История Шотландии

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First Nations Mesolithic came to the lands of the future of Scotland to the north about 6000 years ago. They are mostly collected on the rocks and reefs of oysters and clams, and wandered in search of food, preferring deeply indented coast of western Scotland and Gerbridskih islands. Stone buildings, consisting of three rings in Luss Wood Island Yyura considered the earliest stone building in Scotland. Rather, it is the base of tents designed to cover. In Oronsae , Kintyre and the Gulf of Luce on the west coast and in the estuaries of Fife, Deeside and the Fort was discovered a sea shell, related to the Neolithic era mezolita.Drevnie people build structures for housing, cut down forests, tilled the land, sow the seeds and harvest, this means that they settle. The earliest settlements appeared about 4,000 years ago. The ancient people of this era had a complex culture of funeral rites and staged an extensive multi-chambered tombs, which were installed on the stone monuments erected or mounds. The so-called megaliths (from Greek " megas " - "big", " Litos " - "Stone") era strike our fancy. Of huge slabs and pillars were established structures of unknown function. Among these structures stands the famous Stonehenge in Wiltshire gravstve in England, which is believed to have been built for observing celestial bodies. It is likely that such structures could bury the dead. In Scotland, the concentric circles of stone vertical columns can be seen on the west coast of Lewis, in the Hebrides and Orkneys (the Ring of Brodgar and the Stones of Stenness ), and linear pillars are in Argyll, each weighing up to three tons. It remains a mystery who erected these strange structures and where to buy these unique engineering knowledge.About 100 BC to the north of Britain came to the refugees who fled from Roman rule in the south. Much of eastern settlers arrived by sea and came to Scotland on the rivers Tweed, Forth and Tay . Typical structures of western settlement in the region began to Broch , and Eastern - "glazed fort." Brohi were the towers, which often reaches a height of over 18 meters and had a diameter of about 9 meters - of which there are 370 across Scotland. The people who built Brohi , were descendants of the Bronze Age residents and newcomers - the Celts. In the event of danger, all the population to take refuge in a tower. There was stored food and water and you can ride out the threat. "Glazed fort" was oval or oblong, dry stone walls to shift logs, and sometimes held together by iron rivets.

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As a result of the burning logs reached the temperature at which the stones began to fuse. Distribution forts shows a sort of border defense against the inhabitants of the Broch . In the first centuries of our era tribes living in the north of the island became known as the Picts (from the Latin " picti " - "painted, painted"). Since Roman legionnaires disparagingly called barbarians, decorating the body and face combat blue coloring and tattoos. Together with the Scots who came from the west Picts invaded the Roman province of Britannia. To VII century Pictish kingdom arose, ceased to exist in the IX century. It has played an important role in shaping the history of Scotland. Scots in the latter half of IV century founded the kingdom gave Rial .

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Mary Stuart - Queen of Scotland In 1561, he died a painful Francis II. The presence of Mary Stuart at the French royal court became undesirable, and she was forced to return home. She just turned eighteen. The queen was active, educated, attractive woman, convinced Catholic. Yet Mary did not want to plant in the country of their faith and to prove it surrounded itself protestantami.V 1565 Queen married her cousin Lord gave, not very intelligent, a controversial young man her age of four years, after which proclaimed king. Unfortunately, Gave handsome, educated ambitious mother, was too highly of himself, extremely selfish and lazy, totally incapable of being the support and the support of the Queen in the difficult task of governing the country. The most serious consequence of the royal wedding, which took place July 29, 1565 at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, was the break the partnership between Mary and her half-brother, James Morey, who was unable to find a common language with the newly made king. Find a replacement for this invaluable counselor, as Moray, was for Mary difficult. Unfortunately, she later realized that this role of her new husband is not good. Hard carrying the first pregnancy, Mary hoped for understanding and support of her husband, but continued to indulge Gave entertainment without Maria and would not spend hours with his pregnant wife and keep trusting conversations. The only consolation for the queen was communicating with his secretary, David Rizzio Italian - a fine musician and conversationalist, witty man and an intellectual. Queen and Rizzio almost parted with each other, which has led vile gossip. Scottish lords are seriously concerned about the influence that the "dirty wop" enjoyed at the court, decided to put an end to it and making sure spineless Gave near and that the wife cheating on him, made him to agree to participate in the conspiracy, the purpose of which was the murder of Rizzio allegedly "hand-jealous husband." Late on March 9, 1566 Mary, being six months pregnant, had dinner in a small room adjoining the bedroom of her in the company of David Rizzio, and several guests.

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Walking up the spiral staircase that led from the apartment of Mary King's bedroom, the conspirators led Gave broke into the Queen's chambers, and seizing Rizzio, despite the desperate resistance and attempts to protect his queen, was dragged through the bedroom Queen in emergency rooms, where and caused death stabbed. At the spot where he lay bleed at Italian left an indelible bloodstain, which today can be seen in the Palace of Holyroodhouse . The very same unfortunate position marked with a special sign which tells the story of the murder of Rizzio, and a portrait of the poor Italian, who suffered for their proximity to the Queen, hanging just above the wall, lined with wooden panelyami.Ubiystvo Rizzio pursued far-reaching goals: Lords hoped that survived the shock Mary had a miscarriage, which, at the time, often resulting in the death of most mothers and spineless Gave become king, you can be easily manipulated, and from which it will be possible to get rid of later, if necessary. But Maria confused conspirators all the cards and, although seriously ill after the incident, gave birth to the heir to the throne, in due time, June 19, 1566. It happened at Edinburgh Castle - the main royal residence in Scotland. Small room, covered with oak panels, with a grotesque portrait of James VI to the wall and chair as the only piece of furniture in which the Queen of Scots gave birth, today is a place of pilgrimage for many tourists. But Mary Stuart since the assassination of Rizzio not for a moment forget about revenge. Lords who supported Gave too soon disappointed in it and started talking about the need to obtain a divorce korolevy.Posle it became clear that voluntarily Gave a divorce does not agree, it was decided to proceed by other means. According to one of the many versions, Earl Boswell, to whom Mary Stuart began to feel a strong attachment, persuaded the Queen to go to Glasgow, where Gave recovering from a recent illness, and, playing the former forgiveness and tenderness, to persuade him to return to Edinburgh, which was successfully implemented . Razmyakshy Gave agreed to return to the capital, where he was, contrary to expectations, did not put in the Palace of Holyroodhouse (under the pretext that there is a ball to be held and will be too noisy and tiring for weakened by illness of the king), and on the outskirts of Edinburgh, in the town of Kirk-Field, the home of a noble Lords.

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At 2 am on February 10, 1567 the house takes off into the air (in the bedroom on the first floor, a room where placed Gave were prepared barrels of gunpowder). However, the king did not die in the explosion, his body was blown to pieces as expected conspirators, and thrown to the corner of the garden, and why it was established, that the king had previously stifled. According to the most plausible explanation, waking up in the night and realized that no one in the house - all the servants had left the house early - Gave became suspicious and tried to flee. Special person who, apparently, was to control the scene, strangled his zhertvu.Trudno say how great the role of Mary Stuart in this conspiracy. Some writers and historians to whitewash it, claiming that the Queen knew nothing of the impending murder, and some are more aggressive and accused the queen of all the deadly sins. According to most versions of the truth, as always, lies somewhere in between. Most likely, the lords, including Count Boswell Mary spared feelings and wanting to persuade her to take part in the plot, offers different effects on the Gave, of which the killing was the most extreme. Knowing the weak character of her husband, Mary might well hope that the threats and pressure on Darnley would be enough to get him to agree to a divorce. To this end, the queen, and could persuade the king to return to Edinburgh. In any case, its direct guilt of murdering her husband Maria has never recognized, even before his own death. Since the death Gave was surrounded in mystery, at Edinburgh rumors accusing Mary and Boswell in a criminal conspiracy. Suspicions have been compounded when Boswell, divorced from his first wife, Jean Gordon, daughter of the fourth Earl of Huntley, 15 May 1567, just three months after the death were given, married to the queen. In Scotland, a terrible scandal erupted. First, Mary was still quite weak after recent illness, which nearly proved fatal. Second, all the counselors had left her to save their skins, smell when fried - brewing public scandal threatened rebellion - and the queen is isolated, depressed and desperate. Third, Boswell persuaded some influential Scottish lords to sign a petition to the Queen for his candidacy for the role of her husband. In exchange for agreeing Mary lords promised to assist it. Well, fifth and, perhaps, first of all, we can not exclude a sincere passion Queen Boswell, because she used to fall in love and trust blindly loved immensely. Whatever it was, the reputation of the queen were beyond repair, and after Boswell, who became king, turned away from the people who supported him on his way to power, the revolt against the "guilty of a couple of" under the banner of "liberation of Mary Boswell."

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Commitment to the Catholic faith strengthened Queen hatred for her nobility and Protestants. They forced Mary to abdicate the throne in favor of her infant son, who was immediately crowned Jacob VI (1567-1625), who is also with the 1603 King James I. Service at the coronation he led John Knox. Mary for months held in the castle of Loch Leven, where in 1568 she escaped by using a boat and the help of loyal nobles, raised an army, but was defeated. This episode is described by Walter Scott in his novel "The Abbot." In desperation, deposed queen fled to England at the mercy of Queen Elizabeth. Unexpected visit disgraced royal guests put Elizabeth in a difficult position. On the one hand, the guest was blue-blooded and comes cousin on the other hand, Mary had a preferential right to the English throne than Elizabeth herself, which was considered illegitimate after Henry put to death for adultery by her mother, Anne Boleyn. Issue Mary Scottish lords would doom it to further conclusion or else to death. Release in Europe - Maria would receive the support of Catholic monarchs, to restore the throne, and it was the most profitable Elizabeth: pro-British Protestant Moray, who became regent of Scotland, was more suitable candidate than the Catholic Mary. Provide freedom of Mary in England - would endanger himself English throne, there was a risk of a possible conspiracy of Catholics. The only solution was to keep for Elizabeth Mary Stuart as a royal captive in England, thus exercising complete control over the beleaguered queen. For 19 years he spent in the position of captive Mary Queen of England, she went through a few locks - Bolton Tutberi , Sheffield, Wingfield , Chatsfort , Vakston , Chatli and Fozeringhey . Each lock conditions of royal guests have become more and more stringent. Despite the fact that Mary had a staff of servants, could go on the hunt, while health allowed, and do needlework, her contact with the outside world were cut short, and all attempts to meet with her cousin Elizabeth to nothing lead - a meeting of the two sisters did not place. However around Mary constantly trailed conspiracies were passionate romance, ready to die for her life, but are unable to organize an escape Queen seriously. Finally, one of conspiracy designed to attempt on the life of Queen (one of the versions, customized for the people of Elizabeth), was discovered, Mary appeared in court and, although rejected the allegations, was convicted and sentenced to death. At 8 am on February 8, 1587 was held in the castle Fozeringhey execution of Mary Stuart.

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Her last words to the faithful servant of Melville, in tears fallen on his knees before the Queen, was that "we must be happy, and not grieve - there comes an end to all the torments of Mary Stuart in this world, which is full of vanity, troubles and sorrows." I entrust to the Lord, this proud and true Scottish true French woman bravely go to the scaffold. A successor of Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen childless, ironically, was the son of Mary Stuart - James VI of Scotland, the English throne, James I. Stuart royal line, despite all the troubles of succession continues today: the ruling now Queen Elizabeth II is also the blood of the Stuarts, however, strongly mixed with German blood Hanover and Saxe-Coburg dynasty. A Scotland during the captivity of Mary Stuart again managed a succession of regents, each of which tried to keep the young King James under control. Seventeen year old boy managed to escape from their trustees, and then in St. Andrews, he solemnly declared himself an independent king. During the reign of James VI marked by a fierce struggle between Catholics and Protestants. Jacob himself is beneficial to be a Protestant, in the hope of inheriting the English throne after the death of Elizabeth I. But before that, in 1587, Mary Stuart, after the conclusion of nineteen, has been accused of plotting against the Queen of England and executed on that James VI, her son, has announced a formal protest, while the majority of Scots saw it as an insult to Scotland and start demanding military action against the old enemy. Yet James VI quarrel with Britain did not want to.