Фредерик Хопкинс

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English biochemist Frederick Gowland Hopkins was born in Eastbourne (East Sussex) Elizabeth (Howland) and Frederic Hopkins'. His cousin was the poet Gerard Manley Hopkins. Father H., bookseller and a passionate lover of science, died suddenly shortly after the birth of her son. Fond of solitude, and prone to reasoning, Frederick spent a lot of time reading Dickens and writing poetry. At the age of 8 years he was first allowed to use the father's microscope for studying living organisms, which he caught in the sea. What Kh . seen, developed his interest in science much more than boring schooling, although there was no one who could explain to the child what he saw. Biography .

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In 1871, his mother moved to Infild , countryside near London, to live with his mother and brother, and H. was sent to the city of London school, where his success in chemistry and English were awarded. Bored and lonely, he preferred school visits to museums and libraries, and although it was never officially expelled from school, but offered to leave her. After this he was identified in a private school with a three-year training. When H. was 17 years old, the family, considering his education completed, found him a job as an insurance clerk. However, shortly after finishing school he wrote an article about the purple smoke, produced by the beetles-bombardiers, which was accepted for publication in the journal "Entomologist" ("The Entomologist"). Later, he wrote: "Since I am a biochemist at heart." Over the next three years he studied analytical chemistry in pharmaceutical firm. Using a small inheritance from his grandfather, H. was able to study chemistry, first in the Royal school in South Kensington, and then at University College London. A high score obtained on the exam in chemistry, gave him the opportunity to become assistant to sir Thomas Stevenson, an expert in toxicology and a specialist in forensic medicine at the hospital of guy. Working with Stephenson, who was considered "a natural and wonderful head", H. he received the degree of bachelor of science at the University of London. On the recommendation of Robert Louis Stevenson in 1888, he was enrolled in medical school, guy with a scholarship to Hull for research.

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In guy H. continued clinical laboratory experiments. In 1891 he published a description of the deposition of uric acid by using ammonium chloride – analytical method that was used for many years. He showed that uric acid is also a component of the white pigment of some butterflies; this finding was the result of his children's curiosity to all insects, which he carried through all his life, and his most recent publication was concerned with pigmentation in insects.

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After receiving her medical degree in GUI in 1894 H. remained in school for another four years as a teacher of physiology, chemistry, toxicology and physics. In the past two years, X. was led by clinical research Department, where he conducted laboratory studies used in the diagnostic process and treatment. In the framework of their experiences in the field of protein chemistry, he developed methods for isolating proteins from the blood and egg proteins, and methods of crystallization of proteins in large quantities for further studies.

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In 1898, H. was invited by Michael foster at Cambridge University as a researcher and lecturer in chemical physiology, now called biochemistry. Foster, a very influential scholar and teacher, supported the desire of H. to work in this field. The post H. was poorly paid, and he replenished your budget, engaged with medical students in Emmanuel College, scholar and teacher, he was in 1906

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In Cambridge conventional teaching, which included experimental work with proteins, led to the discovery of H. amino acid – tryptophan. When the student receives the protein has not acquired a blue color when setting the standard color test Damkevica , H. suggested that the analysis of such a color reaction can lead to new ideas about the structure of the protein. He singled out and identified tryptophan, which joins a growing list of other amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), already discovered by Emil Fischer, Albrecht Kesselem and other researchers. Universitas С ambridge

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In 1906 G. H. showed that different proteins fed to mice have different effects on the growth of the body, particularly that proteins lacking tryptophan, inadequate for the body's needs. He concluded that properties of proteins depend on the types present in the amino acids. Assuming that the properties of the protein are determined by an adequate diet, he was fed mice food consisting of pork fat, starch and casein (milk protein). When stopped the animal's growth, he added a small amount of milk, containing some of the missing factors necessary for growth. These, as he called, "accessory food factors" was later named by the Polish chemist kazimirom funk vitamins.

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In 1910 for a short time, the work of Kh . was interrupted, which was associated with a reduction of earning capacity due to fatigue. In 1912 he reported on the results of their research in the article "Experiments on nutrition to illustrate the importance of additional factors in a normal diet" ("Feeding Experiments Illustrating the Importance of Accessory Factors in Normal Dietaries"). H. he considered his experiments with vitamins as secondary compared to the studies concerning the intermediate metabolism, complex number of reactions of oxidation and reduction, by which cells get energy. According to the prevailing science theory, a giant molecule, the so-called Biogen , provides these reactions, but the available chemical methods were inadequate for their study. H. showed that intermediate metabolism is a series of ordinary chemical reactions. Demonstrating that muscle while reducing the content of oxygen builds up lactic acid, he and his colleague Walter Fletcher laid the groundwork for the opening of the energy metabolism cycle of carbohydrates for muscle contraction, are made Archibald V. hill and Otto Mayerhofer .

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In 1921 H. identified a Tripeptide formed by three amino acids, called glutathione, is needed as the carrier of oxygen in the cells of plants and animals. He also discovered xanthine oxidase , which serves as a catalyst for the oxidation of xanthine and hypoxanthine (colorless crystalline substances) into uric acid. One of the most valuable qualities of the h was his ability as a discoverer in science, the ability to identify the key issues and attract the interest of other researchers. In 1914 G. H. was appointed head of the Department of biochemistry at Cambridge. In 1925 he moved to the newly built Institute of biochemistry Dunn.

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In 1929, X. shared the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine with Christiaan Aikman's "for the discovery of vitamins, stimulates the process of growth." In his Nobel lecture "the Beginning of the history of vitamin research" ( the"Earlier History of Vitamin Research") H. reminded his audience that in his article in 1912, it was noted the existence of "necessary food, is not considered seriously as a subject of physiological necessity". Paying tribute to Kazimierz Funko for his contribution to the study of vitamins, X. noticed that he himself was "the first who realized the true meaning of the revealed facts."

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From 1930 to 1935 H. was President of the Royal society, which gave him the opportunity to conduct research. After 1935, he continued his experiments on insect pigments and intermediate metabolism, although his vision has decreased, and health deteriorated.

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In 1898 H. married Jessie Ann Stephen; they had a son, who later became a doctor, and two daughters, one of whom was a biochemist. His colleague Henry H. Dale H. described as "a man of delicate Constitution and poor health... His face was usually brooding, sullen, but quickly covered sincere attention, radiating a sense of humor, or the desire to share with another person of his difficulties." He died at Cambridge 16 may 1947 .