Britain's women-monarchs

“Great Britain’s woman-monarchs”

  Khudaeva Alina

Grade 11 MBOU School № 21

Annotation

The purpose of the work: to identify the common characteristics of the government of the most significant women monarchs in the UK.

Object of study: life, activities and styles of government of women- monarchs of Great Britain.

To realize this goal, the following tasks were identified.

Tasks:

• to study  the history of the British royal dynasties;

• analyze the personality of all women monarchs and their contribution to the development of the country;

• find common and distinctive features of government;

• research the relationship of the British monarchs with the royal family of the Russian Empire.

Researching methods

• to study popular scientific and educational literature on the research topic;

• get acquainted with the sites containing useful information on the chosen topic;

• Find, select and summarize the necessary information on the topic.

Methods of research:

• method of visual perception of information (work with cognitive literature);

• a method of communicating information through practical activities;

• method of theoretical level (study and synthesis of collected material).

 The received results: having studied and generalized the received information it is possible to draw the following conclusion:

• that the most significant women monarchs were four - Queen Elizabeth I Queen Anne Stewart, Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II.

Their activities and  styles of government were analyzed according these directions:

Population

• During the reign of Queen Victoria, the population of the kingdom doubled: from 16 million in 1837 to 32.5 million in 1901.

During the reign of Elizabeth II, the population of Great Britain increased from 50 million to 64.7 million people.

Money

• During the reign of Queen Victoria, the mint of the United Kingdom minted 2.5 billion coins.

• During the reign of Elizabeth II Royal Mint minted more than 68 billion coins - 8.1 billion before the reform of the monetary system and 60.3 billion coins after switching to the decimal system of settlements.

The rise and fall of the empire

• Under Queen Elizabeth I, Great Britain became an empire that occupied a quarter of the globe, and the total number of subjects of the crown was almost 400 million people.

• Under Elizabeth II, the United Kingdom lost its last colonies (1997 - Hong Kong). Now she heads the Commonwealth of Nations, which includes 53 countries - former colonies and dominions of the British Empire. The Commonwealth is voluntary, and some countries left it in different years and sometimes returned, in accordance with the political situation.

Elizabeth I and II

• Elizabeth I was one of those monarchs whom the people loved. And she reciprocated them. Under Elizabeth I, England moved to trade and colonial expansion throughout the world. And its policy in many respects did not coincide with the interests of other countries, in particular, with Spain. Under Elizabeth I flourished dramatic art. The queen herself contributed to his development. She patronized the theater, and she herself participated in amateur theatrical performances. And in 1582 at the discretion of Elizabeth I the Royal troupe was created.

• Unlike Elizabeth I, the current monarch does not have such extensive activities in the government of the country. The Queen, in accordance with the British tradition of constitutional monarchy, performs mainly representative functions. During her reign, she successfully supports the authority of the British monarchy and maintains correct relations with virtually all twelve prime ministers.

Despite the fact that the queens ruled in different eras, they became symbols of nations and a kingdom that loved and loved the monarchs. Even if their children are very different from each other, they receive a good upbringing and education, which helps in the further life of great women.

• Elizabeth I, as well as Elizabeth II, developed her knowledge through curiosity, reading and communication with highly educated people.

• Unlike Elizabeth I, the current monarch has very limited rights in government, although Elizabeth Windsor has many more powers and prerogatives internationally.

On the world stage, England rose during the reign of Elizabeth I. The main achievements of the time:

• the defeat of the Invincible Armada (Spanish fleet);

• the activities of pirate Francis Drake; The work of the Royal Troupe with William Shakespeare;

• the creation of the first English settlements in North America; The establishment of the East India Company (trade with India)

Anna

It is with her rule that the accession of Scotland is connected, which still remained sovereign. In 1707, with the unification of England and Scotland, a new state arose-Britain, which henceforth had a single parliament.

Victoria

In addition to the title "Queen of Great Britain" Victoria was also proclaimed empress of India. Her term of office was more than 60 years and became a whole era in the history of the kingdom. The Victorian era was marked by the development of industry, science, military affairs, and culture. It was the heyday of Great Britain.

Elizabeth II

Although the Queen and the King of Great Britain do not deal with the daily affairs of the state, they have many functions. Basic powers: declaration of war; The resignation of the government; Formation of state policy; Is the head of the armed forces; The supreme ruler of the Anglican Church; Holding shares in the Bank of England; Awarding medals and other awards. In this case, the monarch cannot be brought to trial. It is entered in the Guinness Book of Records by the duration of the rule.

Family ties

Family ties between the Romanovs and Windsors were not limited to the reigning cousins ​​of Nicholas II and George V. For several centuries the Russian and British royal families managed to become related dozens of times. Heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexei, was the youngest and most painful child in the family. Hemophilia is a genetic disease that prevents normal blood clotting - he inherited from his great-grandmother on the maternal line, the British Queen Victoria.

Introduction

Any country and nation, state and society are closely connected with historical roots. The past, both in Britain and in Russia, is firmly connected with the monarchy, and monarchical dynasties are important milestones in the history of states. The past of Russian tsars and queens, and the British monarchy continues to exist.

The subject of the British monarchy interested me in the 9th grade after watching the historical TV series "Kingdom", where I got acquainted with the rule of Elizabeth I. During her reign, she showed herself as a powerful and powerful woman, and I wondered what other women monarchs were in Great Britain, including Elizabeth II, and what contribution they made to the development of their country during their reign. Proceeding from the foregoing, the main goal was to reveal the common characteristics of the government of the most important women monarchs in the UK. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:

• to trace the history of the British royal dynasties;

• analyze the personality of all women monarchs and their contribution to the development of countries;

• find common and distinctive features of government;

• to trace the relationship of the British monarchs with the royal family of the Russian Empire.

Chapter I. Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I - Queen of England and Queen of Ireland since November 17, 1558, the last of the Tudor dynasty. The youngest daughter of King Henry VIII of England and his second wife Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth was born on Sunday, September 7, 1533 in the royal palace in Greenwich. On her mother, the king married by passionate love. Her name she received in honor of the mother of Henry VIII, Elizabeth of York. When Elizabeth was two years and eight months old, she lost her mother: Anna Boleyn was executed on charges of her husband for high treason, the execution was carried out on May 19, 1536.

Henry VIII hastened to marry again, and Elizabeth recognized illegitimate.

Elizabeth began to show her natural abilities very early - at the age of ten she spoke good Greek, Italian and French.

Despite the fact that Elizabeth was still considered to be illegitimate, her teachers were taught by the best teachers from Cambridge. They were young, free-thinking scientists, followers of the Reformation. Catherine Parr was the last wife of Henry VII and despite almost maternal love for her stepdaughter, she still sent her to Hertfordshire in the Cheshunt estate. There Elizabeth continued her studies with the teacher Roger Esham. This person, who possessed encyclopaedic knowledge, Elizabeth idolized all her life.

On January 28, 1547, Elizabeth, who was in Anfield, was informed that her father had died. In the will of the king it was said that he left the throne to his son Edward. In the case of Edward's death, Maria Tudor (Bloody) inherits it, which also after the death of her mother was declared illegitimate, then her children, then Elizabeth and her children. With this last manifestation of the monarch's will, Henry VIII "recognized" his daughters and gave them hope, if not to the crown of England, then to a worthy marriage with the prince of any European country.

 After the death of his father, Edward VI became king of England and in 1551 invited to the court of Elizabeth - brother and sister always treated each other with great tenderness, so for Elizabeth it was a blow when in 1553 Edward died of a prolonged lung disease.

According to the will of Henry VII after the death of Edward VI, Maria I (Bloody) ascended to the throne and her rule was not very long, but it was remembered that she was very cruel and executed many members of the family Jane Gray, who also claimed the throne. November 17, 1558, Queen Mary died and on the same day Elizabeth I was proclaimed Queen. The time of Elizabeth's reign is sometimes called "the golden age of England." Already three days after Mary's death, the Queen's first council met. By her secretary of state, she appointed William Cecil; Robert Dudley, being the lover of Elizabeth I, took the place of a stableman, Thomas Perry became the treasurer of the court: Elizabeth rewarded all those who provided her services in the period of disgrace.

On November 28, 1558, a triumphal procession entered London: the young queen was greeted by enthusiastic crowds.

By the time the throne was occupied, Elizabeth I was twenty-five years old. By the standards of the XVI century, when many did not live to fifty, it was quite a respectable age. Elizabeth chose for her coronation day on January 15, 1559, that is, right after the Christmas holidays: she wanted to give England a few more holidays.

January 25, 1559 the first Parliament of Elizabeth was opened. Having entrusted the crown, the young lady immediately felt the full burden of this burden. With her "Act of Uniformity," the queen showed that she would follow the course of the Reformation. Already on February 10, Parliament appealed to the queen to provide the English throne with an heir: she was ordered to choose her husband.

The list of applicants was opened by Philip II, once married to Maria I, followed by the Archduke Frederic and Karl Habsburg, Swedish Crown Prince Erik. Over time, the Duke of Anjou and even the Tsar of All Russia, Ivan Vasilyevich Grozny, will be added to them.

 Elizabeth did not intend to share power with a man. The perennial favorite of the queen was Robert Dudley. After the death of Robert Dudley's wife, who allegedly committed suicide, he was even less likely to approach the queen. The Queen was forced to conduct a thorough investigation of all the circumstances of the case involving the death of Amy Robsart. Dudley's innocence was proven. The queen's novel with Lord Dudley lasted for more than a decade and was interrupted only because of his death in 1588. Nevertheless, there is one rather mysterious fact in the history. In the papers of the Spanish Minister Francis Engelfield three letters were found, sent to them in 1587 by the Spanish king. They reported that on board a ship that came to Spain from France, was arrested by an Englishman, who was suspected of espionage. During the interrogation, he confessed that his name was Arthur Dudley and that he was the illegitimate son of Robert Dudley and the Queen Elizabeth I. According to him, he was born somewhere between 1561 and 1562, and immediately after the birth of Catherine Ashley gave it to him To education in the family of Robert Southern. Until the death of Southern Arthur considered himself to be his son. However, on his deathbed, Robert Southern admitted to the young man that he was not his father, and revealed to him the secret of his birth. Throughout her life Elizabeth I was never officially married and she had no children.

 Elizabeth I was quite a legitimate queen of England, but Maria Stuart until the end of her days was confident in her rights to the English crown, being the great granddaughter of Henry VII. The environment inspired Mary Stewart that she had much more rights than the "bastardess" Elizabeth. Maria Stewart did not appear in the will of the king at all. Maria herself strongly emphasized her priority and did not give up her claims, even being under investigation.

 King Henry VII, in effect, created the royal fleet, Henry VIII encouraged the sea trade, Maria Tudor sent an expedition to search for the northeast passage to China and India. But only in the reign of Elizabeth I England became a powerful sea power.

It was under Elizabeth that the brothers William and John Hawkins began their trade and pirate raids. In the late 1560s, the "star" of Francis Drake "rose." It was then that the cause of future conflicts with Spain emerged: British seamen regularly robbed Spanish ships and raided the coasts of Spanish colonies. In 1570, a strange war, not declared by either side, unfolded on the seas. Official Madrid and London preferred to turn a blind eye to these "private wars" and confined themselves to formal protests. Anyway, England gradually won Spain the authority of the "main sea power". Elizabeth I personally sponsored all these events.

Elizabeth I and Russia

The relationship between Elizabethan England and the Russian Kingdom is quite fully characterized by two aspects: the activities of the Moscow trading company and Elizabeth's personal correspondence with Ivan IV.

Muscovy Trading Company (Moscow Trading Company) was founded in 1551, that is, during the reign of Edward VI. However, it flourished with the support of Elizabeth I. The commercial interests of the Muscovy Trading Company played a significant role in the diplomatic relations between the two countries. Royal and royal missions were very often performed by representatives of the Moscow company, and she soon received her own representation in Moscow. The residence of the Moscow Company (the Old English Court, now a museum) was located not far from the Kremlin - on Varvarke Street.

Elizabeth was the only woman with whom Ivan the Terrible was in correspondence. The Russian Tsar repeatedly considered the possibility of concluding matrimonial relations abroad. Tsar suggested that she marry and hoped for political asylum in case of distemper or other unforeseen circumstances. Elizabeth replied with a refusal to offer marriage. After that, the correspondence was interrupted, it resumed in 1582. In August 1582, Fyodor Pisemsky was sent to England with the task of soliciting the conclusion of an alliance with the Queen against the King of Poland in the war for Livonia. In addition, the king intended to marry the queen's niece, Maria Hastings, the Countess of Hoppington. This is another matchmaker to no avail, but the correspondence of Ivan the Terrible with Elizabeth continued until the death of the king in 1584. Under Boris Godunov, relations with England were preserved. In 1600-1601 in London was the embassy of GI Mikulina, who gave the queen a message from the tsar and received a reciprocal letter from her.

In recent years, the death of close friends has undermined the health of the queen. In February 1603, she fell into a deep depression. March 24, 1603, she died in the palace of Richmond and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

With the death of the queen, the Tudor dynasty ended and the Stuart dynasty began, since Elizabeth I succeeded in appointing Yakov I, the son of Maria Stuart.

Chapter 2. Anna

Anna is Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland since March 8, 1702, daughter of Jacob II of Anna Hyde. The first monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Remained the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death. The last representative of the Stuart dynasty on the English throne.

 Princess Anna was born on February 6, 1665 in the St. James Palace in London. She became the fourth child and the second daughter of Prince Jacob, the Duke and the Duchess of York had eight children, but only Anna and Maria II lived to adulthood.

A suitable candidate for Anna's husbands was the Protestant Denmark. Louis XIV approved the alliance between England and Denmark. Over the conclusion of the marriage contract between Anna and Prince George of Denmark, Uncle Laurence Hyde and Secretary of State Robert Spencer worked. July 28, 1683 Bishop Compton held a wedding ceremony for Anna and Georg Danish. A few months after the wedding Anna became pregnant, but in May the child was born dead. Anna corrected health in the resort town of Tunbridge Wales, and in the next two years she gave birth to two daughters: Maria and Anna Sofia.

  Anna and her husband followed the Protestant faith. Their family remained the only one of the whole royal couple who attended Protestant religious services.

When Jacob II, as a Catholic, tried to force Anna to baptize her newborn daughter into the Catholic faith, she burst into tears.

At the beginning of 1687, in just a few days, a series of tragic events occurred: Anna had a miscarriage, her husband Georg Danish took up smallpox, and their two younger daughters died from the same illness. A year later she gave birth to yet another dead child and direct heirs to the throne along the line of Anna was no more. The last pregnancy of Anna ended with a miscarriage on January 25, 1700. In all, she had at least 17 pregnancies, and she had a miscarriage 12 times or the baby was born dead. Of 5 live births, 4 children died before reaching the age of 2.

Her only surviving child, William, Duke of Gloucester, died July 30, 1700 at the age of 11. Anna and her husband were depressed by grief. Wilhelm had no children, and the Duke of Gloucester died, Anna was the only person in the line of inheritance established by the Bill of Rights of 1689.

To solve the succession crisis and prevent Catholic restoration, the English Parliament adopted in 1701 the Act of Succession to Succession. According to him, after Anne, the crown of England and Ireland was to be inherited by the Hanoverian Princess Sophia and her descendants-Protestants. Sofia was the granddaughter of Yakov I.

Anna entered the throne after the death of William III on March 8, 1702. At the beginning of its reign, it was popular among the people. In her first speech to the British Parliament, she opposed herself to her late Dutch relative. Soon after the accession, Anna appointed her husband as a lord-admiral, giving him nominal control over the navy. Anna was crowned on St. George's Day, April 23, 1702. On May 4, England entered the war for the Spanish inheritance, in which England, Austria and Holland fought against France and Spain.

In her first speech to parliament, Anna proclaimed that it was "extremely necessary" to unify England and Scotland, and in October 1702 an Anglo-Scottish commission convened to discuss conditions at its former Cockpit residence. Negotiations ended in early February, 1703: the agreement was not reached.

The Parliament of Scotland responded to the English Act of Succession by adopting its own Security Act, according to which, if the queen does not have more children, the parliament will choose the next sovereign of Scotland from the Protestant descendants of the royal family of Scotland. In turn, the British Parliament issued the Alien Act with the threat of imposing economic sanctions. Scotland chose the latter; The Parliament of England agreed to repeal the Aliens Act, and in early 1706, Anna appointed a new commission, which was to discuss the terms of the association. Anna, being a firm supporter of the unification of England and Scotland, took part in the thanksgiving prayer service in St. Paul's Cathedral.

In the reign of Anna, a two-party system developed further. In general, the Tories supported the Anglican Church, and the Whigs supported commerce and Protestant dissenters. Anna also supported the Bill on the temporary consent of 1702, supporting the Tories, but the Whigs disagreed with his acceptance. Although the Act of oath granted the right to hold public office only Anglicans, but there was a loophole that allowed it and dissenters. Whigs supported the War of the Spanish Succession, increasing their influence after the victory in 1704 of the Duke of Marlborough in the Battle of Blenheim. Many of the high Tories who opposed British participation in the land war with France were removed from their posts. The gap in the ministry went into open conflict on February 8, 1708, when Count Godolphin and the Duke of Marlborough declared that the queen should displace Harley or continue without their services. The Queen was forced to fire Harley. Also growing discontent with the war for the Spanish inheritance, and the Whigs were becoming less popular.

Queen Anne, whose dissatisfaction with the Duke of Marlborough and his ministry grew, in June 1710 took the opportunity to send Sunderland to resign, although Marlborough was still commander-in-chief of the army. The elder brother of the Archduke Charles, Emperor Joseph I died in April 1711, and Charles inherited power over Austria, Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire. It was not in the British interest to give him the Spanish throne, but the Whigs opposed the peace treaty proposed to parliament for ratification, because they did not want to increase the influence of the Bourbons. The peace treaty was ratified and the British military participation in the war for the Spanish inheritance was completed. Having signed the Utrecht peace, King Louis XIV recognized that the throne of Great Britain inherited Hannover

From January to July 1713, Anna could not walk. On Christmas, she started fever. She recovered, but again in March she became seriously ill, Anna's condition worsened. She died around 7:30 am on August 1, 1714. Anna was buried on August 24 next to her husband and children in the chapel of Henry VII of Westminster Abbey.

Chapter 3. Victoria

 Victoria May 24, 1819 - January 22, 1901 - Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland since June 20, 1837 and until death. The Empress of India from May 1, 1876.

 Victoria's father was Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III of Great Britain. Until 1817, the niece of Edward Charlotte of Wales was the only legitimate granddaughter of George III. Her death in 1817 led to a situation where only the children of the king remained in the line of inheritance. The only child of the Duke and Duchess of Kent, Victoria, was born on May 24, 1819 in Kensington Palace of London. Victoria was baptized into the Catholic faith in Kensington Palace on June 24, 1819. After the birth, Victoria was the fifth in the line of inheritance after her father and his three older brothers. Father Victoria died when her daughter was eight months old. After the death of her uncle George IV in 1830, she became the alleged heiress of her uncle Wilhelm IV.

 Victoria was 18 years old on May 24, 1837, and the regent was not with her. June 20, 1837, Wilhelm IV died, and Victoria became Queen of Great Britain. In official documents prepared on the first day of her reign, she was named Alexandrina Victoria, but at her request the first name was removed and was no longer used.

Since 1714, Britain had one monarch with Hanover, but according to the Salic Law, women could not inherit the throne of Hanover. When Victoria became the queen of all British dominions, Hanover instead moved to her brother's younger brother, her uncle, the Duke of Cumberland, who became king Ernst August I. He was her supposed heir until she married and gave birth to a child.

When she inherited the throne, the government was led by the Prime Minister of the Whigs, Lord Melbourne. At the beginning of the reign Victoria was popular among the people, but its reputation suffered from the palace intrigue of 1839 ..

 As early as 1836, King Leopold of Belgium, was making plans for the wedding of his niece Victoria and nephew Albert Saxen-Coburg-Gotha. However, Victoria was 17 years old, and although she became interested in Albert, it was too early for her to marry. The parties did not enter into formal commitments, but decided that the wedding would take place in the future.

Victoria was a queen, but at the same time an unmarried young woman. She showed interest in Albert's education, as he could become her husband, but did not want to rush with the wedding. In October 1839, Albert came to visit her, and, feeling mutual affection, five days after Albert arrived in Windsor, the queen offered to marry him. The ceremony was held on February 10, 1840 in the chapel of the St. James Palace in London. Albert became an important political adviser and a companion of the queen. Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on November 21, 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant. Despite this, in the next seventeen years she and Albert had eight more children.

In the next twenty years, there were several major troubles for the Queen. May 29, 1842 John Francis committed an attempt on Queen Victoria,

Sending a gun to her, but he did not work and the criminal disappeared, but the next day he was caught by disguised policemen and sent to court for treason. In 1845, Ireland was affected by late blight. Over the next four years, more than a million Irish people died and another million emigrated. In Ireland, Victoria was called "The Queen of Hunger". In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert visited Louis Philip I. In the following year, 1844, Louis Philippe made a return trip and became the first French king to visit the British monarch. The first visit of Victoria to Ireland in 1849 was successful. In 1853, Victoria was born the eighth child Leopold. In early 1855, the government of Lord Aberdeen, who succeeded Derby, was dissolved because of accusations of poor management of British troops. August 5, 1858 Victoria and Albert took part in the opening of a new pool of the French military port in Cherbourg.

 In March 1861, Victoria's mother died. To alleviate the deep sorrow of his wife, Albert took over her main duties, but Albert, after living a little more, died on December 14, 1861. This death devastated Victoria. Because of Victoria's self-isolation from the public, the popularity of the monarchy has declined. In the 1860s Victoria became close to the Scottish servant John Brown. In the press appeared slanderous rumors of a romantic relationship and even a secret wedding between them. In 1868 Derby resigned, and he was replaced by the beloved Victoria Benjamin Disraeli.

 After the elections of 1874, Disraeli came to power again. He issued the "Act of Public Services (1874)", which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican worship service and provided Victoria with great support. To Victoria's chagrin, Disraeli lost the general election of 1880, and Gladstone became the Prime Minister of Great Britain again. When Disraeli died next year, she ordered a memorial plaque in his honor.

 In 1887, the British Empire celebrated the golden jubilee of Victoria. Victoria celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of her accession to the throne on June 20 by a banquet, to which she invited 50 kings and princes. September 23, 1896 Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the monarch with the longest rule in the history of England, Scotland and Britain. The Queen postponed all special celebrations until 1897, combining them with a diamond anniversary. In 1897 Victoria wrote instructions to her funeral. She was wearing a white dress and a wedding veil. Among the ornaments was the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, which he presented to Victoria in 1883. Her reign lasted 63 years, seven months and two days. Longer it reigns only the current British Queen.

Chapter 4. Elizabeth II

 Elizabeth II - the reigning queen of Great Britain from 1952 to the present.

 Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Maria was born in the Mayfair area of ​​London at the residence of Count Strathmore on Bryton Street, house number 17, this daughter of Elizabeth Bouz-Lyon and King George VI. In 1930, Elizabeth's only sister, Princess Margaret, was born. Elizabeth received a good home education, mainly humanitarian orientation - she studied the history of the Constitution, jurisprudence, religious studies, art criticism, as well as French. At birth, Elizabeth became a princess of York and was third in the line of inheritance of the throne. The king was Prince Albert (George VI), and 10-year-old Elizabeth became heiress of the throne and moved with her parents from Kensington to Buckingham Palace. In 1947, Elizabeth accompanied her parents on a trip to South Africa and on her 21st birthday she spoke on the radio with a solemn promise to dedicate her life to the service of the British Empire. In the same year, 21-year-old Elizabeth married 26-year-old Philip Mountbetten, an officer of the British fleet. Becoming the spouse of the princess, Philip received the title of Duke of Edinburgh. A year after the wedding, in 1948 Elizabeth and Philip had the oldest son, Prince Charles, born. And on August 15, 1950 the daughter is Princess Anna.

 King George VI, father of Elizabeth, died on February 6, 1952. Elizabeth, who was at that time with her husband on vacation in Kenya, was proclaimed Queen of Great Britain. The ceremony of the coronation of Elizabeth II took place in Westminster Abbey on June 2, 1953. This was the first coronation of the British monarch, broadcast on television. Elizabeth II became the first monarch to visit Australia and New Zealand.

 In 1957, Elizabeth made her first visits to the United States and Canada as Queen of Canada, and the same year, on December 25, Elizabeth II became the first British monarch to congratulate the citizens on Christmas on television, traditionally the Queen's speech was pronounced in the afternoon.

In 1960, the Queen had a second son, Prince Andrew, and in 1964 - the third son, Prince Edward. Twice Elizabeth II solemnly opened the XXI Olympic Games in Montreal in 1976 and in 2012 the XXX Olympic Games in London.

However, despite all the love of British subjects to their queen, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, a number of attempts were made against the royal family.

In 1991, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint session of the US House of Commons.

In 2002, solemn events were held in honor of the 50th anniversary of Elizabeth II's stay on the British throne (golden jubilee) and in the same year the sister of Queen Princess Margaret and Queen Mother Elizabeth died.

The 2010s were marked by the adoption of normative acts that deprived the British monarchy of a number of powers, and also approved a new law changing the order of succession, according to which male heirs lose priority over women. On April 1, 2012, the "Royal Grant Act" came into force, which formally abolished the civil list for the queen and established the list of duties of the monarch of Great Britain. In 2015, a parliamentary act entered into force, which established the exact terms of the parliament and the date of the next election, which deprived the queen of the privilege of dissolving the parliament. In accordance with the British tradition of a parliamentary monarchy, Elizabeth II performs mostly representative functions, with little influence on the governance of the country.

 In 2012, the 60-year anniversary of Elizabeth II's visit to the throne was solemnly celebrated in Britain and other countries, and in 2013 Elizabeth II refused for the first time in 40 years to go to the summit of the British Commonwealth countries in Sri Lanka.

 The Queen of Great Britain, Elizabeth II, daily reviews the main British newspapers and responds with the help of servants to some letters. In this case, there is a practice that every day a few letters are chosen at random and read out to the queen. In addition, there are other forms of communication between the queen and his subjects. For example, since 1956, small informal dinners of the queen and her husband have been practiced with outstanding people. In this case, the ways of communicating with subjects, established by the previous monarchs, are also preserved. Since 1860, there is a tradition of tea drinking in the park of Buckingham Palace, to which guests are selected by various charitable and other public organizations by a random method. Elizabeth II is more knowledgeable on most issues than it seems at first glance. In addition, the Queen has regular meetings with other ministers and prime ministers of the Commonwealth states when they are in the UK on a visit.

Throughout her stay on the throne, the queen maintained a correct relationship with all prime ministers. However, it has always remained true to the tradition of English kings of modern times. Three times during her reign, the queen had constitutional problems with the formation of the British government, but in all these cases the Queen acted according to the British constitutional tradition. Elizabeth II also actively engaged in charity and public activities. The Queen of Britain is the trustee of more than 600 different public and charitable organizations.

In addition to duties, Elizabeth II also has certain inalienable rights as a monarchy. For example, she can reject the candidacy of the prime minister and so on. To the queen's remarks they usually listen. In addition, the Queen receives reports from 15 countries of the Commonwealth, with whom she gets acquainted and sends back.

 The full title of Elizabeth II in the UK Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

On the islands of Guernsey and Jersey, Elizabeth II also wears the title of Duke of Normandy, on the Isle of Man - the title of "Lord of Maine." Upon accession to the throne in 1952, Elizabeth became the queen of seven states: Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon.

Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain strictly observes royal ceremonial. Violations of the protocol the queen sometimes does not forgive even the heads of other states. For example, Russian President Vladimir Putin, during his state visit to the United Kingdom in 2003, was late for a meeting with the Queen for 14 minutes. In response, Elizabeth II appeared on the sidelines of Putin with a delay of exactly 14 minutes. Despite the positive attitude of most of their subjects, the queen has repeatedly been criticized throughout her reign.

 To date, there are the following official duties of the Sovereign:

• The monarch is the head of state;

• The monarch is the commander-in-chief of all armed forces;

• The monarch has the right to veto laws passed by the parliament;

• The monarch in his activity does not depend on political parties.

And some of the most important Royal Rights:

• appoint and dismiss the prime minister;

• dismiss ministers and the government;

• read secret government documents and intelligence reports;

• declare a state of emergency;

• declare elections;

• Carry out the royal will - declare war through its minister;

• Assign titles and strip them;

• To forgive convicted criminals (although this is no longer the case after the death penalty was banned in Britain);

• Grant royal grants to certain companies, unless prohibited by corporate statutes;

• appoint archbishops, bishops, and most other church hierarchs;

• monitor the work of local authorities and educational institutions;

• To conduct international relations;

• enforce all laws and monitor the actions of the state's legislative apparatus;

• Spend public money in accordance with the regulations adopted by the Parliament;

• coin coins.

In addition to the rights and duties of Queen Elizabeth II in the UK:

• no law is passed without the approval of the monarch;

• state land in the Commonwealth is considered royal;

• state corporations are also considered royal;

• The Central Bank and the Mint are royal corporations;

• Forms and forms are printed in the royal printing house;

• warships are called HMS (Her Majesty's Ship);

• All government contracts are contracts with "Her Majesty";

• the verdict of the court is proclaimed in the name of the queen;

• on paper money and coins, a portrait of the queen is depicted, as a reminder of her power;

• The queen is not chosen and is not accountable to anyone;

• It is against the law to agitate for the abolition of the monarchy;

• according to the law of 1866 the leaders of the Commonwealth are obliged to take an oath of allegiance to the queen, and not to the people who elected them: "I swear before the all-powerful God that I will be faithful and truly devoted to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and her heirs and descendants by law. May God help me. "

There are also personal prerogatives of the Monarch:

• The monarch cannot be mistaken and be wrong. This prerogative, rooted in the history of royal immunity, means that the monarch is not responsible for the legislative act he has committed, since he must not account to anyone on earth or to one court of the world. And, secondly, no one can force the monarch to sign any legislative act, if he does not comply with the law. This means that since the monarch cannot be mistaken, he has the right not to sign his signature on the document, which obviously can vilify him, or with which he categorically disagrees. In turn, this in no way means that the monarch is outlawed. He just has no right to order the lawful way what is forbidden by law;

• The monarch does not die, almost immortal. The reason for this is a continuous change of royalty, heredity and continuity. "The king is dead. Long live the king!";

• The monarch cannot be a minor, and even more so a child - at whatever age the heir is not, he is already a king or a queen.

February 6, 2017 The Queen of Great Britain celebrates its 65th anniversary of the reign - this anniversary is listed in the Guinness Book of Records and this is not the only record Her Majesty.

Chapter 5. Family Connections

The Windsors and The Romanovs: two monarch houses

Family ties between the Romanovs and The Windsors were not limited to the reigning cousins ​​Nicholas II and George V, who were remarkably similar to each other. For several centuries the Russian and British royal families managed to become related dozens of times.

Victoria (1819-1901)

The last representative of the Hanover dynasty on the throne of Great Britain. I stayed on the throne for 63 years - more than any other British monarch. She gave birth to nine children, later married and married to representatives of other royal dynasties, for which Victoria received the nickname "Grandmother of Europe".

Alexandra of Denmark (1844-1925)

The eldest daughter of the King of Denmark Christian IX and his wife Louise Hesse-Kassel. Thanks to his father, had family ties with many royal courts. Her older brother Frederick became king of Denmark, younger brother Wilhelm - king of Greece, and younger sister Maria-Sophia-Frederika-Dagmar became the Russian empress, the wife of Alexander III, having received the name of Maria Feodorovna when she converted to Orthodoxy.

Maria Feodorovna (1847-1928)

Born Mary-Sophia-Frederika-Dagmar, the daughter of the King of Denmark Christian IX. Maria Fedorovna received the name when she moved to Orthodoxy to marry the Russian Emperor Alexander III. Mother of Nicholas II. Originally Maria was the bride of Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov, the eldest son of Emperor Alexander II, who died in 1865. After his death, he married his younger brother, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich, with whom they took care of the dying.

Alice (1843-1878)

The daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, nee Alice-Maud-Mary. In 1862, Mr .. was married to the Hessian prince Ludwig. The Grand Duchess of Hesse and the Rhine Alice, like her mother, was the carrier of hemophilia, a genetic disease that violated blood coagulability. Alice's son Friedrich was a hemophiliac and died as a child from internal bleeding after falling from the window. The daughter of Alisa, the future Russian Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, also was a carrier of hemophilia, having transmitted illness to her son, Tsarevich Alexei.

Alexander III (1845-1894)

The Emperor of All Russia, the Tsar of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland, who received the nickname "Peacemaker" for the fact that during his reign, Russia did not lead a single war. Entered the throne after the death of his father, Alexander II, killed by terrorists-Narodnaya Volya. Alexander Alexandrovich was the youngest son of the emperor, but his elder brother Nikolai died during his father's lifetime. The future Alexander III married the bride of his deceased brother, the Danish princess Dagmar.

Nicholas II (1868-1918)

The Emperor of All Russia, the Tsar of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland, the last emperor of the Russian Empire. From the British monarchs was the rank of admiral of the British fleet and field-marshal of the British army. Nicholas II was married to the granddaughter of the British Queen Victoria Alice of Hesse, who received the name of Alexandra Feodorovna during her conversion to Orthodoxy. In 1917, after the February Revolution in Russia, he renounced the throne, was sent into exile, and then shot with his family.

Alexandra Fedorovna (1872-1918)

Naughty Princess Alice Victoria Elena Louise Beatrice Daughter of the Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine Ludwig and the Duchess of Alice, the granddaughter of the British Queen Victoria. Alexander Fyodorovna received the name when she moved to Orthodoxy to marry the Russian Emperor Nicholas II. After the revolution of 1917, she was sent into exile together with her husband, and then shot. In 2000, like other members of the executed tsarist family, they were listed as saints.

Tsarevich Alexei and the Grand Duchesses

Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna had five children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia and Alexei (in order of precedence). Heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexei, was the youngest and most painful child in the family. Hemophilia is a genetic disease that prevents normal blood clotting - he inherited from his great-grandmother on the maternal line, the British Queen Victoria. All five children of Nicholas II were shot together with their parents on the night of July 17, 1918 in Yekaterinburg.

Conclusion

Having studied and summarized the information received, we can draw the following conclusion:

• that the most significant women monarchs were four - Queen Elizabeth I Queen Anne Stewart, Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II.

Population

• During the reign of Queen Victoria, the population of the kingdom doubled: from 16 million in 1837 to 32.5 million in 1901.

During the reign of Elizabeth II, the population of Great Britain increased from 50 million to 64.7 million people.

Money

• During the reign of Queen Victoria, the mint of the United Kingdom minted 2.5 billion coins.

• During the reign of Elizabeth II Royal Mint minted over 68 billion coins - 8.1 billion before the reform of the monetary system and 60.3 billion coins after switching to the decimal system of settlements.

The rise and fall of the empire

• Under Queen Elizabeth I, Great Britain became an empire that occupied a quarter of the globe, and the total number of subjects of the crown was almost 400 million people.

• Under Elizabeth II, the United Kingdom lost its last colonies (1997 - Hong Kong). Now she heads the Commonwealth of Nations, which includes 53 countries - former colonies and dominions of the British Empire. The Commonwealth is voluntary, and some countries left it in different years and sometimes returned, in accordance with the political situation.

Elizabeth I and II

• Elizabeth I was one of those monarchs whom the people loved. And she reciprocated them. Under Elizabeth I, England moved to trade and colonial expansion throughout the world. And its policy in many respects did not coincide with the interests of other countries, in particular, with Spain. Under Elizabeth I flourished dramatic art. The queen herself contributed to his development. She patronized the theater, and she herself participated in amateur theatrical performances. And in 1582 at the discretion of Elizabeth I the Royal troupe was created.

• Unlike Elizabeth I, the current monarch does not have such extensive activities in the government of the country. The Queen, in accordance with the British tradition of constitutional monarchy, performs mainly representative functions. During her reign, she successfully supports the authority of the British monarchy and maintains correct relations with virtually all twelve prime ministers.

Despite the fact that the queens ruled in different eras, they became symbols of nations and a kingdom that loved and loved the monarchs. Even if their children are very different from each other, they receive a good upbringing and education, which helps in the further life of great women.

• Elizabeth I, as well as Elizabeth II, developed her knowledge through curiosity, reading and communication with highly educated people.

• Unlike Elizabeth I, the current monarch has very limited rights in government, although Elizabeth Windsor has many more powers and prerogatives internationally.

On the world stage, England rose during the reign of Elizabeth I. The main achievements of the time:

• the defeat of the Invincible Armada (Spanish fleet);

• the activities of pirate Francis Drake; The work of the Royal Troupe with William Shakespeare;

• the creation of the first English settlements in North America; The establishment of the East India Company (trade with India)

Anna

It is with her rule that the accession of Scotland is connected, which still remained sovereign. In 1707, a new state when combined England and Scotland - the UK, which had a single parliament now.

Victoria

In addition to the title "Queen of Great Britain" Victoria was also proclaimed empress of India. Her term of office was more than 60 years and became a whole era in the history of the kingdom. The Victorian era was marked by the development of industry, science, military affairs, and culture. It was the heyday of Great Britain.

Elizabeth II

Although the Queen and the King of Great Britain do not deal with the daily affairs of the state, they have many functions. Basic powers: declaration of war; The resignation of the government; Formation of state policy; Is the head of the armed forces; The supreme ruler of the Anglican Church; Holding shares in the Bank of England; Awarding medals and other awards. In this case, the monarch cannot be brought to trial. Recorded in the Guinness Book of Records by Duration of Board

Family ties

Family ties between the Romanovs and Windsors were not limited to the reigning cousins ​​of Nicholas II and George V. For several centuries the Russian and British royal families managed to become related dozens of times. Heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexei, was the youngest and most painful child in the family. Hemophilia is a genetic disease that prevents normal blood clotting - he inherited from his great-grandmother on the maternal line, the British Queen Victoria.

Bibliography

Internet resourses:

• http://www.bbc.com/russian/uk/2012/06/120531_windsor_romanovs_relatives.shtml
• http://www.marieclaire.ru/pstars/koroleva-elizaveta-ii-i-eyo-rekordyi/

• http://www.uznayvse.ru/znamenitosti/biografiya-koroleva-elizaveta-vtoraya.html

• http://unicum-coins.narod.ru/brit/history.html

• http://www.allmonarchs.net/uk.html

• http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/KingsQueensofBritain/

• https://www.britroyals.com/

• https://www.britroyals.com/royalfamily.asp

2.Tutorial: Great Britain, Moscow, Bustard, 2009 V.v.

3. Oshepkova, Britain, in Brief, a book to read, "education", Moscow, 1993,.

Contents

Introduction……………………………………………………………............................4

Chapter 1................................................................................................... ……………….5

Chapter 2............................................................................................................................ 8

Chapter 3........................................................................................................................... 10

Chapter 4............................................................................................................................12

Chapter 5............................................................................................................................16

Conclusion ….................................................................................................................... 18

Bibliography ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .................. ……………...20

Applications

XXIX Regional scientific-practical Conference  

"Great Britain’s women-monarchs"

section “English. Linguistics.”

author: Alina  Khudaeva

11 class, School № 21

Teacher: O.V. Khudaeva  

Krasnoselskoe, 2018