Презентация на тему "The Road to the Stars"

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When did man first begin to think of space travel? Man began to think of space travel in the second century A. D. At that time a Greek, Lucian of Samos, wrote a fantastic story about a man who was carried to the Moon by a storm. In his second story about space, Lucian's hero flew to the Moon with a pair of wings which he had made himself. But for the next 1400 years, in the years of the inquisition, people could not even think of travelling to the Moon. About 300 years ago the famous Italian astronomer Galilei looked through his telescope and told people about the other worlds which he had seen. Again people began to think of reaching other planets. In 1634, there appeared a story about a journey to the Moon by Johannes Kepler , the German astronomer. He discovered how the planets moved around the Sun. Kepler was a scientist but in his book his hero was carried to the Moon by «magic moon people», who could fly through space. Kepler gave a detailed description of the Moon which he had seen through his telescope. After Kepler's book, there were many others about space travel. The first serious story of space travel was written in 1640 by Bishop Wilkins of England. He described physical conditions on the Moon and he also said about the ways in which man could possibly live on the Moon. The first man who wrote about a rocket as a spaceship was the Frenchman, Cyrano de Bergerac. In his book his space travellers flew to the Moon and the Sun in the rocket. When those books were written, nobody seriously thought about space travel. Then in 1865 Jules Verne, the French novelist, wrote the story «From the Earth to the Moon», in which he tried to show the scientific principles of space travel. By the time that H. G. Wells, the English author, wrote «The First Men on the Moon» in 1901, man was already at the beginning of a new era in the development of air travel and conquering outer space.

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Yury Gagarin - Юрий Гагарин On April 12, 1961, Yury Gagarin made history by being the first human to orbit the earth. As a precaution, engineers at the Soviet Academy of Sciences had an onboard computer, as well as mission control steer the craft, " Vostok 1". They did this because the feared that being in the weightlessness of space, you might be disabled or not be able to move very much. He wouldn't need any food for his single orbit trip, but scientists wanted to know if he could eat in the weightlessness of space. Before Gagarin climbed aboard the rocket, he made a speech. His speech said things such as how beautiful a moment this was, to go into space. He was glad to, "meet nature face to face, in an unprecedented encounter." As Gagarins rocket accelerated towards space, it reached a peak of 5 g's, meaning Gagarin felt five times heavier that his normal weight. As Gagarin passed through the lower atmosphere, the nose pointed canopy separated, exposing the " Vostok 1" capsule, allowing Gagarin to see the dark blue sky turn into a black space as he was shot into orbit, around the earth. 14 minutes after liftoff, Gagarin reported," Separation from the carrier rocket completed" Gagarin tested his food and water samples. He reported no side effects to the weightlessness. As Gagarin passed over the Atlantic, he thought of his mother and how she would react to the news of the first space flight... especially since her son was the one up there flying it. She was unaware about Gagarin being involved in space exploration until the news broke. At about 10:15 a. m., just after Gagarin started passing over Africa, the autopilot turned " Vostok 1" around and fired the rocket, which would take Vostok 1 out of orbit. This was a very suspenseful and nervous time for Yury Gagarin and mission control, for two out of the five test flights, the rockets did not fire correctly and the flights ended in failure. Luckily, this time, it worked correctly and Vostok 1 came out of orbit and was slowed down by 350 miles per hour. As the capsule came out of orbit, the equipment section was dropped, because it was no longer needed. Now all that was left of the 125-ft. rocket, launched just over an hour ago, was a 7 1/2-ft diameter capsule. As it fell 17,000 mph. towards earth, Gagarin experienced 10 gs , and felt like a 1,500-pound brick falling from the sky. With a flight time of about 1 hour and 48 min., Gagarin landed safely in Siberia. Years later, Gagarin was tragically killed in a test plane crash.

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The Solar Empire - Солнечная империя The Solar system is the place where we live. It contains the central star, which is called the Sun, nine planets with their own satellites, many comets, billions meteorites and thousands asteroids . The closest planet to the Sun is Mercury . The second planet from the Sun is Venus Our planet is the third planet from the Sun . Its diameter is 12j 760 km. Mean distance from the Sun is 150 millions of kilometres . The only natural satellite, orbiting the Earth is the Moon . The Moon is the closest astronomical body to the Earth and we know more about it than about any other object in the heavens . The fifth planet from the Sun is Jupiter . The sixth planet from the Sun is Saturn. Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun . Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun . Pluto is the farthest planet from the Sun.

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Mercury The innermost planet is rarely seen because of the Sun's glare. With less than half Earth's gravity, Mercury retains only a wisp of an atmosphere (presumed to be helium). The lack of a significant atmosphere allows temperatures to fluctuate from 750 degrees Fahrenheit during the day to minus 320 Fahrenheit at night.Like the other terrestrial planets - Venus, Earth and Mars - Mercury is made mostly of rock and metal. This small world is scarred by craters and looks somewhat like our Moon. Mercury has been known since ancient times: the name Hermes, given by the Greeks, later translated to Mercurius by the Romans.

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Will We Live In Space? People have dreamed of travelling in space for thousands of years. But it was not until 1957 that it became a reality. On October 4, 1957 the USSR launched the first man-made satellite into space. It was called Sputnik 1. On April 12, 1961 the soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to orbit the Earth. The first spacewoman in the world was Valentina Tereshkova. She made 48 orbits in 1963 in her Vostok 6. On July 20, 1969 the American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the Moon. In 1986 the Russian space station Mir was launched. Progress is inevitable and soon we'll be able to visit and even live on other planets. The 21st century may turn science fiction into science fact. Scientists are already at work on the International Space Station, a "city of space". It will be the size of a football field and will weigh over 200 tons. A team of 10-15 spacemen will probably be able to live and work at the International Space Station in 2005. The next step will be the first moonbase . 20 or 30 scientists will live inside a dome with an artificial atmosphere. This will make it possible for them to live and work without spacesuits. It also means that they will be able to grow food. If the moonbase is a success, the first lunar city will be built. It will have schools and universities, cinemas and discos, scientific laboratories and hospitals. Even babies will be bom on the moon! The next great step will be when people land on our nearest planet Mars. Scientists say that the planet once had water on its surface. If that water is now frozen underground, humans will be able to use it someday. By the end of the 21-st century, scientists hope, it will be possible to " terraform " Mars — transform the planet into an earthlike place with air and water. Space awaits the 21st century's pioneers.

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Satellites and Telecommunications - Спутники и телесвязь Our world is becoming an increasingly complex place in which, we are very dependent on other people and organizations. An event in some distant part of the globe can rapidly and significantly affect the quality of life in our home country. This increasing dependence, on both a national and international scale, forced us to create systems that can respond immediately to dangers, enabling appropriate defensive or offensive actions to be taken. These systems are operating all around us in military, civil, commercial and industrial fields. A worldwide system of satellites has been created and it is possible to transmit signals around the globe by bouncing them from one satellite to an earth station and then to another satellite and soon. Originally designed to carry voice messages, they are able to carry hundreds of thousands of separate simultaneous calls. These systems are being adopted to provide for business communications, including the transmission of voice and facsimile messages, data and video data. It is probable that future wide use of satellites in the area of telecommunications will provide a great variety of information services to transmit directly into our homes, possibly including personalized electronic mail. The electronic computer is at the heart of many such systems, but the role of telecommunications is not less important- There will be a further convergence between the technologies of computing and telecommunications. The change of this kind will lead us to the database culture, the cashless society, the office at home, the gigabit-per-second data network. One cannot doubt that the economic and social impact of these concepts will be very significant. Already, advanced systems of communication are affecting both the layman and the technician.

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Thank you for attention!