British English – recent trends

Contents.

Introduction

With the development of technology, science many “new words” appeared in English language as well. Most of them are terms. The layer of terminological neologisms has been rapidly growing since the start of the technological revolution. The theme of our investigation is “British English – recent trends”.

The sphere of the Internet alone gave birth to thousand of new terms which have become international (network, server, browser, e-mail, e-news, provider, site, netscape communicator, facebook, Internet explorer etc.). Recent discoveries in biochemistry, genetic engineering, cosmonautics and other sciences demanded new words to name new concepts and ideas. However, the vocabulary of our everyday usage is also being enlarged by neologisms.

The actuality of our theme is preconditioned by the fact that every period in the development of a language produces an enormous number of new words or new meanings of established words. Most of them do not live long. They are not meant to live long. They are coined for use at the moment of speech. I have chosen this exactly theme because it is rather actual now in case of, as we know there are a lot of borrowings in our languages and majority of them are from English language that is why we should know the real meaning of the word in order to use it in a correct context. Moreover, there are neologisms in all spheres of our life, f.e. in business, science, newspapers, TV programms   and my research will help people to use neologisms in a proper way and in necessary place. The actuality of the selected topic may easily be motivated by the growing demand for use of newly combined words with the fact that these words may be taken from other foreign languages too.

The aim of our work is to investigate the neologisms in deferent spheres of life and their usage in Modern English language. To achieve the goal I have done the following tasks:

• to characterize the term “neologisms”
• to study the top  neologisms and analyze them
• to compare their meanings
• to learn their origin
• to examine the usage of “new words” in casual speech

I. General notes on neologisms

1.1 Characteristic of neologisms

A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word") is a word, term or phrase which has been recently created (coined) – often to apply to new concepts, or to reshape older terms in newer language form. Neologisms are especially useful in identifying inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context.

Neologisms are by definition "new", and as such are often directly attributable to a specific individual, publication, period, or event. The term "neologism" was coined in 1800; so for some time in the early 19th Century, the word « neologism» was itself a neologism. Neologism can also refer to an existing word or phrase which has been assi8gned a new meaning.

For instance, the word "nigilist" (nihilist) [(Shanskii 1971, p. 128); and was popularized in Turgenev's Fathers and Sons (1962), through his depiction of the radical doctor of the 1860's, Bazarov.” The reason for introducing the word into the language was that there were many young people of that time believing that nothing had meaning or value. As soon as the word was coined it was accepted by the society and has existed in a number of languages since then.

Neologisms tend to occur more often in cultures which are rapidly changing, and also in situations where there is easy and fast propagation of information. They are often created by combining existing words or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes. Neologisms can also be created through abbreviation or acronym, by intentionally rhyming with existing words, or simply through playing with sounds.

Neologisms often become popular by way or of mass media, the Internet, or word of mouth. Every word in a language was, at some time, a neologism, though most of these ceased to be such through time and acceptance.

Neologisms often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, however, they disappear from common usage. Whether a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public. Acceptance by linguistic experts and incorporation into dictionaries also plays a part, as does whether the phenomenon described by a neologism remains current, thus continuing to need a descriptor. It is unusual, however, for a word to enter common use if it does not resemble another word or words in an identifiable way. (In some cases however, strange new words succeed because the idea behind them is especially memorable or exciting). When a word or phrase is no longer «new», it is no longer a neologism. Neologisms may take decades to become «old», though. Opinions differ on exactly how old a word must be to no longer be considered a neologism; cultural acceptance probably plays a more important role than time in this regard.

1.2 Cultural acceptance

We can mark that neologisms tend to occur more often in cultures which are rapidly changing, and also in situations where there is easy and fast propagation of information. They are often created by combining existing words (compound noun and adjective) or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes. Those which are portmanteaus are shortened. Neologisms can also be created through abbreviation or acronym, by intentionally rhyming with existing words, or simply through playing with sounds.

As for the description of  neologisms, we can say that, a neologism may be a slang word that has yet to find its way into mainstream conversation, or it may be the creation of a non-native speaker who has made for example a grammatical error. The so-called slip of the tongue may also be seen as neologisms.

 Neologisms are very common in newspaper vocabulary. The newspaper is very quick to react to any new development in the life of society, in science and technology. Hence, neologisms make their way into the language of the newspaper very easily and often even spring up on newspaper pages. Now, in the early 21st century, neologisms relating to computers and the Internet outnumber all others, for example, cybersickness (a feeling of illness caused by using a computer for long periods of time), keypal (someone with whom one regularly exchanges e-mail), online auction, access provider, MP3, PDA (Personal digital assistant), animatronics.

Neologisms often become popular by way of mass media, the Internet, or word of mouth — especially, many linguists suspect, by younger people. Virtually every word in a language was, at some time, a neologism, though most of these ceased to be such through time and acceptance.

Neologisms often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, however, they disappear from common usage. Whether or not a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public. Acceptance by linguistic experts and incorporation into dictionaries also plays a part, as does whether the phenomenon described by a neologism remains current, thus continuing to need a descriptor. It is unusual, however, for a word to enter common use if it does not resemble another word or words in an identifiable way. (In some cases however, strange new words succeed because the idea behind them is especially memorable or exciting). When a word or phrase is no longer "new," it is no longer a neologism. Neologisms may take decades to become "old", though. Opinions differ on exactly how old a word must be to no longer be considered a neologism; cultural acceptance probably plays a more important role than time in this regard.

1.3 Classification of word-building means

As the aim of our work is to investigate the problem of neologisms, we will overview the word-building means. At first we will tackle the problem of various classifications of word-formation, linguists used to mention morphological, syntactic and lexico-semantic types of word-formation. At present the classification of the types does not, as a rule, include lexico-semantic word-building. Of interest is the classification of word-formation means based on the number of motivating bases, which many scholars follow. A distinction is made between two large classes of word-building means:

To Class I belong the means of building words having one motivating base. To give an English example, the noun CATCHER is composed of the base CATCH – and the suffix – ER, through the combination of which it is morphologically and semantically motivated.

The basic means in word-derivation are affixation and conversion. Derived words usually consist of a root and an affix, which in their turn fall into prefixes which proceed the root in the structure of the word (re-write, mis-pronounce) and suffixes which follow the root (teach-er, dict-ate). Derived words are extremely popular in the English vocabulary. Successfully competing with this structural type is the so-called root word which has only a root morpheme in its structure. This type widely represented by a great number of words belonging to the original English word stock or to earlier borrowings (house, book, work), and in Modern English, has been greatly enlarged by the type of word building, called conversion (pale, adj. – to pale, v; to find, v- a find, n.) Conversion sometimes is referred to as an affixless way of word-building or even affixless derivation. Conversion is a process of creating a new word from some existing one or by changing the category of a part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word remaining unchanged. The new word has a meaning which differs from that of the original one though it can more or less be easily associated with it. It has also a new paradigm peculiar to its new category as a part of speech (nurse, n. – to nurse, v).

Class II includes the means of building words containing more than one motivating base. Needless to say, they are all based on compounding (country-club, door – hande).

This type of word building, in which new words are produced by combining two or more stems, is one of the most productive types in Modern English, the other two are conversion and affixation. Compounds, though certainly fewer in quantity than derived or root words, still represent one of the most typical and specific features of English word-structure. Compounds are not homogeneous in structure. Traditionally three types are distinguished: neutral, morphological, syntactic. In neutral compounds the process of compounding is relized without any linking elements, by a mere juxtaposition of two stems (shop-window, bedroom, tallboy). Morphological compounds are fewer in number. This type is not productive and it is repersented by words in which two componding stems are combined by a linking vowel or consonant (Anglo – Saxon, statesman, handiwork) In syntactic compounds we find a feature of a specifically English word-structure. These words are formed from segments of speech, preserving in their structure numerous traces of syntagmatic relations typical of speech: articles, prepositions, adverbs, prepositions, as in lily-of-the-alley, good-for-nothing. Syntactical relations and grammatical patterns current in present-day English can be traced in the structures of such compound nouns as pick-me-up, know-all, whodunit. In this group of compounds, we find a great number of neologisms, and whodunit is one of them. The structure of most compounds is transparent, and it is clear that the origin of these words is a simple word combination.

Most linguists in special chapters and manuals devoted to English word-formation consider as the chief processes af English word formation affixation, conversion and compounding. Apart from these a number of minor ways of forming words such as back-fomation, sound interchange, distinctive stress, sound imitation, blending, clipping and acronymy are traditionally referred to Word-formation.

Some minor types of word-formation can not belong neither to word derivation nor to compounding, as some words while shortening, for example, can have two bases, e.g. V-day, some can have one, e.g. lab. The same reason can be applied to other minor types. We will not be strict and consider them as minor word building means.

Shortenings are produced in two different ways. The first is to make a new word form a syllable (rarer two) of the original word. The latter may lose its beginning (as in phone made from telephone), its ending (as in hols – holydays, ad – advertisement) or both the beginning and ending (as in flu-influenza). The second way of shortening is to make a new word form the initial letters (similar to acronimy) of a word group: U.N.O. from the United Nations Organization. This type is called initial shortenings and found not only among colloquialisms and slang. So, g.f. is a shortened word made from the compound girlfriend.

As a type of word-building shortening of spoken words, also called clipping or curtailment, is recorded in the English language as far back as the 15 century. It has grown more and more productive ever since. This growth becomes especially marked in many European languages in the 20th century, and it is a matter of common knowledge that this development is particularly intense in English.

Shortenings of spoken words or curtailment consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (whether or not this part has previously been a morpheme), as a result of which the new form acquires some linguistic value of its own.

Newly shortened words appear continuously: this is testified by numerous neologisms, such as demo form demonstration: frog or fridge from refrigerator; trank from tranquilizer. Many authors are inclined to overemphasize the role of «the strain of modern life» as the mainspring of this development. This is, obviously, only one of reasons, and the purely linguistic factors should not be overlooked. Among the major forces are the demands of rhythm, which are more readily satisfied when the words are monosyllabic.

When dealing with words of long duration, one will also note that a high percentage of English shortenings is involved into the process of loan word assimilation. Monosyllabism goes farther in English than in any other European language, and that is why shortened words sound more like native ones than their long prototypes.

The other word building means can be called: blends, blendings, fusions or portmanteau words. The process of formation is called telescoping, because the words seem to slide into one another like sections of a telescope. Blends may be defined as formations that combine two words and include the letters or sounds they have in common as a connecting element.

The analysis into immediate constituents is helpful so far as it permits the definition of a blend as a word with the first constituent represented by a stem whose final part may be missing, and the second constituent by a stem of which the initial part is missing. The second constituent, when used in a series of similar blends may turn into a suffix. A new suffix – on is, for instance, well under way in such terms as nylon, rayon, silon, formed from the final element of cotton.

Depending upon prototype phrases with which they can be correlate two types of blends can be distinguished. One may be termed additive, the second, restrictive. The respective type is transformable into an attributive phrase where the first element serves as modifier of the second: cine (matographic pano) rama – cinerama. Other examples are: medicare – medical care, telecast – television broadcast.

Both types involve the sliding together not only of sound but of meaning as well. Yet the semantic relations, which are at work are different. The additive type is transformable into a phrase consisting of the respective complete stems combined with the conjunction and, e.g. smog – smoke and fog ‘a mixture of smoke and fog’. The elements may be synonymous, belong to the same semantic field or at least be members of the same lexico-grammatical class of words: French + English=Frenglish.

Blends, although not very numerous altogether, seem to be on the rise, especially in terminology and also in trade advertisements.

Another way of forming new words is acronymization, as for this process, we can say, that, because of ever closer connection between the oral and the written forms of the language it is sometimes difficult to differentiate clippings formed in oral speech from graphical abbreviations. They are becoming more employed in oral speech and widely used in conversation.

During World War I and after it the custom became very popular not only in English-speaking countries, but in other parts of the world as well, to call countries, governmental, social, military, industrial and trade organizations and officials not only by their full titles but by initial abbreviations derived from writing. Later the trend became even more pronounced; e.g. the USSR, the U.N.O., MP. The tendency was to omit fullstops between the letters: GPO (General Post Organization). Some abbreviations nevertheless appear in both forms: EPA and E.P.A. (Environmental Protection Agency). Such words formed from the initial letter of each of the successive parts of a phrasal term have two possible types of orthoepic correlation between written and spoken forms.

If the abbreviated written form lends itself to be read as though it were an ordinary English word and sounds like an English word, it will be read like one. The words thus formed are called acronyms (from GREEK acros – ‘end’ +onym ‘name’). This way of forming new words is becoming more and more popular in almost all fields of human activity, and especially in political and technical vocabulary: U.N.O., also UNO (ju:nou) – United Nations Organization, NATO – the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. The last example shows that acronyms are often homonymous to ordinary words: sometimes intentionally chosen so as to create certain associations. Thus, for example, the National organization for Women is called NOW. Typical of acronymic coinages in technical terminology are JATO, laser, radar.

Acronyms present a special interest because they exemplify the working of the lexical adaptive system.

As for semantic word – building, we can say, that it is any change in word – meaning, for instance the word bench – ‘a long seat of wood or stone’; ‘a carpenter table’. The majority of the linguists, however, understand this process only as a change in the meaning of a word that may result in the appearance of homonyms, as is the case with flower – «a blossom» and flour– : the fine meal», «powder made form wheat and used for making bread», etc. The application of the term word-formation to the appearance of homonyms due to the development of polysemy seems to be debatable for the following reasons:

As semantic change does not, as a rule, lead to the inroduction of a new word into the vocabulary, it can scarcely be regarded as a word-building means (neither can we consider the process a word-building means even when an actual enlargment), the vocabulary does come about through the appearance of a pair of homonyms. Actually, the appearance of homonyms is not a means of creating new words, but it is the final result of a long and laborious process of sense-development. Furthermore, there are no patterns after which homonyms can be made in the language. Finally, diverging sense-development results in a semantic isolation of two or more meanings of a word, whereas the process of word-formation proper is characterized by a certain semantic connection between the new word and the source lexical unit. For these reasons diverging sense-development leading to the appearance of two or more homonyms should be regarded as a specific channel through which the vocabulary of a language is replenished with new words and should not be treated on a par with the processes of word-formation, such as affixation, conversion and composition.

II. New tendencies in British English

2.1 New tendencies in grammar of British English.

British English is the English language as spoken and written in Great Britain or, more broadly, throughout the British Isles. Slight regional variations exist in formal, written English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland and Northern Ireland, whereas little is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term British English. The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken, so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language. According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English, British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions in the word British and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity."

New tendencies in British English are to be divided into three groups according to the three spheres of study in language – pronunciation, lexis and grammar. Therefore, we will study each sphere more detailed.

Like any other living being, language is influenced by the evolution and development of people’s life. The main principle of development leads to its simplification. Thus, all the new tendencies in grammar may be defined the following way:

1. Tendencies of changes among infinite forms of the verb – the preference of gerund instead of infinitive.

There are a number of verbs that can take a complement with another verb in either the "-ing" form or the "to" form: "They liked painting/to paint;" "We tried leaving/to leave;" "He didn't bother calling/to call." Both of these constructions are still used, and they have both been used for a long time. But there has been a steady shift over time from the "to" to the "-ing" complement. "Start" and "begin" saw a big increase in the "-ing" complement until leveling out in the 1940s, while emotion verbs like "like," "love," "hate," and "fear" saw their proportion of "-ing" complements start to rise in the 1950s and 60s. Not all verbs have participated in the shift: "stand," "intend," and "cease" went the "to" way. ^[1]

2. Prevailing role of progressive tense in grammar.

The progressive form is the –ing form that indicates something is continuous or ongoing: "They are speaking" vs. "They speak." This

form has grown into parts of the grammar it had not had much to do with in previous eras. For example, at least in British English, its use in the passive ("It is being held" rather than "It is held") and with modal verbs like "should," "would," and "might" ("I should be going" rather than "I should go") has grown dramatically. There is also an increase of "be" in the progressive form with adjectives ("I'm being serious" vs. "I'm serious").

3. Changes of quantity of usage among modal verbs.

It is quite noticeable that words like "shall" and "ought" are on the way out, but "will," "should," and "can" are doing just fine. There are other members of this helping verb club though, and they have been on a steep climb this century. "Going to," "have to," "need to," and "want to" cover some of the same meaning territory as the other modal verbs. They first took hold in casual speech and have enjoyed a big increase in print in recent decades.

4. New widely spread in usage form of passive.

The passive in English is usually formed with the verb "to be," yielding "they were fired" or "the tourist was robbed." But we also have the "get" passive, giving us "they got fired" and "the tourist got robbed." The get-passive goes back at least 300 years, but it has been on a rapid rise during the past 50 years. It is strongly associated with situations which are bad news for the subject—getting fired, getting robbed—but also situations that give some kind of benefit. (They got promoted. The tourist got paid.) However, the restrictions on its use may be relaxing over time and get-passives could get a whole lot bigger.^[2]

5. avoidance shall use forms for the expression of the future time;
6. the use of certain verbs in semantic function support (for example, The way you look, you wanna / want to see a doctor soon). According to Jeffrey Leach from Lancaster University, is one of the obvious signs of grammaticalization, in other words, more frequent Use of lexical material in the grammar;
7. the tendency to give preference to use analytical form degrees of comparison (simple → more simple);
8. use possessive nouns denoting animate objects (for example, the book's cover);
9. tendency to change the form of irregular verbs correct, which is why a number of verbs have two options education elapsed time, both of which are valid (burnt - burned, learnt - learned);
10.  revival of form Subjunctive I, perhaps under the influence of the official style of American English (for example, I demand that do not go there.);
11.  expansion of the meaning of words, namely the increase in the volume referred to concepts that the number of known objects and phenomena (phrasal verbs, synonymous value have / give / take a ride);
12.  more frequent use of the word less instead of few with countable nouns (less students);
13.  increasingly rare use of whom form (preference is given to who);
14. the use of words like, same as, and immediate in function of conjunctions;
15.  the use of the auxiliary verb do with the semantic verb have (Have you any time? - No, I have not any time / Do you have / have you got any time? - No, I do not have any time / have not got any time); ^[3]
16. Therefore, grammar changes can be described with the tendency of simplification of forms.

2.2 New tendencies in pronunciation of British English.

Speaking about pronunciation of British English it is necessary to point that standards of pronunciation are reflected in Received Pronunciation. Thus, there can be found the following changes in pronunciation of Modern British English that were defined by such linguists as Wells J.S., Cruttenden, A. Gimson^[4]:

1. Difference between [ɔə] and  [ɔ:] is lost, words floor and  flaw became homophones [flɔ:].
2. Words cloth, gone, off, often are more often pronounced with the sound [ɔ:] instead of [ɒ], that is close in pronunciation to the word orphan.
3. The rise of the vowel in the word  trap [æ] became lower and is spoken more like [а].
4.  The vowel in the word goat [əʊ] has changed its quality from [оʊ] to [əʊ].
5. In unstressed position sounds [tj] and [dj] has fully shifted into  [tʃ] and [dʒ], –for exampe, culture [kʌl tʃə], soldier [səʊldʒə].
6. Consonant sound [r] in all positions is pronounced as a postalveolar  approximant, although it used to be an alveolar sound [ɾ].

But there is also another group of changes in pronunciation that is defined the following way:

1. In words such as square a monophthong is spoken [ɛ] instead of the diphthong [eə].
2. In the word cure the vowel is lost [ʊə] and is replaced with [ɔ:].
3. In the word price the first part of diphthong [aɪ] became moved back [ʌɪ].
4. In word goose long vowel [u:] became moved forward [ʉː].
5. In word dress the vowel [e] became more open [ɛ].
6. Any -у, that closes the word, now is pronounced as [i], that touches upon more traditional [ɪ] and more modern [i:], – for example, city [sɪti].
7. Unstressed [ɪ] и [ʊ] are often replaced with [ə], – for example, in  possible [pɒsəbl], executive [ɪgz ekjətɪv].
8. Sound [t],   closing the syllable,  is replaced with glottal stop [ʔ] before the consonant, for example, network [neʔwɜ:k]. ^[5]

2.3 New tendencies in vocabulary of British English.

Internet and modern technologies. As a result of the evolution of language and its services for the benefit of the people there were many useful words, such as modem, cable TV, fax machines, although initially they were called facsimile machines, which allows you to send a copy of facsimile documents. Forrester believes that information technology (IT), particularly the Internet, promote the emergence of new lexical items. Based on the data of researchers, the author argues that, thanks to IT familiar words take on a different meaning, resulting in the dynamics of lexical connotations. It is important to emphasize that the so-called time-lag effect preclude the inclusion in the vocabulary of words that exist in the spoken language for a long time. The example is the phrase “I could murder a curry”, included in the Oxford Dictionary in 2001 alone, although it appeared in the language long before its inclusion in the dictionary, along with metaphor “I would kill for…” – «полцарства за…» and free word combinations “murder a cake / beer” – that means a great desire to eat something or drink.^[6]

Internet space with numerous interactive services is the place of creation of concepts that require explanation beyond the scope in view of their close integration with certain forms of user activity on social networks. To verify this assertion, let us turn to the table, offering a specific interpretation of certain words of phrases taken from an article of popular science column «Language» British newspaper «The Guardian»:^[7]

Note some of the other characteristics of the modern vocabulary associated with the increasing role of the Internet and other IT: Change the values of the well-known words, such as: bookmark, surf, spam, web; expansion of vocabulary through extensive use of symbols @; use of word dot instead of full stop; wide use of prefix cyber as a word-building element: cyber bullying; cyber dhaba – a certain place on the street, where you can use the computer; cyber loaf – sit for hours on the Internet, leaving unfulfilled obligations imposed; cyber Cyrano  –  author, works for money online profiles for others; cyber Monday – Monday after "Black Friday", the appearance of phrases to refer to the new terms and concepts, such as: pod-slurping – illegal use of an iPod or other devices to download information from other people's computers.

2.4 Cultural and language barriers between the generations

English Professor John Skverlend argues that teens tongue prevents proper understanding between them, their parents and other generations. A study conducted by "Samsung" revealed "seismic linguistic divide" between generations. Compiled list of the most obscure neologisms, including word fleek (look good) ranks first, according to 43% of 2 million of the parents surveyed, while 40% of them could not explain the meaning of the word fomo - fear to miss something important. Most parents do not know that a new word bae has two meanings: 1) before anyone else - before someone else, 2) a kind word, a word derived from the well-known babe (honey, cutie).

Difficulties in communication, leading to the creation of a language barrier between parents and teenage children are compounded by acronyms, borrowed the youth of the popular social networks, such as: ICYMI (in case you missed it), TBT (throwback Thursday), NSFW (not safe for work).

In fact, studies have shown that the use of abbreviations as a way of word formation has long existed in the English language. Here is an example: at one of the exhibitions at the British Library has an exhibit - the poem "The essay, addressed to Miss Katharine Jay" written by Charles BOMBAF 150 years ago in a style similar to the linguistic style of modern teenagers: “an S A now I mean to write / To U, sweet KTJ”; “I 1  der if you got that 1 / I wrote 2 U B 4”. Suverlend called this linguistic phenomenon «antique text speech» - an ancient text speech and says that the peak of this type of language communication has passed, although its heyday was observed at the end of XX century, when widely used in mobile phones and cordless phones with a large number of acronyms in the display, which we made up for lack of built-in functions.

Along with the text of speech widely used two opposite kinds of English word formation: the reduction of individual words, for example: veggie – vegetable, carb – carbohydrate, gym – gymnasium and combining several words into one: staycation (staying at home for your holiday in a bid to save money) – stay in your own home; frenemy (friend + enemy) – neither friend nor enemy; bridezilla (bride + Godzilla) – bride, too fixated on their wedding, to which it applies to the most important event in the history of mankind; rockumentary – a film or a television program dedicated to the rock band.

2.5 Replenishment of the vocabulary of the language at the expense of the military

Studies show that a large impact on the expansion of the lexical structure of language have military actions and political events, such as the war in Iraq. In English, there are such acronyms as: RPGs – grenade launchers, UAVs – unmanned aerial vehicles, DHS – automatic data processing, WMDs – weapons of mass destruction, as well as the following phrases: sectarian violence – sectarian conflict, collateral damage – cannon fodder, enhanced interrogation techniques – interviews with "addiction".

The first word in the period of military operations in Iraq, which came in Dictionary Collegiate Dictionary in 2003, had WMD - weapons of mass destruction, and then in the dictionary words appeared jihadist, DHS - automatic data processing, chatter - clank, IED - improvised explosive device, RPG - rocket launcher, UAV - unmanned aerial vehicle, sleeper cell - a terrorist "sleeper cells". In the same period, in the language of the word entered in Islamic culture: hijab, niqab, haram. Noteworthy is the fact that now in the English tendency, opposite the above mentioned: military terms acquire new "peaceful" connotations. For example: yellowcake - a chemical concentrate of natural uranium - the type of the desert, the roadmap - the plan removing troops from the occupied territories, or removal of the wounded - the gadget smartphone, in other words guide that defines the route to the place of destination.

2.6 Clogged English

According to linguists, it is replete with contemporary British fashion, and combinations of words, which in English is called parasitic fillers. In most cases, they are biased, meaningless language and litter, as well as interfere with a correct understanding of verbal communication. According to linguists, native speakers of English, now it seems that the use of harvested speech patterns and verbosity looms large. Based on long-term observations, Paul Yeager states that clear words are replaced by florid phrases such as: reach out – instead of try, think outside the box – instead of think of a unique solution, be completely finished – instead of be finished.

It is well known that in maloflektivnom English using the conversion of nouns verbs are formed. At the present stage of the process takes place with unprecedented scale, resulting in sometimes formed pseudoword which are criticized by scientists linguists. A few examples in which nouns first isolated and then formed from these verbal forms: assigning a task to someone → tasking someone with an assignment; having a dialogue with someone → we’re dialoguing with him; making a transition → transitioning from  one thing to another; turn on a lamp → lamp the room; get a glass of water → glass some water.

Yeager criticizes the frequent use of the adverb-enhancer ever and calls him melodrama in English: worst ever, best ever, most ever, smallest ever, biggest ever, loudest ever, greatest ever, fastest ever, slowest ever. The author emphasizes that the modern Englishman prefers to say “the best birthday ever” instead of the usual combination “a good birthday”.

We add to the above, that in the language filed British newspapers has been simmering long unresolved dispute concerning the reasonableness of the use of high-frequency words literally command the parasite, which in many cases incorrectly replaces adverb figuratively.

2.7 Globalization

According to a study conducted by the University of Lancaster in conjunction with Cambridge University Press, one of the favorite words of the British it is awesome, which virtually replaced the adjective marvellous. The British National Corpus provides data that is found in the awesome conversation with a frequency of 72 per million words, while the word marvellous - two words per million, although 20 years ago the proportion was 155 per million. Frequent use of the awesome linguists explain the growing influence of American language to British English. Linguists metaphorically compared the growing influence of American language with the expulsion of the British American red squirrels gray squirrels Caroline.

The lexical field of "Food and beverages" is the best example of the impact of globalization on language change. Here are some examples: to ask for a cup of coffee in a cafe or restaurant, the visitor must know the special vocabulary: a grande mocha soy whipped with sprinkles - a large portion of mocha with whipped soy milk and decorative grit; lite - noncaloric coffee, latte - coffee latte; with syrup - with syrup, and when ordering sausage it is necessary to know the difference between the words of links and patties (links - pieces of sausages "segments of sausage", a patty means "a small flat cake of chopped food" - cake-cake of minced meat.

Note further that an ever increasing use of emoticons and icons, according Suverlend becomes the next historic phase in the development of modern languages. Suverlend called this phenomenon pictorial form of communication, which reminds communication between people troglodytes era. Scientists predict that in the future, this form of communication will replace verbal communication, appealing to the peak of the popularity of video and audio messages, instant messaging applications, such as Instagram, Vine and Snapchat.

It becomes clear that we are faced with polar-opposite linguistic phenomena: the excessive use of "empty" words in person - on the one hand, remote communication using emoticons and individual images that transmit a full range of thoughts and emotions of man instead of long texts - on the other hand.

Conclusions

In our work, we tried to give a full presentation if all aspects of such a linguistic event as neology. New words and expressions or neоlоgisms are created for new things irrespective of their scale of importance. They may be all-important and concern some social relationships.

We also tackled a problem of the cultural acceptance. There is no criterion for judging how long the neologism takes to be accepted by the public. If it does, it is not the point though, because the reason why it becomes recognized is of more importance.

While analyzing spheres of usage, we came to such a conclusion, that the most, as we can say, renewable branch is that of sociology. The more active usage of the computer and computer technologies give rise to more new words connected with this topic, the same can be applied to the mobile/cell phones, they are more employed and thus have more functions, which results in the appearance of new words. As a total issue, we can mark, that the enlargement of the English language vocabulary, as well as any other language, is closely connected with the humans’ social life. Every new event in our life finds its reflection in the language, and the faster the life is the simpler the ways, thanks to which our language is enlarged.

Therefore, new tendencies in British English may be characterized be the following phenomena:

• Shift in changing of pronunciation;
• Simplification in grammar sphere of language;
• Influence of historical development of society on language.

List of used literature

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