terrible smell on the street, apparently, that all is from some scary movie, and the one who will remain to the last will become the head of all that empty territory with the plants, factories. But who needs such life, who wants to live in emptiness?
Environmental problems were always relevant, and though it seems that we live on the huge planet Earth, it is not far so. All begins with small and comes to an end on a substantial scale as the snowball sliding from the mountain at the beginning of a way it is small and harmless, but at a mountain foot it will become a huge lump which will break everything that will get to it on his way. For this reason, nothing remains not touched. Idleness – the true enemy of mankind.
Relevance of the research subject is that now pollution of the surrounding environment as result of work of industrial manufacturing enterprises gained huge scope. It led to serious ecological, economic, social effects for society which are shown in deterioration in a status of the surrounding environment, need of the considerable financial investments for its recovery, sharp decrease in life expectancy of people in comparison with the developed countries.
Purpose of the research work: to study ensuring compliance with environmental safety standards at the industrial and production enterprises in the city of Lyubertsy.
Research tasks:
- to find out the influence of emissions from the industrial enterprises on the environment;
- to study the information about the environmental safety measures which are compulsory at the industrial and production enterprises;
- to find out the status of environmental safety at the industrial and production enterprises in Lyubertsy;
- to make questions and conduct a poll among the students about the environmental safety situation in Lyubertsy;
- to make questions and interview the officials responsible for ensuring compliance with environmental safety standards at the industrial and production enterprise.
Based on the above, we have defined the object and the subject of our research work.
Research object: measures of environmental safety.
Subject: ensuring compliance with environmental safety standards at the industrial and production enterprise in city of Lyubertsy.
During the work we applied the following methods of research: studying, generalization, comparison and analyzing of information, interview, poll.
We consider that the theoretical importance of our research is to show how interrelated the human activity and the surrounding environment; that it is vital and essentially necessary to observe measures of environmental safety both at the industrial enterprises, and in normal everyday life to each person. We ourselves are responsible for our life!
The practical importance of research is that it can be used when studying certain subjects on discipline "Ecology". Besides, the applied value of a practical part of a research that we developed questions both for the interview and poll for students and conducted them, asking the residents. Answering, people, perhaps, will think of the such important issues as environmental pollution sand will approach more consciously and responsibly to the problem of environmental safety.
Chapter I. Industry and ecology
Environmental activities of industrial enterprises
Main types of nature protection activity of the industrial enterprises are:
• protection of atmospheric air;
• protection and rational use of water resources;
• protection, reproduction and rational use of land resources;
• protection, reproduction and rational use of forest resources;
• protection of fauna.
Main directions of environmental activities for atmospheric air protection are:
• planning and realization of actions for studying and observance of the international and national legislation on protection of atmospheric air, including requirements of the existing normative documents for protection of an ozone layer of the atmosphere;
• respect for the maximum-permissible or temporarily coordinated norms of emissions of harmful substances in the atmosphere;
• equipment of production and other objects installations and the equipment for catching and neutralization of dust and the harmful gaseous substances departing from technological units and ventilation systems;
• ensuring trouble-free and effective operation gas-purifying and dust removal systems;
• decrease in toxicity of exhaust gases of the vehicles used for ensuring production and economic requirements of the enterprise;
• reduction of quantity of objects of the enterprise (objects and processes) polluting atmospheric air;
• introduction of the progressive technological processes reducing or excluding emissions of harmful substances in the atmosphere;
• holding actions for fight against noise, radiations, electromagnetic oscillations and other harmful physical impacts;
• others.
Main directions of environmental activities for water resources protection are:
• planning and realization of actions for studying and observance of requirements of the international and national water legislation, and nature protection normative documents on protection of water resources;
• providing the rational mode of operation of surface and underground water, protection from pollution and exhaustion of their stocks, respect for the established norms of water use, a complete elimination of operation of underground waters for production needs, (their use only for drinking and economic and household water supply of personnel of the enterprise);
• improvement of the processes which are carried out in production and economic activity of the enterprise for the purpose of water consumption reduction, development and (or) introduction of devices of reverse water supply;
• ensuring introduction of tool methods of accounting of the got water resources, water quality control, the organization of accounting of a consumption of water on objects of the enterprise;
• respect for present rules and regulations of dumping of sewage into water natural objects (the seas, the rivers, lakes and other closed reservoirs), implementation of dumping of sewage into water objects on condition of their cleaning to the limits coordinated with authorized federal body of executive power of the Russian Federation;
• the equipment of the objects of the enterprise having dumpings of sewage into water objects, the treatment facilities providing the required extent of cleaning and neutralization of sewage;
• maintenance in working operational order of clearing constructions, control of the technological mode of their work;
• prevention of the passage of oil products, fuel, oils, technical liquids, fuel and other harmful and poisonous liquids and their hit in water natural objects, including through the open ground (the equipment in warehouses of fuel of points of discharge and distribution of oil products, poisonous and other harmful liquids, points of a wash of the equipment – platforms with a hard coating, devices for a sewage disposal, oil traps, settlers, separators of oil-water mix, filters);
• contents in serviceability of underground services (pipelines);
• implementation of collecting (participation in collecting) the oil products poured on water natural objects because of the enterprise;
• others.
Main directions of environmental activities for protection and rational use of land resources are:
•• planning and realization of actions for studying and observance of requirements of the international and national land legislation, and nature protection normative documents on protection of soils, lands and subsoil;
• recultivation of lands after carrying out construction or other works and also the actions which are carried out during production and economic activity of the enterprise and connected with violation of a soil cover;
• protection from degradation and destruction of a landscape, flood, flooding and other violations of soils, lands and a subsoil of the territories occupied under objects of the enterprise, due to maintenance of the required modes of operation of objects, safety of nature protection, strengthening, hydrotechnical, drainage constructions and devices, etc.;
• protection of lands from pollution by waste production and economic activity (fragments and structural elements of buildings, machines and the equipment, sewage, production, household or other waste), oil spill and other harmful liquids;
• obtaining permission of authorized federal body of executive power of the Russian Federation to placement of waste, observance of rules of collecting and temporary accumulation of waste in the places authorized, equipped for this purpose, the organization of timely removal of waste;
• implementation of transportation of hazardous waste by the established rules in the equipped for this purpose and serviceable vehicles;
• the organization of implementation of accounting rules, norms and rules of education and placement of waste in the territory of objects of the enterprise, control of implementation of sanitary and hygienic requirements of enterprise territories, granting to the controlling nature protection bodies of the Russian Federation of full, undistorted documentation (information) on the address with waste;
• elimination of pollution of territories of objects of the enterprise oil products, production, household and other waste of production and economic activity, their processing (utilization);
• the device of hard coatings, the production and stormwater drainage system in parking lots and service of the equipment used for ensuring production and economic activity of the enterprise;
• others.
Main directions of environmental activities for protection and rational use of forest resources are:
• planning and realization of actions for studying and observance of requirements of the international legislation and the Forest code of the Russian Federation and also normative documents on forest conservation and flora;
• the organization of protection of the wood and holding forestry and landscape actions in the occupied territories;
• ensuring forest conservation from the fires and unauthorized fellings in the occupied territories;
• assistance to the public authorities exercising control of protection and use of forest resources;
• holding other actions directed to prevention of pollution and damage of the woods in the occupied territories;
• others.
Ecological activity at the industrial enterprise is, as a rule, carried out in the following spheres:
• environment protection;
• rational environmental management;
• ensuring environmental safety of products and processes.
Sources of pollution to Lyubertsy
Speaking about harmful emissions, many represent the smoking pipes of a certain plant at once. However, everything is not so unambiguous. Pollution of the environment is meant as not only gas mixes, but also sewage and also noise. Speaking to language of science, the industrial ecology is engaged in studying of this subject closely. At the enterprise waste can accumulate. They are meant as connections which are allocated in air, in water. Also solid substances, noise, thermal and electromagnetic beams formed as a result of production of products raw materials concern them. All this has negative impact on ecology.
Distinguish two types of sources of pollution. Under the first understand directly technological process of production. Under the second – technical systems and devices, that is pipes, drainage systems through which waste also gets to the environment.
Emission sources happen two types. If the enterprise has special systems influencing ecology are organized sources. If waste is just stored, then these are unorganized sources of pollution.
During studying of information we revealed that industrial emissions belong to the main sources of ecological pollution. Lyubertsy is one of leaders in the Moscow region by the number of harmful industrial emissions in the atmosphere. About 25 industrial enterprises work in the city; the enterprises for release of means of communication, helicopters, automation, agricultural and transport mechanical engineering, the municipal equipment, carpet weaving are well developed; building constructions and materials.
The largest industrial and production enterprises of the city are:
• the helicopter plant of Kamov (construction bureau and experimental production. Exactly here the world-known helicopters Ka-50 "Black shark" and Ka-52 «Alligator» have been developed);
• the scientific production enterprise «Perfect Mechanics" which was placed in several workshops of the former engineering plant of Ukhtomsky, projecting and releasing aluminum designs for industrial glazing of buildings;
• OJSC «Torgmash» releasing processing equipment for trade enterprises;
• Lyubertsy plant of construction materials and designs;
• association "Lyubertsy Carpets"
• Rudnyovo industrial zone in Lyuberetskiy district where the largest incineration plantis located;
• to the north from the city, on the territory of the Lyubertsy fields there is the plant «Ekolog» whose activity is connected with destruction of waste of biological production (burn remains of sick animals and the biological remains from numerous medical institutions of Moscow);
• near Lyubertsy (Area of Nekrasovka) there are largest fields of aeration. It is known that silt platforms of the station of aeration and pometokhranilishche poultry farm deliver ammonia to water-bearing stations.
So, in total the ecological situation in the city and the area is influenced by about 600 enterprises and the organizations, about 300 of them are potential pollutants of air!
Air pollution
Periodically throughout certain time inhabitants of Lyuberetsky district suffer from specific smells as which source serve obviously hydrogen sulfide compounds. First the specific aroma was felt only by residents of Lyubertsy – neither local authorities, nor supervising bodies did not note any anomalies. Over time, when complaints of Muscovites were added to protests of local population, the administration of the town signed the contract with Hydrometeorological center on carrying out researches of composition of atmospheric air. Systematic observations allowed to establish cases of 25time excess of maximum allowable concentration of hydrogen sulfide in composition of air.
At the following stage there were difficulties with establishment of the object polluting the atmosphere. Potential responsible appeared a little among which, the industrial enterprises of the city.
During certain periods in evening and night time people feel the pungent unpleasant sickening smell appearing owing to work of Lyubertsy station of aeration (LSA) and incineration plants which causes in many inhabitant’s exhaustion, dizziness, cough, suffocation and vomiting. At the same time inhabitants note that for the last year the intensity of an unpleasant smell amplified repeatedly, observed the sharp growth of various associated diseases at night. In evening and night time (and sometimes and in day) because of a sickening stench not only it is impossible is on the street, but also in the apartment, even with the closed windows! Excesses of hygienic standards of concentration of the hydrogen sulfide possessing an unpleasant smell and the being indicator of emissions of LSA are recorded. The Lyubertsy station of aeration (LSA) – the place where decades all sewerage and from residential quarters of Moscow, and from industrial zones of Moscow merged. When draining the sewerage in the next years, the station will be insanitary that means appearance of new diseases in nearby houses and constructions.
Recently, according to official information of the Moscow Department of Construction, on the territory of the settlement Kraskovo of Lyuberetsky district, to the area of the Pekhorka river and the railway station Lyubertsy-2 delivery of dangerous soil is conducted with the territory of the taken-down Kuskovo Order of the Badge of Honour of the chemical plant. At the same time the ground for delivery of soil is properly not issued and not protected, the project of recultivation is not approved, environmental assessment was not carried out, control of the delivered soil is absent. Works on soil delivery (waste disposal of construction and demolition of Kuskovo chemical plant) have large-scale character, are conducted on the basis of the illegal order of administration of the settlement Kraskovo of 02.12.11.
It led to regular and mass complaints of the population to a pungent "chemical", "phenolic" smell, growth of appeals to medical institutions and pose obviously expressed threat for residents of all Lyuberetsky district and the territories adjoining to it. Kuskovo chemical plant was located in one of capital areas. Due to the elimination of production and conversion of platforms the management of the enterprise chose Lyubertsy vicinities for unauthorized dumping of the poisoned soils. The dump is defined how unauthorized. Court yes business several years last. Each of participants denies the fault, local authorities and the nature protection organizations take active actions which, however, positively do not affect creation of environmentally friendly Lyubertsy.
Incineration plant No. 4 of Ekotekhprom of WIP-4 – one of the most powerful in Moscow rigion and Russia. These are 250,000 tons of garbage which almost did not undergo processing and burned annually, about 700 tons of technical domestic waste (TDW) or 100 garbage trucks daily (see Appendix 1). When burning garbage is processing new harmful chemical compounds, the most dangerous of which – dioxine, and also up to 30% of the volume of garbage of poisonous ashes which should be utilized are formed. Therefore, all poisons which are contained in plasticity (dioxine) home appliances (heavy metals) straight go to lungs of residents of nearby areas.
Veterinary burning plant «Ekolog» is the place of utilization of biologically hazardous waste – medical biological waste and remains of animal, expired medicines, a seized property of meat and a bird, the meat infected with dangerous diseases (including anthrax). In a case without control emission of biologically hazardous waste, there is an increased probability of emergence of epidemic that will entail the high mortality of the population.
Moscow Oil Refining plant which is located not further, than in two kilometers, in the settlement Tomilino of Lyuberetsky district. Production capacities of this enterprise belonging to the Gazpromneft company exceed 12 million tons of oil products a year. According to preliminary data, the plant makes modernization of clearing designs without stopping of the main production, and these are more than thirty industrial complexes. Thereof, according to Rosnadzorpriroda, unauthorized emissions of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere are possible.
The Lyubertsy treatment facilities belonging to Mosvodokanal. The rivers in this region of Russia flow from the North to the south. Also the Moskva River which, coiling, crosses the capital in the southeast direction is not an exception: just in the direction of Lyubertsy. In territories, adjacent to the town, treatment facilities of the multimillion megalopolis are placed. On power this enterprise has no analogs in Europe – it every day processes 3 million cubic meters of biologically active waste. Despite the created highly effective systems of cleaning, dumping of this enterprise have significant effect on ecology of all adjacent area.
The industry of the city which remained from the Soviet period is in the basic the hi-tech plants connected with agricultural and transport mechanical engineering, research institutes. Today the enterprises for release of helicopters, means of communication and automation continue to work in the city. Along with them there were companies which are engaged in production of the municipal equipment, aluminum designs, the trade equipment. There are at the city subjects to woodworking, construction details, carpet weaving. The big share is occupied by shopping centers, supermarkets and little shops. Activity of all these enterprises could be qualified as environmentally friendly if not their logistic operations
Motor transport – the essential factor influencing ecology. For transport enterprises major factors of technogenic impact from its objects (objects and/or processes) on subjects of the surrounding environment is the following:
• consumption of natural resources (air, water, soil, petro and gas products);
• pollution of the air basin, water objects, soils at construction and operation of infrastructure facilities of transport enterprises and means of communication;
• creation of high noise levels, vibrations, electromagnetic and thermal radiations;
• traumatism and death of the population and animals at transport incidents and accidents on production;
• crossing by routes of habitual ways of the movement of wild animals and flight of birds;
• destruction and alienation of the soil under construction of transport objects and other purposes.
The other city enterprises, according to city dwellers and administration, do not possess considerable technogenic action.
From the above it is visible that the ecological situation as a result of activity of data of the enterprises in the territory of Lyuberetsky district is not favorable.
Thus, it is possible to draw a conclusion that in order to avoid environmental disaster fight against physical pollution has to be a paramount task. The problem has to will decide at the international level because the nature has no frontiers. For prevention of pollution the enterprises which are throwing out waste to the environment need to impose sanctions, to impose large penalties for placement of garbage in not put place. Stimulation to respect for standards of environmental safety can be also carried out by financial methods. Such approach proved the efficiency in some countries. The inaction is fraught with consequences!
How is environmental pollution calculated?
Any enterprise in the territory of Russia, according to the legislation, has to develop the whole system of technical documentation for implementation of the activity. The organization should specify accurately maximum permissible and temporarily coordinated number of emissions, dumping and limits of placement of waste in it. According to these data environmental safety at the enterprise, impact of capacities on the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the environment generally is estimated. The reliability of these documents as it was told earlier, is checked every five years during audit. Having received instructions, the enterprise undertakes independently, without supervision, to follow them, up to the next check. That is a peculiar presumption of innocence works, the organization is considered law-abiding, the return will not be proved yet. But it does not mean that, having undergone testing, it is possible to live quietly next several years. The matter is that local and federal bodies of supervision can book audit at any time. And both the planned, and spontaneous, provoked locals who complained, for example, of excessive noise or gas contamination.
Environmental safety of the enterprise is estimated at the local level by bodies of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance. On federal – nature protection prosecutor's office. Owners of productions should consider that these organizations rather easily write out penalties, beginning from several tens of thousands rubles and finishing with millions and also close productions before elimination of the reasons. In case of the ban on functioning of the organization to pay for violation of norms nevertheless it is necessary.
By the way, about norms. They are calculated according to results of ecological audit according to normative documents of the Law "About Protection of the Environment". At the same time results of researches which are given both in text, and in a graphic look mean the worst succession of events on production. That is the owner is interested in continuous modernization of capacities for the purpose of decrease in number of waste as the their is more, the tax which is appointed for pollution of the environment is higher.
Having studied information sources, we found out how environmental pollution is calculated.
Environmental safety at the enterprise is calculated definitely. In the presence of organized waste measurements on pipes, drains and other systems are made. At unorganized gross emission and its power and also the amount of the production from which pollution is made is calculated. The obtained data enter into the special computer programs which are realization of mathematical model of professor Berlyandt. They, considering a wind rose, features of a relief, weather conditions and also impact on ecology of other capacities, calculate settlement model. According to these calculations recommendations and instructions which need to be executed for further functioning of production are also given.
How to fight against environmental pollution?
So, environmental pollution represents large-scale world problem which is possible for solving only with active participation of everyone who calls the planet Earth the house, otherwise ecological accident will be inevitable.
We have stated the environmental problems connected with the operating industrial enterprises in the territory of Lyubertsy and Lyuberetsky district and, respectively, further we will designate methods of their decision for improvement of ecological situation in this region.
The perspective direction on pollution abatement is application of alternative energy sources. Use of solar batteries, hydrogen fuel and other preserving technologies will allow to reduce blowout of toxic joints in the atmosphere. It is possible to carry to other methods of pollution abatement:
• construction of treatment facilities;
• increase in number of green plantings;
• drawing attention of the public to problem.
Already a lot of things are doing by the city authorities for change of the developed deplorable situation, but also it is insufficiently. It is necessary to attract more and more people on protection of ecology! I will repeat that it has already made much, exactly:
1. Today annually Lyuberetsky district "produces" 98 thousand tons of "firm" waste. For drop of their quantity the network of the enterprises for intake of secondary raw materials is created (waste paper, rags, glassware, scrap of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, polyethylene).
2. In the last several years 5300-5400 tons of harmful substances are annually released into the atmosphere. But the situation is stabilized as there is decline in production which is favorably influencing ecology:
a) thanks to drop of production in KAMOV not 76, but 39 tons of substances, dangerous to the environment, annually get to the sky;
b) The Malakhovka experimental plant has reduced blowouts from 69 to 37 tons per year;
c) The Lyubertsy electromechanical plant due to cutting-down of use in the boiler house of diesel fuel has reduced blowouts from 97 to 36 tons.
3. Annually in autumn in Moscow region the action «Our forest. Plant a tree» takes place during which planting seedling on specially prepared sites of the forest is made. Students and teachers of our Lyubertsy technical school of the Hero of the Soviet Union, space pilot Y.A. Gagarin always take active part in this useful action.
Moreover, it is planned to take the following measures:
1. Modernization of the equipment and use of advanced technologies on DOCK-13 will allow to reduce blowouts in the atmosphere almost by 10 times.
2. Elimination of the existing sources of pollution, such as silt platforms of the Lyubertsy station of aeration LSA) and building under subjects to social appointment, will also clean the atmosphere.
3. It is planned to reduce blowouts from motor transport due to liquidation of open "unorganized" parking and transfer of cars to the closed storage.
4. In the area also competent landing of green plantings, the device and the maintenance of lawns could improve ecological situation. As the city which is not strongly "planted trees and shrubs".
We consider that in general competent and consecutive implementation of the approved ecological program of the city of Lyubertsy is necessary! It will allow to improve air quality, drinking water to equip the corresponding objects with the modern equipment, to solve problem of processing and recycling. Of course, completely it will not be possible to solve all problems, but also small improvements will be good even let.
Chapter II. Practical part
Poll of inhabitants of Lyubertsy
1. Questionnaire "Ecology in Lyubertsy".
Questioning purpose: to find out the relation interviewed to environment pollution, whether they know about these problems.
It was interviewed: 16 students of group 11, students on specialty 25.02.06 Production and maintaining of the aircrafts and aviation equipment.
Having carried out the poll we obtained the following data in a percentage ratio:
Answered question 1:
Yes - 25% No - 75 %
Answered question 2:
Very loudly - 7.14% Normal - 14.29 % Quietly - 14.29 %
I do not live near the plant - 64.29 %
Answered question 3:
Yes - 14.29% No - 85.7 %
Answered question 4:
Yes - 33.33% No - 66.67 %
Answered question 5:
Yes - 78.57% No - 21.43 %
Interview of the general manager of a car service center
2. The official's interview from a car service center.
Enterprise: limited liability corporation (LLC) STRINK, is registered in 20.11.1996, address 140005, Moscow region, Lyubertsy, Kirov St., 3.
Respondent: general manager (CEO) Remizov Anton Sergeevich
Question: What rules of environmental safety are compulsory to be ensured at the enterprise?
Answer: The analysis of the main events held on the service center for prevention and reduction of harmful effects on the surrounding environment was carried out on those technological to processes which make negative impact on all components of the environment it:
• check of technical condition of vehicles and their units,
• painting, body works and welding works,
• lubricant works and works with technical liquids,
• washing works.
Question: What equipment is used for ensuring environmental safety and what functions does it perform?
Answer: At the enterprise the equipment for ensuring environmental safety for the purpose of decrease in environmental pollution is used by the fulfilled gases and operational materials.
Work on diagnostic and other posts with the running engine is carried out with use of the supply and exhaust ventilation deleting gaseous waste in the atmosphere via additional filters.
Paint and varnish and body works are carried out in separate cabins, the suction of harmful evaporations and abrasive dust occurs in the isolated cabin through a floor, firm particles are pressed and in process of accumulation are taken and given on utilization. The polluted air undergoes further cleaning through the exhaust ventilation supplied with replaceable filters and comes to the atmosphere. Similarly, there takes place purification of air during the welding works.
Question: How is monitoring of ecological violations carried out?
Answer: For ensuring prevention of escape of the fulfilled engine, transmission oils, lubricant greases and technical liquids at their replacement or refilling on the car or the unit when performing locksmith works, lubricant works at the enterprise the processing mobile equipment is used and also places for collecting and storage of the used fuels and lubricants are provided. When performing the tire repairing works collecting the fulfilled materials is made in special troughs and utilized separately.
Question: What is doing for implementation of minimum ecological deviations from standards?
Answer: We buy newer and modern equipment; we employ skilled technicians who are engaged in checks at the enterprise. They keep magazines, write reports, these people also watch norms ecological safety.
Conclusion
During our research work on the subject «Environmental safety measures at industrial and production enterprises of Lyubertsy» we:
1. In theoretical part of research:
• have learned what directions of nature protection activity exist and how they are implemented;
• have studied the information about environmental standards at the enterprises (how to calculate environmental pollution, how to fight against pollution, what influence renders the enterprises on the surrounding environment, what problems are, what it is offered to make and also what there will be if nothing to do, and to leave everything as it is);
• have studied and analyzed the information about the ecological situation in Lyubertsy and its surroundings; have found out the influence of work of industrial manufacturing enterprises of the city on ecology;
• have found out what measures are undertaken also what is being planned to be made for improvement of an ecological situation in the city;
2. In practical part of work:
• have carried out a poll among students of our technical school with the purpose to find out the relation interviewed to environmental pollution; whether they know about problems; to find out whether the problem has changed for the last 3 years;
• have interviewed the general manager of a car service center and obtained information about how the environmental safety at this enterprise is provided.
Thus, in our research we have covered rather in detail the topic of an ecological situation in Lyubertsy and Lyuberetsky district, revealed sources of environmental pollution and essentially necessary measures for its protection. We have made following conclusions:
• environmental protection directly concerns all of us. All people breathe the same air of Earth, all drink water and eat food which molecules continuously participate in infinite circulation of substance in the biosphere of the planet. Perhaps, still there is a chance to correct an ecological situation in the world, and we have to use this chance, restore in the biosphere what we broke and to learn to live in consent with the nature.
Information sources
https://democrator.ru/petition/ekologicheskaya-katastrofa-v-lyubercahnekrasovkeko/
http://fb.ru/article/147780/ekologicheskaya-bezopasnost-na-predpriyatii-ekologiya-proizvodstva
https://lubernet.ru/news/ekologia-v-lubercah-situacia-i-prognoz-oficialnye-dannye-2676/
https://works.doklad.ru/view/zvy82x_hFeg.html
https://studfiles.net/preview/6305715/page:16/
http://betosteel.ru/ecology/lyubercy-7.html
https://studbooks.net/887797/ekologiya/zaklyuchenie
https://spbnovo.ru/raznoe/ekologiya-v-lyubercah-2018.html
http://eco.bobrodobro.ru/18906
https://lektsii.org/1-16861.html
Appendix 1
Zone of defeat of incineration plants
Appendix 2
Interview questions:
1. What rules of environmental safety are compulsory to be ensured at the enterprise?
2. What equipment is used for ensuring environmental safety and what functions does it perform?
3. How is monitoring of ecological violations carried out?
4. What is doing for implementation of minimum ecological deviations from standards?
Appendix 3
Questionnaire "Ecology and environment" questions:
1. Whether you catch smell of rotten eggs on the street?
Yes No
2. Whether you live near the plant? Asses noise level.
Very loudly Normal Quietly I do not live near the plant
3. Whether you feel dizzy frequent?
Yes No
4. Whether you catch smell of metals or different impurity on the street?
Yes No
5. Would you like to know more about ecology at the enterprises?
Yes No
Золотой циркуль
Привередница
Цветение вишни в лунную ночь
Невидимое письмо
Развешиваем детские рисунки дома