Выступление на научно-практической конференции: «Известные Британские учёные и их в клад в науку и медицину»

Слайд 1

Слайд 2

Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath. He built some of the earliest Gregorian telescopes and observed the rotations of Mars and Jupiter. In 1665 he inspired the use of microscopes for scientific exploration with his book, Micrographia . Based on his microscopic observations of fossils, Hooke was an early proponent of biological evolution. Hooke coined the term “cell” for describing biological organisms. The hand-crafted, leather and gold-tooled microscope he used to make the observations for Micrographia , originally constructed by Christopher White in London, is on display at the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, DC.

Слайд 3

Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823) was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. He is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other human". The process below shows the steps taken by Edward Jenner to create vaccination. He did this by inoculating James Phipps with cowpox, a virus similar to smallpox, to create immunity, unlike variolation , which used smallpox to create an immunity to itself.

Слайд 4

Charles Robert Darwin was born in 1809. He was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. Darwin established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors. He also introduced the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection .

Слайд 5

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution. Newton graduated from the University of Cambridge. His book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical mechanics. Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour . He formulated the laws of motion and universal principles of gravitation, studied the speed of sound.

Слайд 6

John Floyer was born in 1649 in a small village in Staffordshire. He graduated from the Queen’s College at the University of Oxford as a medical doctor. He wrote a lot of books on medicine. He was the first physician who studied the pulse rate in men and determined relations between it and other parameters such as respiration rate, body temperature, age and sex. Floyer said “every man is a fool or becomes a physician, when he arrives at 50 or 60 years of age”.

Слайд 7

Alexander Fleming was b orn in 1881 in S cottland in a farmer ’ s family. He attended the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London and after that studied microbiology at the St.Mary’s Hospital Medical School. I n 1928 Fleming w a s inv e stigating the properties o f staphylococcus b acteria , so there were Petri dishes with it ’ s culture in his l ab. He left them u ntidy for a holiday. When he r eturned he was very surprised . He mentioned that one dish was contaminated with a fungus, and colonies of staphylococci around it had been destroyed.

Слайд 8

Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield was born in a farmer's family in Sutton-on-Trent in 1919. At school he was excellent in mathematics and physics and already then he constructed his first electrical devices. Hounsfield graduated from Faraday House Electrical Engineering College in London. The idea of multiple x-ray imaging at all angles through an object came to him accidently during a weekend walk. Firstly he didn’t know how it could be useful. Later he suspected that it can be of a great benefit for medicine and began construction. In 1967 Hounsfield constructed the first prototype of a computed tomograph . In 1979 he got the Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for this invention.

Слайд 9

Francis Harry Compton Crick was born in 1916 in the small village Weston Farvell n e ar Northhampton . He graduated from the University College London and got the degree of Ph.D. in physics at the University of Cambridge. Crick began studying biology only at the age 31 and became concerned about one of the major unsolved problems of that time – what's the molecular base of heredity. Maurice Wilkins was born in 1916 in New Zeland and soon his family moved to the UK. Maurice graduated from the University of Birmingham and got the Ph.D. degree in physics. In 1945 Wilkins set up a revolutionally new laboratory combining the methods of physics and biology to solve some biological problems. Rosalind Franklin, a British chemist, also worked at that laboratory.

Слайд 10

Franklin used x-ray to obtain the legendary “photo 51” of DNA, the point from which the greatest invention begun. At the same time , Francis Crick and J ames Watson, an American biologist , w orked a t the University of Cambridge at Cavendish L aboratory . Wilkins shared the images with Crick and Watson. This helped them to build a model of DNA which they published in 1953.

Слайд 11

Ian Wilmut was born in 1944 in a s mall v illage Hampton Lucy in England. He graduated from the University of Nottingham and got the d egree of Ph.D. at the U niversity of Edinburgh . Wilmuth, an embryologist, and Campbell, a microbiologist, were members of one team and worked on the problem of animal cloning. Keith Campbell was born in 1954 in Birmingham. He graduated from the U niversity of Sussex.

Слайд 12

Anthony Hollander was born in 1964 in London. He graduated from the University of Bath and after that graduated with Ph.D. degree in Pathology from the University of Bristol. When he was just 9 years old, he wrote a letter to the children's TV-show "Blue Peter" that he knew how to save lives. In November 2008 it was reported that the first successful transplantation of an artificially-grown human organ was made. A b ig team from Spain , Italy and the UK worked on it. Hollander played a key role in that breakthrough as the only stem cell specialist of the team.

Слайд 13

He says now that the greatest thanks should be tendered to Miss Baxter, the editor of "Blue Peter" show, for the good response she had sent to young Antony. "If her letter had shown any hint of ridicule or disbelief I might perhaps never have trained to become a medical scientist or been driven to achieve the impossible dream, and really make a difference to a human being's life", says Hollander.