Научно- исследовательская работа по теме « American film music as a phenomenon of mass culture»

           Муниципальное бюджетное образовательное учреждение              

                                «Школа№41» Канавинского района

                                Научно- исследовательская работа

                                                     ПО ТЕМЕ

                « American film music as a phenomenon of  mass culture»

                                                                    Выполнила:

                                                                    ученица  6«б» класса,

                                                                    Воротникова Анастасия Андреевна

                                                                   Научный руководитель:

                                                                    ПугановаМария Викторовна

                                              г.Нижний Новгород

                                                            2016г.

                                                  Contents

Introduction.        3-4

1. American film music as a phenomenon of  mass culture …        4-22

1.1.Film music        5-6

1.2 Тhe development of sound film making        7-10

2. The American system of film composing        11-15

2.1.Soundtracks……………………..............................................................16-20

3. Conclusion.        21-22

Sources of information        3 

 Introduction.

Currently, the music became a part of our lives, it is firmly established even in the film industry and film business. And if it's not in the movie, then we can not fail to notice

US film music has been one of the brightest phenomena of modern mass art. The most successful material for the analysis of its cliches and stereotypes are not dozens of  first films, and the thousands that followed at their heels. The film industry  is a good business, and often films collected hundreds of millions of dollars, while the true masterpieces failed at the box office. Thus, in the absence of plot, but with a brilliant music star cast of actors and universal knowledge has become popular.

For all its own rules, film music is in constant evolution; and despite the fact that the search for a new musical language never been the purpose of Hollywood composers, consistency of their work has always combined with the desire for renewal. The concept of modernity in film music, however, as minutely as language and fashion. American film composer literally "crawl" the sound space for the emergence of new trends, allowing musical Hollywood be unique.

With the constant development in musical performance, however, it is always a stable element. Film composers beginning of the XXI century in a major plan based on the same properties of music that the authors of the early XX century and beginning of XX century film composers, in turn, developed achievements of the XIX century. This certainly appears not their adherence to tradition and leadership in the commercial art communicative element: film music in Hollywood is not "absolute values", and the needs of modern people in strong and varied experiences in the expansion of their everyday living spaces with "dream factory ".

Currently, there is no doubt that film music is an important area of ​​musical art and is a significant part of the auditory experience of modern man (it is often through the soundtracks he met with existing in music styles and techniques of the composition). This interpretation of film music has become an independent branch of musicology only recently - especially in countries where there is a distinction between the professions / film composer and  an academic composer.

Influential centers of film music for nearly a century of development is Hollywood. US film music is an exemplary model of applied musical creativity are closely linked with the classical tradition and the avant-garde of the XX century; thus it can be regarded as one of the phenomena of popular art. It is no exaggeration to speak of the existence of American school of cinema composition: methods of work in it are strictly regulated, and at the same time, due to the wide scope of musical styles and achieved considerable flexibility in terms of creative expression.

In the US and Europe punctually publish new textbooks, monographs and historical studies of film music; organize special cinema composition faculties in universities and scientific conferences, dedicated to this phenomenon. Russia has also been moving in this.

In a narrow sense, the term "Hollywood" refers to the studio system and the corresponding model of the movie business, in wide - to all US commercial film industry relies on major studios formed the "rules of the game." In the thesis, the term is used primarily in the second sense, it continues the tradition of a number of foreign books, including the anthology «The Hollywood Film Music Reader» (2010), prepared for publication by Professor Mervyn Cooke University of Nottingham.

      The aim of this work is to get acquainted with one of the most popular and unique phenomena of American cinema-US film music, to understand the features of this phenomenon, how it developed and operates, to identify the most common form of its existence, to know how popular American film music  is at the moment, find out what national traits of Americans found there.

1.  American film music as a phenomenon of  mass culture.

1.1 Film music.

Stylistic development of film music from the banal standard when it was seen only as something secondary in musical creativity, music personal, innovative, using diverse and more modern in style funds. This development of film music can be defined as a transition from a strictly limited role of support to the film as its active component interacting with other factors of the whole. This development is a purely static relationship between the two areas where the music merely repeats the contents of film frame, a dormant interconnections with multiple forms. The mere superimposition of an audio visual element enhances expression on the whole, since the content is transmitted to two different kinds of means of expression and at the same time reaches the viewer through two different senses. But this implies even third quality arising from the relationship between the two components, and often becoming the bearer of true artistic expression, because it is a true commentary on the two interacting factor.The next step led to a rather pronounced independence of the two spheres. Thus was born the diversity one factor functions as the background, while the other is action, or both simultaneously represent two different action element. For example, excited dramatic music can give new color still image, and vice versa. In addition, you can make both factors act in contrast than is achieved by a special tension. Of course, this contrast can serve different purposes. Finally, the development of the relationship between sound and the visual sphere has led to the fact that in all economically sound film started to use musical elements to enhance their value and expressiveness.

      Due to the organic connection of sound and visual factors are increasing the value of the individual and the individual character of the sound effects, and one of them is silence. The merit of the sound film, paradoxically, is that it opened the dramatic role of silence. The silent film music was played continuously, and silence only mean the absence of music.However, the relationship between the two main components of the sound film to this day have not been exhausted, and an open field for further innovations, as well as for deeper, more advanced integration.

     The increasing technical sophistication of sound film opens up the sound development of the sphere are two possibilities: either to emphasize the visual content of the time or make the film in the new content.

The influence exerted by the nature of the film genre of film music, first noted Scottish scientist Mark Brownrigg, who wrote in 2003 at the University of Stirling's thesis on "Film music and cinematic genre." In 2010

In particular, in 2008, the thesis was defended R. M Eaton on the theme «Unheard Minimalisms: The Functions of the Minimalist Technique in Film Scores».

Brownrigg was gone, the book is based on this thesis and never saw the light. In his study, he pointed out the direction for future research of musicologists, with sufficient detail by analyzing the music of only three "genre paradigms" (a term Brownrigg): western, horror and romantic melodrama. In 2007 appeared the book of Timothy Shёrer also dedicated to this issue, and in 2009 he founded the series

31 collections of articles «Genre, Music and Sound». All this, however, the scattered publications do not pretend to comprehend the Hollywood film music as a system of genres.

1.2 .Тhe development of sound film making .

       The period of the 1920s, went down in history as the economic boom really started very unpleasant. The postwar period was marked by a decrease in government spending and weakening foreign demand for American goods. In this regard, in 1920-1921 there has been a decline in the market economy, the United States. However, already in 1922 it began the process of economic recovery, which ended with an unprecedented rise. In 1929-1933 the economy of the United States was experiencing a deep recession, the effects of which affect the end of the decade. These terrible four years of the Great Depression proved to be an unexpected shock to the nation. However, incorrect to assume that the Wall Street Crash of 1929 led to a Great Depression. On the contrary, numerous disasters Wall Street were the result of the problems that have arisen in the period of boom. Whether the US economy is more healthy and balanced, the country might be left with fewer losses from a storm in 1929. But flawed system based on unlimited consumption, broke down and began to fall apart in front of the nation.America prospered: per capita income has increased, production efficiency is also increased, which led to a 40 percent increase in the gross national product. The country has established the world's highest living standards. This fact - coupled with low unemployment, low inflation and low interest rates - an eloquent testimony of the financial situation of the United States.Twenties also marked the flowering of African-American Culture.According to conventional wisdom, in the "Roaring Twenties" Americans have moved away from tradition, yielding to the temptation of new ideals and infinite tolerance. However, it should be noted that not all of society was a prisoner of the unorthodox tendencies. There were those who felt disgust before the excesses of "modernism" and the fear of its dangers. The second decade of the XX century has been marked as a movement for change, and stubborn resistance to these changes.The First World War shattered the faith of Americans in the irreversibility of progress. Many intellectuals have learned a more skeptical view of things. This encouraged them, and the discoveries of modern science, who testified to the unreliability of human experience, the impact of persistent irrational beginning of the human psyche, a relative (not absolute as previously thought) and contrived nature of truth (not natural) nature of the world order. All these ideas are reflected in the American literature of the period, imbued with bitter disappointments and the fear of collective madness.Whereas in some sectors of American culture was a continuous experiment and the search for the so-called popular culture has taken more standardized look. Although in some regions is still possible to observe unique local customs, across the country have already spread a uniform, national style, language and set of values. Mass culture of the United States - a product of the entertainment industry, which is as it develops more and more imperiously dictating to Americans what they read, watch and listen.

           If the Americans have a desire to have fun outside the home, as a rule, they were not going anywhere, and the nearest movie theater. There they were shown films that in a number of fruits "dream factory" of the American film industry. Although this production is concentrated in southern California, the financing came from New York. Major film studios not only produced the films, but also possessed a network of cinemas where the films were shown. One of the inventions of the film industry - a system of "stars" in which popular singers contracts for filming, specifically tailored for their roles. Fees have increased even more with the advent of sound film. The first such film "The Jazz Singer" appeared in 1927, when Al Jolson spoke to millions of viewers with the historical phrase: "You do not even hear it." By the end of the decade the movie gained enormous popularity in America. Suffice it to say that only one week cinemas attend as many Americans as they all lived in the country.

           In 1927, Alexander Crosland film "The Jazz Singer," the era of sound film, and interest in silent films began to plummet. By the end of 20-ies. all American film industry finally moved to Los Angeles. The first responded to the appearance of the sound of "Warner Brothers" (eng. Warner Bros.), «XX Century Fox" (eng. The 20th century Fox), and "Paramount" (eng. Paramount). Studios converted cinema sound. According to estimates, it cost half a billion dollars in Hollywood. Interest in the sound cinema lasted about three years. The economic crisis and the subsequent Great Depression of 1929-1933. It seemed to have bypassed the film industry side. To see sound film, people willingly gave to the cinema box office last money. In three years, thanks to the sound in the cinema there were such genres as the gangster film, horror, western, in which it alternated with shots of characters, automotive brakes squeal and guttural cries of the Indians hitters. In the 30-ies. American cinema has been on the rise. Leading studio produced an average of five hundred paintings per year. No wonder this time called the golden age of Hollywood.The public lined up to go back to the film world, the world of moving images. Cinema became a sensation. Entertainment population has become a lucrative business enterprise, which could assess the situation. Thus began the era of commercial cinema. Dzhizhuschiesya images became the secret of popularity, creating the effect of a dream, a dream. People were able to see on the screen what they have never seen in my life. Influence of Hollywood goes beyond the state, it promotes the American way of life around the world.

Hollywood is not standing on the sidelines of events taking place in the world. In the 30th years of Hollywood for the first time shows its political activity. Folding anti-fascist groups, for example in 1936 in Hollywood Anti-Nazi League emerged. Its members were forbidden to display and advertise the Nazi movies. In 1938, the director makes a film "blockade" of the defenders of the seaport, besieged by German and Italian troops. The painting was a success.

     By the early 20s, and a semi-shrub Hollywood rapidly gained momentum. Tensions between the Trust and the "independent" thing of the past - the Supreme Court of monopoly powers were simply canceled. Weakened by the First World War Europe is rapidly losing market positions and movie entertainment from becoming a profitable industry. Fiscal rise early 20s prepared a cornerstone of the Hollywood action kinoimperii - combining production, distribution and operation of cinemas. Studios gained permanent staff - writers, directors and performers. Films produced by conveyor: developers grind screenplay idea, the director gets ready disc with instructions "removed, as it is written," and the final product often comes up "film doctor" who with the help of scissors and glue lead up to the product of the mind. Significant role played in the realization of advertising - the magical power of "promotion" of Hollywood realized very quickly. When in 1927 the great Eric von Stroheim filmed for the "Metro" Wedding March, producer Irving Thalberg ordered set on one of the New York area illuminated display areas, each evening showing exactly how much money the director overspent during the shooting day. The trick worked. The audience eagerly awaiting the premiere of a costly, which, however, did not prevent the Thalberg dismiss the director at the stage of installation and instruct another director to finish the film.

        Later Stroheim call Hollywood "factory for the production of sausages," and the Frenchman Rene Clair says that now the birth of the American film industry happened at the moment when the first producer kicked the first director from the set. About tyranny Great seducer know everything, but to resist his charms nobody could. No European directors like moths to fly across the ocean to the killer-dazzling light Californian spotlight. Neither the owners of the theater, entangled system of black booking, in which the load to pervoekrannomu fighter had to take the whole package of unprofitable films. Neither the actors' images forever enslaved screen pop heroes.

Invented Hollywood "star system" and so called "system" that regulated the every step of the performers, not only on screen but in real life. Barely made his first studio contract, unsmiling comedian Buster Keaton at the same time signed a pledge never to laugh in public. Another kinokloun Roscoe Arbokl good-bye to a career after a drunken orgy at his villa in Beverly Hills killed the young starlet. Although Arboklya involvement in the murder has not been proved, it relieves him again not invited - studio executives rightly judged that the idea of ​​death does not fit the role of good-natured tolstyachka "Fatty."

            In 1907, film distribution was one part of the standard. The film lasted about ten minutes and treated in the production of no more than $ 1 000. In 1915, Birth of a Nation David Wark Griffith was worth $ 100,000, and two years later his own Intolerance budget exceeded $ 2 000 000. Intolerance failed at the box office and forever ruined the author, but the shadow of the big money is already looming over the Californian hills. Although the end of the 20's All American film industry finally moved to Los Angeles, it was ruled a New York Wall Street to invest in a profitable business.Money came to the fore with the advent of sound. First, the new technology to respond "Warner Bros.", then the film company Fox and William "Paramaunt". Got into debt bondage in the surrender and financiers, studios hastily rearmed its cinema sound. According to historians, this action has cost half a billion dollars in Hollywood and created long-term effects - then, in the late 20's, through loans and technical buying up patents film industry finally came under the influence of big business; the impact is much more rigid than the old claims of the Trust. At the same time, the sound era and found the entire volume of intellectual dividends. The outbreak of the 1929 economic crisis and the subsequent Great Depression as if the party went around the movie business. Brokers, and destroy, and unemployed miners with the same hunting carried last dollar in cash to join the new special effects - "talking movies". In 1927, cinemas visited 57 million Americans, and in 1930, almost three times more-155 million.

Interest lasted three years. During this time, major studios have adjusted their policies in response to the genre of new features. In terms were running musical revue, chilling horror and gangster films in which the characters live speech alternated with non-transferable credits on automotive brakes squeak and rumble of gunfire.Back in March 1932, for the first four days of hire famous King Kong squeezed out of the New York public $ 90 thousand. Technically, the movie was on the rise - 30 years not by chance called "golden age" of Hollywood. Eight leading studios threw out on the market an average of 500 films a year. Essentially, however, the dream factory was on the verge of decline. Revenues studios plummeting and interest debt, by contrast, grew up. In addition, in 1933, it came into effect the so-called "Hays Code" - code of censorship rules protecting public morals from too overt display of violence and intimate scenes. In the evenings, the average American is increasingly stay at home, preferring to screen radio (in the early 30's radio has been in vogue and was answered by a serious competition to Hollywood).

       In the 30 years the first time Hollywood has realized the power of self-promotion. Magazines and newspapers, gossip column, and production photos purposefully created an image of Mount Olympus, where the cast selected is bathed in gold and sipping champagne, without getting out of the pool. In fact, it was not so. In the 30 years the vast majority of filmmakers, including major producers, were in the position of salaried employees. In 1937, the motion picture industry employed 30,405 people, of whom 16 398 received a monthly salary, while 14,007 worked on a fixed contract.

    The film industry has become the industry in the literal sense. Hollywood's most famous action of 30th resemble rationalizing production rather than creative discoveries. For example, there was the idea of ​​"family films" in which a standard family - father, mother and child - could find the spectacle of taste. So it was arranged in-line import European stars - actors, directors, writers, many of whom did not come to the set. Thus was born the system of "double program". For the price of a cinema ticket viewers could see just two by award "Category A" (big-budget, staging, with the participation of stars) and "category B" (a penny estimates, unknown actors, filmed a few days in random scenery). Curiously, however, that the "B-movie", producers in Hollywood who contemptuously called "for poor quarter" .

1.2. The American system of film composing.

           It is no exaggeration to say that film music has become a special field of contemporary musical art and professional activities of composers, to which it has specific, hard-formulated demands. Perhaps the most clearly manifested in the phenomenon of film composer of film the commercial sector, where the directors, in some cases asked the composer to save tape [Bell 1994, 5], while others - have concluded that their success of their work in the 50% obligation music.

Aesthetics and terminology of commercial cinema are far from the standards of academic art and the legal field in which to work film composers actually hire a producer, sometimes come into conflict with strict personal identity academic composer. "To be original in this case is not always required and sometimes even desirable, - says film composer Charles Bernstein, -Most of film music should sound familiar. So - denoting historical periods, different areas, styles, or that the situation - it helps tell the story. Composer can only slightly deviate from the trodden road, but not very much, as too significant update distracts the viewer from the emotional mood of the film. We are not asked to fix a style or concept, we are asked to simulate any music ».

    George Lucas has thus stressed the importance of the music of John Williams for his epic "Star Wars» [2007]. John Towner Williams - the most powerful figure in the American commercial cinema music. "For a long time he held the reputation as the most highly paid film composer whose music since the mid-1970s has always dominated in all sorts of ratings; she still adorns the six of the twelve most profitable movies of all time. In 2005 three of his scores included in the list of the 25 greatest kinopartitur according to the American Film Institute. Given that Williams has long been a trendsetter on him, anyway, focused and continue to focus many film composers.

  This approach largely determines the nature of the business of film music, replete with all sorts of musical means, turns and techniques, which are based on almost all film composers.

    The first factor in determining the nature of the soundtrack to the commercial film is a film genre. Films representing a particular genre in its purest form, is rare - usually they are combined in different proportions of various genre models, each of which is assigned its own musical means. Typing and different musical embodiment of stage specific situations, which tend to correspond to certain musical styles. In addition, in almost every stage of commercial motion picture filmmakers palpable desire to persuade the viewer to a particular emotional response, and to achieve the desired result in no small measure contribute to the affective properties of music.

The most striking embodiment of this approach is the art of Hollywood, where in the first half of the XX century appeared and took shape as an independent film composer profession, has a number of original features in comparison with the activities of academic composer. Hollywood kinomuzykumozhno regarded as an exemplary model of applied musical creativity - are closely associated with the classical tradition and the avant-garde of the XX century and thus became one of the most notable phenomena of mass art. The role of music in the synthesis of different types of art and technology in the US film more substantial than in the cinema of any other country, which reflects the specifics of the American film industry and partly due to the fact that movies with lots of spectacular music are always more successful at the box office than the mostly spoken tape. Besides,

     In a narrow sense, the term "Hollywood" refers to the studio system and the corresponding model of the movie business, in wide - to all US commercial film industry, based on the generated major studios "rules" that continues the tradition of a number of foreign books, including the anthology «The Hollywood Film Music Reader », prepared for publication by Professor Nottingham University Mervyn Cooke in the preface, the author writes that the publication" aims to provide a comprehensive collection of texts (often - primary sources) on the working methods in the American film industry since the days of silent movies to the modern age of blockbusters »[The Hollywood Film Music Reader 2010, Vil] • - thus equating Hollywood to all the US film industry in Hollywood was a special school of composers working methods it is quite strictly regulated, and at the same time, due to the wide scope of musical styles, achieved considerable flexibility - US film composers are capable of producing music that is appropriate for each of kinozhanrov for any stage situation.

     All these reasons, as well as the popularity of American cinema, its impact on people around the world and - as a consequence - the relative availability of study material (and to the American but the music is presented in a separate printed music and soundtracks) determine the relevance of the study; They encouraged us to turn to the music of commercial cinema in the United States as an object of study, to determine the inherent features and show its material specificity of film music as a special kind of modern music. The focus is on film music, which appeared after the Tao cal films as "Jaws" and Steven Spielberg's "Star Wars" George Lucas' (ie, soundtracks and kinopartitury last four decades); However, in the historic section of the paper (included in the structure of the first chapter) gives a sketch of Hollywood film music since its inception, which identifies prerequisites for the formation of stereotypes of modern commercial cinema music and marked the first phases of their development.

        In the modern period of American commercial cinema has developed a kind of "film composers shop" for training are written set of auxiliary textbooks. Composing film music in Hollywood involves almost systematic craft work that allows us to draw a parallel with the commercial musical art doromanticheskoy age (in particular, with the opera XVII-XVIII) .

       Translation of the title of American films, as well as the transliteration of names filmmakers and film composers are on the US reference publications. If the translation of the title they are missing, we give a literal translation of the name of a given motion picture in hire in Russia; In the case of directors and film composer - transliteration, corresponding to US standards of pronunciation.

 And yet, no matter how great the limitations, they do not exclude the possibility of creative expression, the emergence of innovations, especially when you consider that the most expensive project the producers have always preferred to involve extraordinary composers (such as Miklos Rozsa, Jerry Goldsmith, John Williams, Howard Shore, James Horner). The level of craftsmanship, innovation decisions impact on the subsequent development of film music kinopartitury isolated individual against the background that in itself suggests their special consideration. In addition, the Hollywood film industry, there are genres in which music is given one of the main places in the synthesis of the arts. The significance of the composer, as well as the requirements of the communicative side of his work, in these cases increase.

     Almost all copyrights  get their implementation as part of the effluent in the movie rental and a soundtrack. Some musical fragments acquire a successful concert life after rolling, and in most cases it is - orchestral opuses. If the latter circumstance resembles the practice of creating symphonic music based on operas and ballets, the soundtrack itself in modern musical culture - a new phenomenon.

Music Hollywood cinema reflects almost all the existing musical styles and trends. Do not censured and quotes if their introduction does not violate copyright. In other words, everything is allowed what is allowed by law and can bring income. However, even with this in mind, the United States decided to compose the original soundtrack and copyrights on music for films jealously guarded studios. It is appropriate to recall the statement of Theodor Adorno on popular music: "The criteria for determining the song can be fashionable or not contradictory. The publisher wants to get the music, which is essentially no different from today's hits and at the same time - is fundamentally different from them »[Adorno 1941, 28]. There is a paradoxical situation.

    Musical tools used by all of Hollywood composers, but every time there is a new twist, making cliches and stereotypes are evolving rapidly. Such a development to technological progress, with its eternal renewal of existing models - it has quietly but steadily and somewhat predictable, as pushed by consumer demand.

Film music in the United States, on the one hand, national and is political, the other - international and cosmopolitan. Michael Richardson in his study «Otherness in Hollywood Cinema», speaking of Hollywood, does deprive its territorial borders and writes that "every citizen of the world today has to do with Hollywood, as well as himself a Hollywood film has to do with each of us. And thanks to the multiple repetition of the well-established musical means taught American cinema audiences around the world to how to respond to certain frames.

         Most of the United States published in books and articles on the aesthetics of film music is either the Europeans or the academic composers with European roots; they represent speculative theoretical concepts with elements of criticism, the alignment of which is not peculiar to the American musicologists. Getting the analysis of film music, most researchers prefer to work with a highly, exceptional materials, consideration of which, however, without the involvement of popular products, "second-line" does not allow to identify the characteristics of film music is commercial.

       Involuntarily the question arises about the lack of autonomy in the film composer, he constrained the mass of all kinds of restrictions (from time to style), which nevertheless did not prevent him to creatively express themselves. Another point - both shackles and allowing film composers reveal - is the culture of blockbusters. Blockbuster could be called a kind of genre, and - just as with any genre of Hollywood system - note what kind of music it is supposed to sound. It is appropriate to his likeness hit in popular music, with musicians whose works are rarely rely on inspiration. However, the "Properties" depending on the time at which it is created, and the recipe for its production is known to few. What will be the strongest way to influence the perception of a huge audience, you need every time to reinvent. The result should be a new unheard of, but at the same time not destroy the communication worked out by generations of film makers and the audience; we should recognize that in Hollywood with this challenge successfully cope.

For all its klishirovannosti, film music is in constant evolution; and despite the fact that the search for a new musical language never been the purpose of Hollywood composers, consistency of their work has always combined with the desire for renewal.

    The concept of modernity in film music, however, as minutely as language and fashion. American film composer literally "crawl" the sound space for the emergence of new trends, allowing musical topoi Hollywood kinematic

Count not zakostenevayut. With the constant development in musical performance, however, it is always a stable element. Film composers beginning of the XXI century in a major plan based on the same properties of music that the authors of the early XX century and beginning of XX century film composers, in turn, developed dostizheniyaopery XIX century. This certainly appears not their adherence to tradition and leadership in the commercial art communicative element: film music in Hollywood is not "absolute values", and the needs of modern people in strong and varied experiences in the expansion of their everyday living spaces with "dream factory ".

       It should be born in mind that in the US after the filming of the remaining material (including sheet, film, disks) and placed in a systematized studio archive. Keepers of such archives are not always sympathetic to the researchers and may deny access to a particular score, citing the desire to protect copyrights. But with each passing day it becomes more and more open-ended funds and libraries, where you can get acquainted with the rich material. "Original manuscripts (written in the composer's hand) are the most valuable sources for the study of film music - writes John. G. Poole - which allows you to form a clear idea of ​​how the music was conceived and wrote," In most cases, the scores are property of movie studios. Many of them, along with the intermediate film soundtracks, destroyed immediately after the release of the film. A lot of valuable material had disappeared,

200 In February 2009, in Los Angeles (The University of Southern California, Los Angeles) held a conference on the topic «Musicological Film Studies: Sources, Bibliography, and Editions», in which the world's leading researchers of film music, questions were raised regarding the status of the primary sources of film music .Along with the "finishing kinopartituroy" in the archives you can find a variety of other sources, the author sketches the arrangement, the conductor's version of the score, orchestral parts, the magazine recording sessions (they transferred used equipment and performers); notes sound designers, engineers, music editor; the so-called cue sheets (list of all fragments of the film, requiring background music and comments to them); saundeffektah reports and intelligence. It is a whole world of documents that for unknown reasons, is still behind the world of science.

        2. Soundtracks.

        Hollywood way to create a soundtrack - be it orchestral music or popular songs - is, in fact, the dominant model in the world cinema.

Soundtrack can be called a song or instrumental theme at all, collectively, all of the songs from this movie. English slovoSoundtrack consists of the Sound Track, that is simply "sound track".

       Successful soundtracks are hits, such as the song «My Heart Will Go On» from "Titanic" by Celine Dion. Sometimes soundtracks go separate albums

Soundtrack (Eng. Soundtrack, in Russian - Soundtrack) - Music of any material: film, musical, anime, TV shows, computer games, books and so on. Etc .; as well as a music album containing songs in the music.

Initially, the film industry manufacturers produced albums containing songs heard in the film. These albums were called "Music from the original soundtrack of the movie." Later the name of albums reduced to a simple "soundtrack."

However, if the music was specially written for the composer of the film, a soundtrack nazyvalsyaScore (Eng. Score). Typically, this instrumental composition without a voice. [1]

With the development of technology soundtracks were created not just for cartoons and movies, but also for TV shows, computer games and even some books. However, the procedure for naming the soundtrack remains the same.

Species soundtrack

By content

Background music from the movie, TV series or shows without a voice (score):

•        Star Wars

• Exodus

• Santa Barbara (TV series)

• Lost (TV series)

• O Lucky Man! (TV show)

2. The soundtrack music or movie with a musical performance of songs voice:

• Singin 'in the Rain

• Grease

3. The collection of songs by various artists that occur in the film (also may include dialogues characters from the movie, specially added to the album):

• Sleepless in Seattle

• When Harry Met Sally

• Brother and Brother 2

4. The background music from video games:

• S.T.A.L.K.E.R.

• Fallout

5. Music written for reading the book:

• The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings [2]

• Metro 2033 [3]

In the method of creating

       Original soundtrack (OST) (Eng. Original soundtrack) - a music album, which can include both original music composers (composed by specially - score), and popular songs that sounded in the film, but written not for him. Sometimes it may also contain dialogues voiced characters, sound effects and noise applied in the voice acting material.

       Also, score-soundtrack can be released in a separate album. But often, for commercial reasons, to restrict output OST, comprising, among others, some specially written compositions containing them or not at all.

       In addition to the official albums, produced the original manufacturers of the soundtrack, there are collections of amateur-sounding music in the material that has been collected from various sources and third-party records. These soundtracks are called informal (Eng. Unofficial).

       Sometimes the composition are copied directly from the amateur analog audio track material, or cut out of digital files of the computer game. Such unofficial compilation called rip (eng. Rip). If the rip was created from the track, in it along with the music can be heard background sounds and noises.

Rip music from computer games allow you to obtain the original composition of the game without changing their quality, and are, in fact, score-game soundtrack. Thus, even if the game is available as a soundtrack OST, in the game he often contain processed specifically for the game options compositions, and sometimes - the secret tracks that were not included in the officially released soundtrack.

          Originally conceived as a promotional gimmick movie companies, movie soundtracks were released in order to increase interest in the new film. Initially, a plate with the soundtrack called "Music from the original soundtrack of the movie" (eng. Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack). Later, the expression was reduced to "the soundtrack to" (English. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack).

The first commercial soundtrack OST became animated film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" with songs Snow White and the Dwarfs, released in 1938 by Walt Disney Studios.

         With the development of computer and video games began to appear on their music, complement what is happening on the screen. The first composer to write music specifically for video games became Rob Hubbard and Martin Galway, established in the 1980s, the composition for games running on the Commodore 64 computer.

       Over time, the progress in the development of electronic devices increased sound quality, which allowed the use of video games better voiceovers. The appearance in the game soundtrack, well complementing the game and create the necessary atmosphere in it, getting the whole event. These soundtracks became popular among gaming enthusiasts often tapped separately from the game. They began to appear first amateur collectors, collecting separate collection of soundtracks of the games. There were sites that allow them to share soundtracks from their collections, to collect information on existing compositions and composers, covering the emergence of new games and music for them.

Good, atmospheric music - it is half the success of the film, as the directors are aware since the days of silent movies. Some even kinoletny masterpiece would look without sound dull and boring. Often the movies go into oblivion, but the soundtrack to it remain forever.

     Music for the film. What is it? The real historical environment, or general events of the film, the plot rod, the main character, background, and so on.

    In the last decade of the century, music has become an integral part of the movie, to be exact - the film industry and film business. So much so that its absence (as in the movie "The Blair Witch Project") immediately draws attention to themselves. Today, the music in the movie became too big, too bold, too, she win a prominent role in the narrative of the film.

    Suffice it to say that the number of so-called music soundtracks in the charts in the 90s rose in five . Times compared with the previous decade. This is an impressive figure! For example, a CD with the music of "Bodyguard" has sold, before completely unpresentable, 17 million copies. Not far behind with Whitney Houston's hit "Titanic", although the disc only one hit Celine Dion. Cabin ensemble assembled especially for this movie, by the way, then even excelled on the stage.

Already in the 90s of the twentieth century soundtracks have become so popular that they began to occupy the highest positions in the music charts. And in our time, there were even special nomination for best soundtrack at the music awards.

Soundtrack - a term that already has a fairly long history. For the first time this word could be heard in the early fifties of the twentieth century. Then it bore a slightly different meaning than at the present time, the soundtrack was called a separate type of music album. It was a cleverly planned advertising gimmick, which went to the film company to raise the rating of a film.

      Soundtracks called «music from the original motion picture soundtrack», which translated means "original music films." Much later it became a long title in the short and easy, which we use to this day - «original motion picture soundtrack» or the soundtrack to the film.Earlier soundtracks were simple pieces of music made from music track corresponding to the film, because they are simply recorded music, no dialogue and no sound effects.

      There is such a thing as OST Score. It means the track, with the inclusion of recordings by various composers for the film, computer game or animation. Currently, there are many composers who specialize in the OST Score, for example: Hans Zimmer, Eduard Artemyev, Alan Silvestri, Vladimir Cosma, Gabriel Yared, James Horner, etc.

      Soundtrack (English spoken word) - Soundtrack. Musical accompaniment of a material, such as a cartoon, movie or game on your PC. Sometimes they use Eng. abbreviation OST, which completely stands for «Original Soundtrack» and refers to the audio track, it is sold separately from the material to which it was written.

It muses. accompaniment to the TV series, movies, and so often live their separate lives, surpassing its great popularity.

Soundtrack means three things of a different nature:

Sound recording that accompanies a movie, game, television programs, and so forth;

The music was taken from the video;

Musical genre.

      In the film industry, the term means the audio soundtrack, specially created for the film (the game), or already used in a game (film).

      First, sound effects, dialogue and music recorded on the track, each separately, then they are recorded on a single common as it once we hear when watching a movie. It is also often duplicated tracks - this is where the movie is translated into another language.

      The term Soundtrack (soundtrack) appeared in the early fifties and represents a kind of music. album. First, the soundtrack called "soundtrack", and then it was reduced to the designation "the soundtrack to the film."

       Now there are a lot of films that are released on a monthly basis in large numbers and people are no longer able to remember the names of all these films. Directed by trying to attract attention to them sweat help of popular actors, expensive special effects, good music.

        More popular are the soundtracks for films. Their popularity is in how successful the film itself is. Least popular soundtracks from computer games, but still, sometimes they become very famous.

     The soundtrack - is the musical accompaniment for any material. Soundtrack is usually prepared for the new film, musical, anime, TV shows, computer game, book, etc. In addition, the word "soundtrack", which, incidentally, with English translated as "sound track", mean the whole album with music that is used in the film, anime, etc. Previously, under the soundtracks understood albums released movie. Now the situation has changed, and the concept has become much wider. What influenced ubiquitous? Experts say that their development affected by the fact that there was the spread of technology, there was a huge variety of different new TV shows, rating view that it was necessary to increase.

      Movie companies soundtracks conceived as an advertising, to increase interest in the new product film industry. The first commercial product was released for m / f "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs." Its release came in 1938. The experts involved in the development of Walt Disney Studios. The album with the songs Snow White and the Dwarfs.

      Because soundtracks are widespread, it is not surprising that even began to hold film festivals, which choose the best.

         The musical composition from the film has gained its popularity only when there LP-plate. Soundtrack which was written by Alex Norton to the picture Tram "Desire" was released on 10-inch plate from the company Capitol Records.Eta album sold so well that it has been re-issued by the company, on the record in the 12-inch be supplemented with music written by Max Steiner.

The first composer whose music has gained popularity among the masses, became Henry Mancini, who received an Emmy and "Emmy" and two "Grammy" for the soundtrack to the film "Peter Gunn". The musical accompaniment for the film written by Steiner Gone With the Wind, recorded many times, and then re-released in painting 1967, and the campaign MGM Records eventually created an album that was recorded with an audio track. The version of the soundtrack of the film prevypuschennogo also been finalized for the stereo. Currently campaign Rhino Records released the soundtrack to the film Gone with the Wind on CD with the original monaural sound.

     One of the most purchased soundtrack became the soundtrack, which was written by John Williams, a «Star Wars»film. Many of the songs for the films begin to publish only after the films will be shown in cinemas.

      But there are a few exceptions, which include musical accompaniment and dialogue. The film, which was created by Franco Zeffirelli in 1968, Romeo and Juliet, released on 4 plates. One plate as music to the dialogue, and the rest only as music albums. Music composition for the Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf, have been released in the form of 2 plates RCA Victor, and were released two more records to the dialogues for the film « Man for All Seasons».

           Conclusion.

           Cinema as an art form - despite some cynicism of Hollywood business - has reached a higher level than any other media in the United States, collecting a huge audience.

M. Lerner

         Features Hollywood film music, considered in this work is a reflection and a logical consequence of the US approach to the art of cinema. Commercial component largely determines the approach, but the causes that gave rise to it, lie deeper - in the sphere of culture.

All the cinematographic production of our days, with a certain degree of conditionality can be divided into two groups, one of which is the mass entertainment spectacle, the other - intellectual creativity, the great heritage of traditional literature. The first deals with Hollywood, the second - mainly with European art. In order to offer the public an exciting spectacle, cinema USA needed talented actors with a spectacular appearance, a dynamic plot, impressive special effects and music, which becomes an important component of the whole. No coincidence that in Hollywood deyatelnostkompozitora formed in a particular profession - this was due to the significant role of music in the beginning of the synthesis of the arts, as well as the current system requirements for the author of an accompanying movie music.

Film music Hollywood tradition - especially the direction of modern musical art, which lies outside the European classics, although associated genetically.

It is noteworthy that the American art house is focused on the European tradition (in fact, these films often remove people from Europe), in Europe as in the transition to commercial art, willy-nilly start to borrow the Hollywood way of working. Some American directors sought to escape from a Hollywood style movie in all components, including the music: for example, FF Coppola, working on "The Godfather," from these considerations invited to cooperate with the Italian composer H. Roth. But pretty soon achieve Rota began to be perceived as one of the branches of music in Hollywood.

Sheet Music text in kinopartiture has no autonomous forms and does not have the self-coordination "idea", so - does not carry the semantic load beyond what is entrusted to him of application functions. It does not follow, however, that the Hollywood film music is a low-grade "product." On the contrary, the requirements to the quality of film music in a commercial art - a kind, the highest; after all, it is from his professionalism to a large extent depends on the financial success of the film, its payback and profit.

The quality of a Hollywood soundtrack associated with communicative art parties - the ability, within the framework of existing conventions, make the audience feel at this moment exactly what the creators of the films provided - and depends on the ability of the composer to breathe new life into the well-established cliché. In this aesthetic aspect it is not entirely alien to the Hollywood film music. The best samples of its claim to an independent role of art; in one form or another are present in modern concert life are included in the repertoire of symphony orchestras, among them - the groups with high professional reputation.

Presented in the dissertation research historical data support the idea that the development of the Hollywood music plays an important role commercial factor. It also defines the methods of work of film composers on the score. Identify, organize and analyze our methods of influence on moviegoers in using music to help interpret its true role in cinematographic works, designed for wide release. Some of these methods are written into the laws of the genre (their analysis is carried out mainly from the standpoint of cinematic science), others - stylistic and affective features of the music itself (look at the problem from the viewpoint of musicology). In this genre paradigm should be considered as a basis for analysis of individual music scenes of the film.

US film music has long been one of the brightest phenomena of modern mass art. The most successful material for the analysis of its cliches and stereotypes are not dozens of films of the first magnitude, and the thousands that followed at their heels, while conceding caliber. Do not forget that the film industry - a good business, and often films made literally mold, collected hundreds of millions of dollars, while the true masterpieces failed at the box office. Thus, in the absence of plot, but with a brilliant music star cast of actors and universal knowledge "pedals"

           I attempted to find and organize common to all of Hollywood composers working methods and explore the history of music of commercial cinema, which is unique in the world of science there. The features of the commercial film industry of music, interpreted the existence of all forms of film music in the United States, given the historical context of the emergence of key musical stereotypes. Hollywood writers have achieved considerable success in the management of spectator perception cinematic.