Проект "Миграция"

Contents:

I. Introduction

1.        Instead of entry - p. 2-3

II. Body (main part)

2.        Definition – p. 4

3.        History of migration – p. 4-6

4.        A few words about European Migrant Crisis - p.6-7

5.        Origins and motivations - p.7-8

6.        A composition - p.8

7.        Arrival points – p.8-9

8.        What is their purpose? – p.9-10

9.        What will they get in Europe? – p.10-11

10.        The behavior of refugees in Europe – p. 12-13

11.        Migration in Russia – p.13-14

12.        Features of Russian immigrants – p.14-15

13.        Pupils' attitude towards migrants – p.15-17

III. Findings and conclusion

14.        A possible future and solutions – p.18-19

15.        Consequences – p.19-20

16.        Revelance of the chosen problem – p.20– 21

17. Main conclusions – p. 21

IV. Bibliography and appendices

18.        Bibliography p. 22

19. Appendices1 – 10 - p. 23 - 29

I. Introduction

1. Instead of entry

Ladies and gentlemen, today we will speak about Migration to Europe. I was given a task "Migration. Its past, present and future" and I thought: "Hey, I must tell about the migration in Europe, it is a very actual problem nowadays, because in today’s world it causes the special political, economic, social and religious conditions in the country, especially in our mother-land - Russia. Why not?" So, that's how it started. I had been working hard and diligently. At least, it took me about one or even two months to complete the work entirely.

You will see that my work includes many various and heterogeneous kinds of activity. While working on the project I analyzed a lot of information from many texts and articles, professional's opinions and research works. I also made my own conclusions, reviewed a great number of diagrams and charts, I even interviewed our classmates and other pupils in my school. In other words,I have made my own investigation in order to answer the following questions:

• What is the human migration?
• What is the history of human migration?
• What is the European Migrant Crisis?
• Why do the migrants come to Europe?
• Where do they come from?
• Where do they prefer to go to?
• How do the migrants get to Europe?
• How do they behave in Europe?
• Migration in our country. Has it any features?
• Our pupils' attitude towards migrants.
• Possible scenariosand my solutions of the problem.
• What are the consequences of migration?
• What are the main findings?

Moreover, this work can be a tool for learning such subjects as History, Sociology and of course English, because there is a lot of materials, which will be very useful for both teachers and pupils.

You will find all the answers in my presentation. Attention, please!

II. Body (main part)

2. Definition

To begin with, we must disclose the concept of human migration. There are two most popular terms. They both completely reflect the whole meaning of this large process, but they have certain differences. (*Appendix 1)

The first notion states that human migration is the movement of people from one place to another. They can settle in the new place permanently or temporarily, it depends on the circumstances. Such movement is often over long distances and from one country to another, but there are many cases of domestic migration; Migration also may be among individuals, family units or large social groups, for example, nations or nobility.

And the second one asserts that the human migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another in order to a permanent or temporarydomicile, usually crossing a political boundary.

And now, when we have found out the surface meaning of the process, we can proceed to examine the centuries-old history of migration.

3. History of migration

The migration has been existing for many thousand years. The first human migration was about 200,000 years ago, when Homo Sapiens, our ancestors,  decided to leave their native East Africa and made their way to West and North Africa. Later they spread east across  Asia, Australia, South and North America.  

Then our forefathers moved from Central Asia and the Middle East through Bosphorus (modern Turkey) and the Caucasus and settled over the whole Europe from Russia to Spain. (*Appendix 2)

There they met Neanderthals - another species of human. During 20,000 years they had been competing with each other for territory. It was an equal struggle: the Neanderthals had larger brains and they were better adapted to the cold weather in Europe (there was another Ice Age in the world), but Homo Sapiens had widespread trade networks and more advanced technologies. These achievements of Homo Sapiens' culture helped them defeat their rival in the struggle for existing.

We should be grateful to that "Early Human Migration", because it is the reason, why we are all sitting here and simply living.

However, before nowadays processes we can remember one more large and great movement of people from one place to another. It is called "Migration Period". (*Appendix 3)

Let's look at it in detail. It lasted during the first millennium AD and this mass process completely changed the whole ethnic and cultural "face" of Europe. But initially we must speak about the reasons of the "Migration Period". Firstly, it was the Crisis of Rome: there were too many candidates for the throne. Secondly, the Little Ice Age of the first millennium AD forced the North tribes of Goths to leave their native land and move to the South, into the possession of the Roman Empire. Thirdly, Huns had to move through all Asia to Europe and they made all European nations escape from such a serious threat.

Anyway, the Migration period promoted the destruction of the Roman Empire and the formation of the future modern European states, like Italy, France, Germany and the UK.

In seventeenth century North America became the main region of human migration. (*Appendix 4)

Spanish settled in the southern and southwestern parts of the future country - U.S.A. Englishmen initially chose the east coast of the continent. They founded such states as Virginia, Massachusetts and Maryland. The Dutch built the future New York, which in that time was called - New Amsterdam. The French settled in the south of the country - in Louisiana. Swedish settlers established themselves in the area of Delaware. And of course there were a lot of Africans, who were brought to the United States against their will. In total, without a doubt we can state that one of the most important process which let the U.S.A become the most developed and the most desired for life country is migration.

As we see, human migration was one of the most important processes in the History of our world. It goes without saying, that migration helped the world to become, what it has become.  

And now we are going back to the reality to understand: What is the human migration today?

Let's go!

4.A few words about European Migration Crisis

The migration we will speak about is also called "European refugee crisis". This large and scaled  process started in spring of 2015, when a big  number of refugees and migrants began to make journey to the European Union from their native countries in order to find asylum there. (*Appendix 5)

Their ways are laid via the Mediterranean Sea with nearby Italy, Spain, Greece, Malta and through Southeast Europe including such countries as Serbia, Makedonia, Montenegro, Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia.

In the mainthe migrants arrive from such countries as Syria, Iraq, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Serbia, Kosovo and Albania. But there is a lot of other countries of origin. There are many reasons for such massive and scaled process: war, misery, persecutions, discrimination, the desire for a better life and what not. We will speak about causes in details a little bit later.

It is absolutely clear that refugees are trying to get asylum in rich and developed European countries like Germany, France, Sweden or the UK. I think they also claim to have equal rights and liberties with the rest of the listed above countries' population.

The phrase "European migrant crisis" became widely used in April 2015, when five boats carrying almost 2000 migrants to Europe sank in the Mediterranean Sea. At that time more than 1200 people died in the water.

5. Origins and motivations

So, I have compactly introduced the migration problem to you. And now I will try to answer the following question: " What are the main reasons of such massive and large migration?". Нere are some our assumptions.

As for me, I strongly believe that the majority of the migrants are refugees and they simply want to avoid the war and the persecutions in their native countries (such as Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Eritrea and some others). Because, as we know, in mentioned areas there is an incessant horrible war, and while we are speaking about it, in these countries armed conflict is going on. People are dying there.

• However, there is also another reason. Economic. The fact is that some migrants are more likely to be economic migrants, looking for a new better and happier life. They have to run from the misery and the lack of jobs, many of them hoping for a better lifestyle and job offers, without obtaining the status of "a refugee", because this label has the reverse side: despite the fact that it gives many advantages, like social security, safety and benefits, it could also give you the label of "inferiority", you won't be able to have the rights which other people have. You will be infringed in your rights and freedoms. That's why some refugees really don't want to get the status. Such migrants are generally from Serbia, Kosovo and Albania.
• But there could be a lot of other reasons and motivations. We can only guess, what they actually want to achieve by their actions. Nobody can deny that such a large and organized wave of migrants can be caused by political shenanigans and motives.

6. A composition

According to IOM* and UNHCR* estimates,around one million migrants and refugees arrived in Europe before 21 December 2015. What are the main migrant's nationalities? (*Appendix 6)

• Syrian (50% of all refugees)
• Kosovo migrants ( 15% )
• Afghanistan ( 15 %)
• Albanian ( 10% )
• Iraqi ( 5 %)
• Others ( 5% )

7. Arrival points

As we can see in the picture, the vast majority of migrants and refugees arrived by sea but about 34,000 made their way via Turkey by land. (*Appendix 7)

We can also notice that the majority of  migrants come to Europe via Greece and all nearby numerous islands. The most popular roots are laid via such islands as Kos, Chios, Lesvos and Samos. (*Appendix 8)

Why? It's pretty obvious: look at the picture, there is a really tiny distance between EU and Turkey. So, there is no problem to get to the listed islands in a little boat made of wood.

The IOM* estimates that more than 920,000 migrants arrived by sea between January and November 2015. The colossal part of these migrants came via Greece - about 820 000 people. Moreover, these figures don't include unregistered migrants, but there is a lot of them.

As we can see, migrants and refugees also come to Europe via other five European Union nations - Bulgaria, Italy, Spain and Malta.

8. What is their purpose? Where do they go?

Italy, Spain and Balkans' countries are only the intermediate points to the main targets - Germany, France, the UK, Denmark and Sweden. (*Appendix 9)

These countries are the richest in the whole European Union, they are also the most favorable areas for living and working. That's why migrants coming from all mentioned Asian and African countries are asking for asylum there.

So, 942,000 people claimed the asylum in the EU (although not of all those arriving claim asylum), according to monthly figures from the EU statistics agency, Eurostat*. Here are some figures about the most popular countries among the refugees and migrants.

• Germany has received the highest number of new asylum applications, with more than 315,000 by the end of October. But there is a little nuance. The point is that more than a million had been counted in Germany's "EASY" system* for counting and distributing people before they make asylum claims. This includes a large number from the Balkan states who are not counted in the sea arrivals. This fact is very important. Actually it means that the overwhelming majority of migrants and refugees are striving to get asylum exactly in Germany.
• Hungary has moved into the second place for asylum applications, as more migrants have tried to make the journey overland through Greece and the Western Balkans. In fact Hungary got its second place because of its geopolitical situation. Look at the map. As we see, Hungary is located very close to the main countries of EU. Moreover, it is the first country that migrants and refugees meet on their way to Germany. In other words we can say that Hungary is something like "a gate to the dream". In general, Hungary is the second Europen country in the number of asking for asylum migrants and refugees. It had 174,055 applications by the end of December.
• The third place belongs to Sweden. It is about 150,000 people asking for asylum there. However, there could be much more migrant, but Sweden's geographical position is very comfortable for Swedes themselves. Migrants should move across the Oresund Bridge, which is not destined for such huge waves of people. Besides, there is Germany on the way to Sweden, and of course people would prefer to stay in Germany, rather than going hardly to Sweden and other Scandinavian countries.

Although Germany had the most asylum applications in 2015, the surge of people arriving in Hungary meant it had the highest in proportion to its population.

More than 1,450 refugees per 100,000 of Hungary's local population claimed asylum in the first half of 2015. The figure for Germany was 323 and for the UK it was 30 applications for every 100,000 residents for comparing.

9. What will migrants and refugees get in Europe?

Any person can request the status of refugee in the country of European Union, despite the fact whether he has got to Europe legally or illegitimately. The only difference is that illegitimate migrants have to live in the special enclosed areas for refugees until they get the refugee status, whereas the legal migrants can move from one country to another or inside it without any problems.

Here are some reasons to obtain this desirable status:

1. Firstly, you must have some founded fear that you can be pursued by religious, political or ethnic reasons in your own country.

2. Secondly, you have founded reasons that you will be subjucted to capital punishment, tortures or inhuman treatments in your own country, although you have never committed crimes or unlawful acts.

3. Thirdly, you must be the spouse or the child of the person who granted refugee status.

4. Fourthly, you had to leave your native country, because its government cannot protect you from the criminals or infringement of your rights.

5. Finally, you are asking for the refugee status as there is war that takes place in your town, region or country.

Well, if you asked for getting the migrant status, but have not yet received it, you can use your right to provide you with the cash benefits*, accommodations, hygiene products, free health service and even pocket money.

Waiting for receiving the status, you can use all your opportunities which described above to the full. However, when you finally get the status, you lose the right to all mentioned benefits. But you get almost all the same rights as a citizen of this country such as entitled to work, unemployment allowance, surcharges for child maintenance, social pensions and what not. Generally, all the rights except influence on political life in the country, i.e they have no right to take part in any elections, be a member of a party or social movement. However, I think that in the near future all the migrants and refugees will get these rights, because their number is growing and along with it influence on the government is also increasing in direct ratio. Although it is my personal opinion.

But that is not all. Besides, once recognized as refugees, migrants get another benefit. It is called "integrative payments", they are much more than the previous benefits, even though the period of payment is limited. For example, in Denmark the amount of 800 euros shall be paid throughout the year per adult migrant.

10. The behaviour of refugees in Europe

So, we have analyzed all the situation on the way to Europe. And now there is a consequential question. How do the migrants behave in the European countries? How did they pay for such a friendly and generous reception?

And the answer is very sad. A lot of migrants and refugees (not everyone) behave inappropriately and extremely ungrateful. Why? I really don't know, but there are many proofs of my point of view. To begin with they (migrants) generally  feel themselves masters in the new place, such as European countries. Moreover, they also despise Europeans, who are trying to help them with their problems and their life situation. I think it is a very disgusting act and I cannot understand how the local people are tolerating such an  undeserved attitude toward them. Besides, some migrants are trying to require more and more benefits, allowances, privileges and grants.

For example, migrants are increasingly demanding (not asking) the abolition of local laws. It is fantastic, they also state that even there is no abolation of some local laws the migrants do not care and will be living by enclave according to their own laws - "the commandments of the Shariah" ignoring most of the current laws for all citizens of the country. That. Is. Incomprehensible.

Yes, they are speaking about future, but now we should look at their attitude towards Europe and its citizens today. Firstly, we will speak about certain facts. The refugees beating European men, raping women, turning up their skirts and so on. Moreover, another regular mass brawl occurred in Hamburg recently: two groups of workers about 200 people made a real massacre. To tell the truth Europeans are already tired of this. Besides, "the visitors" are always carrying knives with them. That's why Europeans began to fear for their safety and a huge number of people started to demand the cancellation of Migration Policy. Furthermore, such migrants' behavior provoked the growing popularity of the ultra-right forces and their radical cruel measures for "the liberation of Europe".

Secondly, we must tell you about the stories of the local people in Germany. They write:

"...I arrived from holidays and there are hundreads of refugees in my native town. They behave very arrogantly, walking in packs and feeling like they are at home. Women are already afraid to leave the house and go to the store alone. I am also afraid for children. The number of thefts increased greatly. Migrants walk along the streets in small flocks and carefully looking at houses and yards without any hiding. It is very suspectful..."

I am sure that migrants' answer to the European hospitality is not justified. Europeans do not deserve such attitude towards themselves especially usual local people. That's why the conflict starts to flare up.

11. Migration in Russia

And what about our own country? Is there any migration processes in Russiain the past or even in the present? The answer is definitely "Yes".

Migration in Russia has always been existing. It began on April 3, 1801, when Russian Emperor Alexander The First allowed his subjects to go abroad freely and without any difficulty. From 1801 to 1915 about five million people, mainly peasants and artisans (craftsmen), left Russian Empire's territory for a number of economic, political and religious reasons.

Then from 1917 to 1923 there was a white emigre, who was in opposition to Lenin's Bolsheviks. Basically, it were Russian antirevolutionary military and their families. According to the estimates of the American Red Cross  in that period about three - five million people left Soviet Russia.

After that from 1934 to 1989 in the U.S.S.R one million people emigrated from the country for the following reasons:

• The beginning of The Great Patriotic War
• The Stalinist repressions
• The Jewish Persecution
• Striving for a better European life (rare cases)

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 provoked several waves of external migration. Firstly, a huge number of ethnic Russians returned to their native country. In total about eight million people arrived in Russian Federation until the year 2000.

Further, the rapid economic development of the country influenced on labor immigration from neighboring countries, such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Moldova and Azerbaijan. According to the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation there were 11.3 million foreign citizens in our country. Among them, there are 1,5 million people are labor migrants, who are working legally; about one million - get patents to work on individuals; and about three million migrants are working illegally.

So, i think that there is one very important fact about labour immigration. Over 60% of immigrants come from Muslim countries. And the number of these migrants is increasing every year. Does it mean that our country can repeat the experience of Europe?

12. Features of Russian immigrants

The answer is actually "no". Why? Firstly, because muslim immigrants like, for example, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan migrants greatly differ from Syria or Iraq ones, because Syria and Iraq suffered from many wars which were indirectly connected with European and American policies. Their population feel something like personal hostility to Western culture and its people, while our labour immigrants from Сentral Asia are bound with our country by a common historical past, neighboring friendly relations.

Secondly, whether good or bad there is no benefits for migrants and refugees in our country, because our government knows that they must first of all pay social benefits to our own people and citizens in need. Moreover, migrants understand that they will pay for  patent and medical insurance themselves.

Thirdly, there is a religious factor. Russian Muslim Religious Board carries a great job, they have an impact on muslim society through the Muftis (Muslim legal expert who is empowered to give rulings on religious matters),  who constantly in all his sermons talk about three main things:

• It is necessary and vitally to learn Russian.
• We must comply with local laws.
• It is necessary to respect the local population.

All these reasons prove that the real threat doesn't and probably won't come from Muslim society in Russia. But what do other people feel towards migrants and their staying in foreign countries?

13. People's attitude

In order to find out an attitude toward migrants we decided to conduct a survey among  the tenth and eleventh grades of our school in Orekhovo-Zuevo, Moscow Region. We wanted to find out:  a) Whether our young generation and our contemporaries know what migration means; b) Do they meet migrants themselves; c)How do they feel about migrants and refugees in our native town and d) How they want to help such people? So, to ascertain this we asked them the following questions and offered some response options:

• Do you know what migration means?
• Yes
• No                      

    2. Have you ever encountered migrants in your own town?

А. Yes

В. No

    3. What is your attitude toward them?

А. Positively

    B. Neutrally

    C. Negatively

    4. How many migrants do you know personally?

А. No one

B. A couple of them

C. More than five

5. How would you like to help migrants?

А. In no way

B. Materially

C. Morally

The survey shows that a hundred percent pupils know what migration  means. There is no problem here. All pupils are aware of this vital process.

The poll also confirms that all the interviewed pupils saw migrants in their own town.

Only twelve percent of respondents answer that they treat the migrants neutrally. Others - positively.

In the fourth question the answers are divided completely. Forty six percent of the pupils are familiar with a few migrants, fourteen percent - with over than five migrants, and the other 40 percent are not acquainted with migrants.

The last question shows the level of desire in order to help migrants in their hard life. Sixty five percent of surveyed can offer nothing to help migrants. Thirty five percent are ready to offer condolences and support. (*Appendix 10)

I think, I can draw some conclusions based on the results of the survey:

 All the pupils know the process of migration, besides, there are a lot of migrants in our town and pupils see them in the streets or in the buildings. Moreover, the majority of interviewed pupils are familiar with migrants personally. As well an overwhelming number of respondents (about ninety percent) states that they treat the migrants positively, but only thity five percent of pupils are ready to provide moral support, and no one wants to support them with material aid. But It seems to me that it's not our pupils' greed - they simply have no money even for such a noble cause.

As for me, I personally know four migrants. We were working together at the construction site. It seems to me that they are not the threat to the population, they are very funny and slightly naive people, who are working better and diligently than the most of Russians (and this is so sad) and wants to earn money to support their families in the country and even abroad. But it is only my opinion, based on my personal feelings and sensations towards a couple of my familiar migrants.

III. Findings and conclusion

14. A possible future and solutions

We cannot exactly state what future is waiting for us. But one thing we know for sure: "Migration processes will change our life completely, and it doesn't matter whether we are involved in them or simply watching what is happening in the world..."

However I can consider several possible scenarios, which will probably occur in my opinion.

As we know the flow of migrants and refugees is increasing day after day. In parallel with this some European countries are beginning to close their their borders from migrants literally, Austria, Slovenia and Hungary have already built a border barrier. So, I think some day other countries will decide to reflect the flow of migrants to European Union and close all the borders from them. However, it would mean that poorly paid and dirty work must be doneby Europeans themselves. Besides, It also would cause resentment among migrants who have already settled in Europe, because firstly, their families remained abroad, secondly, they would not tolerate the oppression of their people. Muslims are deeply bound by common religion.

No doubt, there could be a different scenario. The flow of migrants and refugees will be increased every day and soon in a few years muslims will be an essential part of the European population. Their impact in politics, culture and society will change the face of Europe forever. The European Union could become one more Arabian Caliphate, and Europeans will be the minority with limited rights and liberties. After that our home, the Russian Federation could be the next Muslims' target. As for me, I wouldn't like it at all. I would never reconcile with this.

All these scenarios are only my opinions about nearby future. I'm not trying to force them to you. It depends on you whether you agree with me or not. Or you don't care about our future.

However, to avoid the both pathways I can offer some solutions.

Firstly, if I were the man who can do something in politics, I would offer some simple things.

We have already analyzed the reasons of European Migration Crisis. War, poverty, persecutions, terrible conditions and so on. Why not help the poor and devastated countries? There are so many World and Global Organizations, Funds, Movements and so on. Moreover, there is such a titanic economic gap between the developed countries (where migrants are fleeing) and developing (from where migrants are fleeing). It is in the interests of both sides to give a hand to Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Eritrea, Kosovo, Albania, Bangladesh and others. To begin with Europe and Developed Countries must finish or help to STOP the war all over the world. After that they should establish production in those countries, everybody will get the benefit from this solution. Why do we not want to understand this? Are we really so stupid or so greedy? It is our purpose to make this world better, isn't it?

Just do it. Then there will not be any huge flows of migrants, they will be much more friendly, less poor and embittered on us, who only use their lands with human and natural resources   in order to become even richer than they were before.

I think the most important reason why migrants and refugees are massively leaving their homes is "we".

15. Consequences

Let's come back to the reality and discuss the inevitable consequences of the European Migrant Crisis, whether they are positive or negative or simply neutral.

Positive

1. The elimination of manpower shortage also eliminates the problem of unemployment.

2. The demand for goods and services increases because of labor migrants.

3. Moreover, a new level of demanding promotes a supplementary employment, creates new jobs, develops infrastructure rapidly.

4. As migrants do unattractive work, more Europeans can be free for intellectual work. Therefore the economy will grow intensively.

5. The solution of the demographic problem in the European Union.

Negative

1. The salary of local population reduces.

2. Increasing competition with local people for different work places.

3. The massive growth of unemployment.

4. The outflow of capital in the migrants' home countries.

5. Ethnic and religious conflicts between native people and migrants.

16. Relevance of the chosen problem

Every person on the Earth wants to have a better life. It is an axiom which does not require any proofs. That's why migration will exist forever. But today it is not only the necessity for our life process, it is also very actual problem. Before our eyes there is a flood of the European Union and other developed countries with migrants and refugees. In this large event two problems have collided with each other: problem, which called "North - South" because of economic gap between developed North and developing South, and European Migrant Crisis caused by people's desire to have a better life, job, conditions to dwell.

Moreover, resolution of these problems will have an impact on Russia too, on our homeland and our family. I want to say that there are so many ways to continue world's progress, and if we do not decide what to do with approved problems they will influence on every person in the world without exceptions. In what ways? I have already answered this question in the paragraph "A possible future and solutions". So, it's a very actual problem, as we understand, I hope I have convinced you. Thanks for listening!

Please, ask me the questions, if you have any!

17. Main conclusions

I can draw some main findings basing on the conducted research. They are:

• The process of migration is increasing almost every day
• While war and regional poverty exists, migration will live forever
• The European Union must solve the arisen problem with migrants and refugees immediately. Otherwise, the whole world will be not prepared for such situation in their own countries
• Migrants can be either very useful for country or useless
• Migrants from different Muslim countries and regions differ a lot
• The Middle East is in war, that’s why migrants and refugees from this place are very angry with the whole world’s population
• Central Asia has always been in friendship with Russia and other Soviet Republics, that’s why Muslim migrants from this region in majority cause no problems in foreign countries
• Attitude toward migrants is positive among our pupils. Such situation we will see in almost every school in the Russian Federation
• Every person on the Earth can help Europe and other developed countries to solve the problem with migrants creating new ideas and ways to resolve the problematic situation. Subsequently, Europe and the developed countries will help the whole world materially, because they wish they would never meet this problem again
• As for me, making this research work I learned a lot of new things, facts, evaluations, theories and what not! I understood that the process of making such a big work is already my own achievement and prize. I would like to thank all the people who help pupils like me to come to such conclusion! Thanks for attention!

IV. Bibliography and appendices

Bibliography:

• http://bibisyuk.com/s__www/news/world-europe-34131911
• https://geographygeeksblog.wordpress.com/2015/11/11/migrant-crisis-migration-to-europe-explained-in-graphics-bbc-news/
• http://www.refugenetworkinternational.com/blog/understanding-the-european-refugee-crisis-a-graphical-representation-of-the-situation/
• http://720p.fr/news/world-europe-34131911
• http://www.cfr.org/migration/europes-migration-crisis/p32874
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration
• http://www.breakingnews.com/topic/migrant-boat-runs-around-off-rhodes-greece/
• http://allafrica.com/stories/201505061230.html
• http://en.igihe.com/news/migrant-crisis-over-one-million-reach-europe-by.html
• http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2855279