Long jump (Прыжок в длину)

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The long jump - is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed, strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point

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History The long jump was part of the pentathlon event in the Olympics in ancient Greece . Jumping events including the long jump were held throughout ancient Greece and Europe in festivals, fairs and the Pythian , Istmian and Nemean games . The long jump has been included in all of the games since 1896 , although women did not compete until the 1928 games in Amsterdam, Holland.

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Technique There are five main components of the long jump: the approach run, the last two strides, takeoff, action in the air, and landing. Speed in the run-up, or approach, and a high leap off the board are the fundamentals of success. Because speed is such an important factor of the approach, it is not surprising that many long jumpers also compete successfully in sprints.

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The approach The objective of the approach is to gradually accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at takeoff. The length of the approach is usually consistent distance for an athlete. Approaches can vary between 12 and 19 strides. The exact distance and number of strides in an approach depends on the jumper's experience, sprinting technique, and conditioning level.

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The last two strides The objective of the last two strides is to prepare the body for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible. In preparation for the takeoff the jumper lowers the center of mass without compromising speed. As the jumper prepares for takeoff, the jumper settles or lowers the hips slightly to prepare for takeoff. The penultimate stride (second to last step) gets the jumper in position to drive up at the takeoff.

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Takeoff The objective of the takeoff is to create a vertical impulse through the athlete's center of gravity while maintaining balance and control. This phase is one of the most technical parts of the long jump. During the takeoff the body moves up and over the takeoff leg with the free driving up. The body is slightly behind the takeoff foot but rises up and moves forward toward the pit. The arms swing and alternate forcefully at takeoff. The free leg is also driven aggressively, with the knee driving up and the foot tucked and the toe pointed up.

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Flight The purpose of in air mechanics is to minimize forward rotation and set up a proper landing position. Proper technique in the air will start with the free leg returning under jumper, similar to running one step while on the air. The upper body will be tall with a flat back.

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Landing After the peak of the jump, the arms sweep forward and down to the hips. The feet are extended out until the jumper hits the sand. The knees and hips absorb the impact of the landing as the body continues to move forward. Then the legs straighten in front of the jumper allowing the heels to slide into the sand. The lower body should slide into the impact area trying to create one small landing impact area that was first created during initial touchdown of the body.

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The number of attempts and measuring of the result Each attempt athletes perform in their turn (maximum 6 attempts). The jump lasts not more than 1,5 minutes. The winner is chosen by the best result shown from all six attempts. The result is measured with a tape measure. The zero mark is set at the point closest to the bar, which was left by any part of the athlete's body in the pit with sand. The result is calculated in whole centimeters.

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The jump is not counted: if the participant ran from the side of the bar or through it; if he stepped foot on the measurement line; if the athlete took off with two feet; if he touched during the jump the ground pit; if the jumper did a flip in the jump ;

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World record in long jump In 1991, Mike Powell became the champion. H e jumped in Tokyo with a length of 8.95 m. Among women a new world record appeared because of Galina Chistyakova from the USSR. She jumped on June 11, 1988 7.52 m. B oth of these results are still the best and no one since then has got better result.

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School regulations For high school students set the following standards for jumping from a run. For girls: grade 10: 360 cm for five, 340-for four 300-for three; grade 11: 380-for five, 340-for four 310 - for three. For boys they are: grade 10: 440 - five, 400 - four 340 - three; grade 11: 460 - five, 420 - four 370-three .

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