Проект по теме:"Volcano Eruption"

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What is a volcano? A volcano is a rupture on the crust of the Earth, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

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Volcano’s structure 1. Large magma chamber 2. Bedrock 3. Conduit (pipe) 4. Base 5 . Sill 6. Dike 7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano 8. Flank 9 . Layers of lava emitted by the volcano 10. Throat 11. Parasitic cone 12. Lava flow 13. Vent 14. Crater 15. Ash cloud

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Among the consequences of a volcano eruption the lava primarily threatens not only people and animals, which still have the opportunity to leave the danger zone (lava flows move slower than the average speed of a men), but the vegetation, buildings and infrastructure. Lava flows destroy roads and railways, under the influence of high temperature they burn houses and outbuildings, eliminate forests and vegetation . Consequences of a volcano eruption

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Volcanoes are divided according to the degree of volcanic activity into active, sleeping and extinct ones. Types of volcanic activity

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Notion of " active« is quite inaccurate, since a volcano, which has active fumaroles (cracks in the volcano), some scholars refer to active, and some – to extinct . Sleeping volcanoes are inactive volcanoes, where eruptions are possible. Extinct volcanoes are such ones where eruptions are hardly possible . fumaroles

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The main areas of volcanic activity – South America, Central America, Java, Melanesia, the Japanese islands, the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka Peninsula, north-western part of the United States, Alaska, Hawaii, the Aleutian Islands, Iceland, Atlantic Ocean. World map with the locations of the highest volcanic hazard.

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Tambora volcano in Indonesia is located on the famous island of Sumbawa. The volcano is considered the most dangerous in the world. The last eruption occurred in 1815. The eruption was of terrible force, the roar and rumble inside the volcano was so strong that even at a distance of two thousand six hundred kilometers from Tambora those sounds were heard and perceived as gunfire. The vent of the volcano erupted a pillar of fire, which was visible for hundreds of miles. Enormous amount of ash, fiery lava engulfed everything, destroyed all the nearby towns and other settlements. Poisonous gases, ash, fiery lava destroyed everything within a radius of about a hundred kilometers. The eruption killed about ninety thousand people. As a result of the eruption there were significant climate changes followed by a poor harvest, and as a result, a terrible famine and disease that killed about ten thousand lives more. After that deadly eruption the volcano calmed down, the silence lasted for centuries. In 2012 Tambora became more active, there was buzz inside and smoke began to appear out of the crater. Many astrologers began to predict the next end of the world, linking it precisely with the beginning of the next eruption of this volcano. The most terrible eruptions in the world

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Volcano Laki . Iceland The most terrible eruption of this volcano occurred in 1783 -1784 years. In the atmosphere was thrown a huge amount of sulfur dioxide, a huge amount of fluorine compounds. Toxic emissions killed eleven thousand head of cattle, two hundred thousand sheep and more than thirty thousand horses. Large populations of birds and fish were killed by toxic emissions. Climate change that followed after the eruption, namely a sharp fall of temperature in the Northern Hemisphere, led to poor harvest and, as a consequence, hunger. In Iceland, as a result of the disaster more than ten thousand people died. For many years Iceland and Europe suffered the consequences of the eruption of Laki , which is considered the most destructive in the past millennium. Krakatau volcano Located in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra volcano Krakatau startled residents of nearby villages by strong explosion, the echoes of which were heard within a radius of five thousand kilometers. The explosion took place August 18, 1883. More than three hundred and fifty villages on the shores of Indonesia were destroyed. Huge waves, which reached thirty-meter height, hit the coastal areas, there were numerous settlements of the Indonesians who were washed away into the ocean together with residents. The eruption killed more than thirty-six thousand inhabitants of Indonesia. es caused by the eruption, were so powerful that they were able to go around the entire planet.

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Is it possible to predict an eruption? Specialists volcanologists have plenty of devices that can predict when an eruption will be. They measure the seismic oscillations, variations of magnetic and gravitational fields, infrasound and electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of the crater, the change of groundwater level. Nowadays, a sudden eruption is almost impossible, specialists keep everything under control.

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– Amplification of seismic activity (from barely noticeable hesitation till earthquake). – "Grumble" coming from the crater and from underground. – The smell of sulfur emanating from rivers and streams nearby a volcano. – Acid rains . – Pumice dust in the air . – Gases and ash escaping from time to time from the crater. Signs of the eruption

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What to do if you are caught by an eruption on the street ? 1. Run to the road, try to protect your head . 2. If you drive a car , be prepared for the fact that the wheels will be bogged down in a layer of ash . Do not try to save the car, leave it and get out on foot. 3 . If a ball of red-hot gas and dust appears in the distance, save yourself by hiding in an underground shelter that are built in earthquake zones, or dive into water, until the red-hot ball passes further . What measures should be undertaken, if evacuation is not needed? 1 . Do not panic, stay at home, closing doors and windows . 2 . Leaving on street, remember that you can not wear synthetic clothes, since they may catch fire, at that your clothes should be very convenient . Mouth and nose should be protected with a damp cloth. 3 . Do not take refuge in a basement , not to be buried beneath dust, ash or mud. 4. Stock up water. 5. Make sure that the falling rocks do not cause a fire. As soon as possible, clean the roof from the ash, extinguish any fire. 6 . Listen for Emercom on the radio . What to do in case of eruption ?

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