Презентация "Британия в средние века"

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19th Century Britain In the 19th century Britain became the world's first industrial society. It also became the first urban society. It also became the first urban society. By 1851 more than half the population lived in towns. By 1851 more than half the population lived in towns. The population of Britain boomed during the 19th century. The population of Britain boomed during the 19th century. In 1801 it was about 9 million. In 1801 it was about 9 million. By 1901 it had risen to about 41 million. By 1901 it had risen to about 41 million. This was despite the fact that many people emigrated to North America and Australia to escape poverty. This was despite the fact that many people emigrated to North America and Australia to escape poverty. About 15 million people left Britain between 1815 and 1914. About 15 million people left Britain between 1815 and 1914. However there were also many immigrants. However there were also many immigrants. In the 1840s many people came from Ireland, fleeing a terrible potato famine. In the 1840s many people came from Ireland, fleeing a terrible potato famine. In the 1880s the Tsar began persecuting Russian Jews. In the 1880s the Tsar began persecuting Russian Jews. Some fled to Britain and settled in the East End of London. Some fled to Britain and settled in the East End of London.

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19th Century Society In the early 19th century Britain was an oligarchy. Only a small minority of men (and no women) were allowed to vote. The situation began to change in 1832 when the vote was given to more men.. Constituencies were also redrawn and many industrial towns were represented for the first time. The franchise was extended again in 1867 and 1883. In 1872 the secret ballot was introduced.

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However in the 19th century at least 80% of the population was working class. In order to be considered middle class you had to have at least one servant. Most servants were female (Male servants were much more expensive because men were paid much higher wages). Throughout the 19th century 'service' was a major employer of women.

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Organised religion was much more important in the 19th century than it is today. Nevertheless in 1851 a survey showed that only about 40% of the population were at church or chapel on a given Sunday. Even allowing for those who were ill or could not make it for some other reason it meant that half the population did not go to church. Certainly many of the poor had little or no contact with the church. In 1881 a similar survey showed only about 1 / 3 of the population at church on a given Sunday. In the late 19th century organised religion was in decline.

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In the 19th century families were much larger than today. That was partly because infant mortality was high. People had many children and accepted that not all of them would survive.

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I n a 19th century family the Father was head of the family. He wife and children respected him and obeyed him (at least that was the theory!). Until 1882 all a woman's property, even the money she earned, belonged to her husband. Divorce was made legal in 1857 but it was very rare in the 19th century. In the early 19th century a group of Evangelical Christians called the Clapham Sect were active in politics. They campaigned for an end to slavery and cruel sports. They gained their name because so many of them lived in Clapham .

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Cities in the 19th Century Conditions in early 19th century towns were often dreadful. However there was one improvement. Gaslight was first used in 1807 in Pall Mall in London . Many towns introduced gas street light in the 1820s.

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However early 19th century towns were dirty, unsanitary and overcrowded. In the 18th century groups of men called Improvement Commissioners or Pavement Commissioners were formed. They had powers to pave, clean and sometimes to light streets (with oil lamps). However at that time England was divided into areas called parishes.. Commissioners only had powers in certain parishes. As towns grew new houses were built in other parishes nearby. Unfortunately the commissioners had no authority in the new suburbs. In them streets were very often unpaved and they were not cleanedRubbish was not collected and it was allowed to accumulate in piles in the streets. Since most of it was organic when it turned black and sticky it was used as fertiliser . Since most of it was organic when it turned black and sticky it was used as fertiliser .

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Furthermore in the early 19th century poor people often had cesspits, which were not emptied very often. Later in the century many people used earth closets. (A pail with a box containing granulated over it. When you pulled a lever clay covered the contents of the pailIn the early 19th century only wealthy people had flushing lavatoriesHowever in the late 19th century they became common.

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In the early 19th century poor families often had to share toilets and on Sunday mornings queues formed. Given these horrid conditions it is not surprising that disease was common. Life expectancy in towns was low (significantly lower than in the countryside) and infant mortality was very high. Life expectancy in towns was low (significantly lower than in the countryside) and infant mortality was very high. British towns and cities suffered outbreaks of cholera in 1831-32 and in 1848-49.. Fortunately the last outbreak at last spurred people into action. In the late 19th century most towns dug sewers and created piped water supplies, which made life much healthier.