Олимпийское движение. Сочи 2014.

AUTONOMUS NON-PROFIT EDUCATIONAL ORGANISATION

GRAMMAR SCHOOL OF ODINTSOVO HUMANITY UNIVERSITY

Nomination: "Research"

Theme: “The Olympic Games. Sochi Wins 2014 Olympics.”

                                                           Done by pupil of  the 5 th form B
                                                    HPE ANOO Gymnasium OGU
                               Karabut Arseniy

                                                                      Project Manager Svetlana Mitkovskaya

Odintsovo 2011

Contents

I. Introduction……………………………………………………

II. History of development of Olympic Games………………

III. The beginning and development of Olympic Games………….

2.1 Olympic Games-liquidators of wars and civil strife’s…………

2.2 Olympic Games in art…………………………………………

2.3 The revival of the Olympic Games……………………………..

2.4 Modern Olympic Games………………………………………..

IV. Winter Olympic Games in Sochi…………………………………

3.1Sochi Wins 2014 Olympics……………………………………….

3.2 Olympic Venues in Sochi…………………………………………

3.3 Olympic infrastructure in Sochi…………………………………

V. Conclusion……………………………………………………..

VI. Appendix………………………………………………………….

VII. Bibliography……………………………………………………

Introduction

The world's greatest international sports games are known as the Olympic Games. The Olympic idea means friendship, fraternity and cooperation among the people of the world. The Olympic Movement proves that real peace can be achieved through sport. The Olympic emblem is five interlinked rings: blue, yellow, black, green and red. Any national flag contains at least one of these colours. The original Olympic Games began in ancient Greece in 776 B.C. These games were part of a festival held every fourth year in honor of God Zeus at the place called Olympia. It was a great athletic festival, including competitions in wrestling, foot racing and chariot racing, rowing and others. The games were for men only. Greek women were forbidden not only to participate but also to watch the Olympics. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896. Then they were resumed in London after the Second World War. Since then the Olympics are held every fourth year in different countries. The ancient Greeks had no winter sports. Only in 1924 the first Winter Olympic Games were held in France, Now they are being held regularly.

1. History of development of Olympic Games

The Olympics have a very long history. They began in 776 B. C. and took place every four years for nearly 1200 years at Olympia, in Greece. The decree of that time was that there should be no wars during the Olympiad. At first the Olympics lasted only five days and the competition was only in running. The Olympic programme grew as the games developed and a lot of sports events were added: long-distance, racing, wrestling, the pentathlon, horse-back racing, etc. The only prize for each contest was a garland of wild olive. The successful athlete, however, received other rewards. His friends and admirers showered him with flowers and costly gifts. His name was recorded in the Greek calendar. Poets sang his praises and sculptors carved his statue. An Olympian prize was regarded as the crown of human happiness. When the successful athletes returned home the wall to their city was broken in order to let them enter. So, they did not enter through the gate. The motto was "With such defenders we need no wall". The ancient Greek Olympic Games were for men only. Women, foreigners and slaves were forbidden to compete. When the Greeks lost their authority and became dependent on Rome the games almost stopped existing. They lasted till 394 A.D., when the Roman Emperor Theodosius I abolished them on the grounds that they were of pagan origin. Theodosius dismantled the Temple of Zeus and destroyed Olympia. Fifteen hundred years later, in 1894, a Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, persuaded people from fifteen countries to start the Olympic Games again. His words "It's a great honor to win, but still a greater honor to compete" became an Olympic motto. Only a dozen countries took-part then (285 competitors), but it was a start and a good one. It was not until the Fourth Olympics in London, in 1908 that women were allowed to compete for the first time. The Winter Olympics have been held since 1924. At first Scandinavians dominated in all kinds of Winter Sports, that's why the Flag of Norway was considered to be the flag of the Winter Games. At present the Olympic flag has a white background with five rings in the middle, in turquoise, yellow, black, green and red. No Olympic Games can start without the Olympic Flame, the symbol of the spirit of friendly competition, which comes from the classic temple on Olympia, Greece. The first of the modern series of games took place in Athens, in 1896. At the fourth Olympics, in 1908, in London, there were more than two thousand competitors, from twenty-one different countries. Since then, the number of athletes competing has increased each time. The International Olympic Committee at Lausanne, in Switzerland, decides where each Olympics will take place. They ask a city (not a country) to be host one city for the Winter Olympics and one for the Summer Olympic Games. Nearly 150 countries are represented in the International.

2. The beginning and development of Olympic Games

2.1 Olympic Games-liquidators of wars and civil strife’s

Long ago ancient Greeks often waged wars. Small states suffered and lost much even if they did not take any side and stayed out of wars. The ruler of such a small state, Elis, wanted to live in peace with all neighbours. He was a good di plomat because his negotiations were successful and Elis was recognized a neutral state. To celebrate this achievement, he organized athletic games. In the beginning this feast lasted one day, but later a whole month was devoted to it. All wars and feuds were stopped by special heralds who rode in all directions of Greece. The games were held every four years in Olympia on the territory of Elis. The first games which later were called the Olympic Games were held about a thousand years before our era. Usually the Olympic Games began before the middle of the summer. Best athletes arrived from many Greek states to Olympia to compete in running, long jumps, throwing of discus and javelin and wrestling. In the course of time fist fighting (boxing) and chariot races were also included in the Games. All athletes took an oath that they had been preparing, well for the Games and promised to compete honestly and keep the rules of the sacred Olympics. Tbe athletes took part in all.kinds of competitions. Winners were called "olympionics".

2.2 Olympic Games in art

Winners were awarded olive wreaths and cups of olive oil. This tradition has survived. In our time sportsmen often get cups and wreaths for winning the first place in sports competitions. The olympionics of ancient Greece became very popular. Best craftsmen were chosen to make honourary cups, many poets wrote and recited in public poems about the best athletes. Sculptors made their statues which were put up at the birthplace of the winners. The Olympic Games were accompanied by arts festivals. Poets recited their poems, singers sang hymns, dancers danced and orators pronounced speeches — all this in honour of the sacred Games. Only men could take part in the Olympic Games. Women were not allowed even to watch the competitions at the stadium under the fear of death penalty. There was a single exception, when a woman coached her son and accompanied him to the stadium in men's clothes. That brave woman was spared the penalty because her son excelled in many events. Magnificent strong bodies inspired artists and sculptors. They painted wall pictures and made statues of marble and bronze, so now we can admire the corporal beauty of ancient and eternally young discus thrower, javelin bearer and others. The Olympic Games had been held for about eleven hundred years, until the emperor Theodosius banned them for religious reasons in 394 A. D.

2.3 The revival of the Olympic Games

The revival of the Olympic Games began long time afterwards, in 1892, when a young French teacher Pierre de Coubertiii made a public speech before the Union of French sports clubs in Paris. At that time many people in many countries practised various kinds of sports and games. They wanted to make friends and compete with sportsmen from other lands. Pierre de Coubertin understood the importance of sports which unified peoples of the world and served the cause of peace like in ancient time.

On the 23rd of June 1894 the International Congress of amateur sportsmen made an important decision: to revive the Olympic Games and to establish the International Olympic Committee which would be responsible for the administration of the modern Olympic Games. The first Committee consisted of 12 members. Now 82 members of the International Olympic Committee control the affairs of all member countries which joined the Olympic movement.

2.4 Modern Olympic Games

The modern Olympic era began in 1894 when Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin decided to revive the ancient Greek tradition of celebrating health, youth and peace with a sports festival. Baron de Coubertin created the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the first modem Olympiad took place in Athens in 1896. Since then the Olympic Games have been held every four years with only two exceptions because of the two world wars.

Even though the modern Olympic Games embrace the whole world, the connection with Greece is still very strong. A lighted torch is brought all the way from Greece, carried by a relay of runners, in order to light the Olympic Flame which bums all through the Games. As in ancient Greek times, the competitors still take the Olympic Oath. The long-distance race is still called the Marathon. Marathon was a village about 26 miles from Athens. In the year 490 BC the Greeks defeated a powerful Persian army at that spot. After the fierce day's fighting a soldier volunteered to bring news of the victory to the anxious citizens of Athens. He ran all the way and after gasping out the message. "Rejoice, we conquer!" he collapsed and died.

One important rule of the Olympic Games is that the competitors must be amateurs. This rule has been under a lot of pressure in recent years because modem sport is so professional and competitive.

Athletes train for years to take part in the Olympics and some countries spend much more than others on equipment and facilities. But despite these pressures, the amateur rule remains.

In modern times the Olympic movement has become an enormous and expensive organisation. It's controlled by the International Olympic Committee, which consists of members from all the participating countries. The IOC is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It chooses the locations of both summer and winter games (both take place once very four years, with winter games half a year before summer Olympiads). It also controls the rules of the competitions and selects new Olympic sports. The famous flag of the IOC shows five rings of different colors linked together. The rings represent the five continents.

Nowadays the Olympic Games are a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Games are currently held every two years, with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating, although they occur every four years within their respective seasonal games. Since 2008, host cities are contracted to manage both the Olympic and the Paralympic Games, where athletes who have a physical disability compete. The Paralympics are held immediately following their respective Olympic Games.

The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Games for ice and snow sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with a physical disability, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC has had to adapt to the varying economic, political, and technological realities of the 20th century. As a result, the Olympics shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allow participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of the mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of the Games. World Wars led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games.

The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Olympic Games. The host city is responsible for organizing and funding a celebration of the Games consistent with the Olympic Charter. The Olympic program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games, is also determined by the IOC. The celebration of the Games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. There are over 13,000 athletes that compete at the Summer and Winter Olympics in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third place finishers in each event receive gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively.

The Games have grown in scale to the point that nearly every nation is represented. Such growth has created numerous challenges, including boycotts, doping, bribery of officials, and terrorism. Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national, and in particular cases, international fame. The Games also constitute a major opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.

3. Winter Olympic Games in Sochi

1. Sochi Wins 2014 Olympics

The 1980 Moscow Olympic Games may have taken place 30 years ago. Moscow 1980 was more than an international festival of sport. It was one of the most important social, economic, political and cultural events to take place in the Soviet Union in the second half of the 20th century. The Games changed the country, fostering a lasting sense of national pride and awakening a fresh interest in sport.

Moscow gave the world the warmest of welcomes, a very special atmosphere and an   forgettable sporting experience.

The tear in the eye of the much loved mascot Misha the bear during the impressive Closing

Ceremony was shared by millions in Russia and around the world. And Russia continues to benefit from the wide-ranging legacy of Moscow 1980. Many of  he sporting and infrastructure developments are used on a daily basis. The 78 venues and facilities constructed and refurbished for the Games include the Olimpiysky National Sports Complex, the Luzhniki Stadium, Sheremetyevo International Airport, metro stations and the Olympic Village. The then IOC President, Juan Antonio Samaranch, said that the Moscow Games provided a new mark for measuring the organization, facilities, cultural programs and media services at an Olympic Games and set new standards for staging athletic competitions.

In 2005, Sochi Russia began its quest to become the first-ever city in Russia to host the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Despite having won over 500 medals in past Winter Games, Russia has yet to have the privilege of being the host country. But the competition was strong: Salzburg, Austria and Pyeongchang, South Korea were heavily favored over Sochi, having both experienced the long and arduous process of bidding before losing out to Vancouver for the 2010 Games.

Sochi, a city of stunning sub-tropical beauty enveloped by the Black Sea to the south and the soaring Caucasus Mountains to the north, represented a new kind of host city for the Olympic movement, in which ice events could take place in a mild coastal climate, just 40 kilometres away from skiing and sliding in the snow covered region of Krasnaya Polyana.

Helios Partners joined the fledgling Sochi Olympic Bid Committee in the summer of 2005 and eventually stepped into the vital role of delivering the all important “bid book” – the primary document that outlines the Games plan for International Olympic Committee evaluation. Helios also provided critical strategic management of the IOC Evaluation Commission visit and coordination of the critical final presentation, in addition to several other key responsibilities throughout the two-year engagement.

A great deal of the success of the bid was a result of positioning Sochi as Russia’s Gateway to the Future. The Russian Federation’s ambitious Federal Target Program will spend up to US$12 billion in the region to transform Sochi into a major tourist, business and athletic training center that will serve as an economic engine for the nation. Sochi’s final presentation in Guatamala City was described as “perfect,” but as dictated by procedure and tradition, the vote of the IOC would be the ultimate determining factor.

On July 4, 2007, Sochi’s dream came true. Jacques Rogge, President of the IOC, announced the dramatic upset: Sochi had won! A remote city hidden from the world by decades of decline and upheaval will soon be on everyone’s lips as it prepares to host the 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. And Helios helped make it happen.

According to the Russian Olympic committee, this will be the most modern games the world has ever seen, with state of the art roads, hotels, arenas, ice-rinks, ski lifts, and other facilities -- all within 4.5 miles of each other. The motto for Sochi 2014 is "Gateway to the Future." And talking about roads, President Putin pledged: "No traffic jams, I promise." Putin added that the Russian government will spend 12 billion dollars on the city's infrastructure to prepare the region to host the games.

Gazprom is not listed as one of the games' official sponsors, but last year the company pledged to spend billions of dollars on hotels and resorts in the region. Moreover, quite a few billionaires from the Forbes Russia list, led by the metals tycoon Oleg Deripaska, have stepped forward with their own offers to sponsor the games. Some of the biggest and wealthiest companies in the world are now on the sponsors' list for the Winter Olympiad.

Many news agencies see the Russian victory in a bid for Olympic Games 2014 as a personal victory for Vladimir V. Putin and as further evidence of Russia's resurgence after years of economic and social turmoil. Sochi beat Pyeongchang by just four votes with 51 going to the Russians and 47 to the South Koreans. Pyeongchang had led the first ballot with 36, Sochi followed with 34 and Salzburg went out with only 25 votes.

2.  Olympic Venues in Sochi

Games in Sochi will be included in the history of the Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games as the most compact. Get from one object to another can be a matter of minutes. All competitions Paralympic Games will be held on the same sites as the Olympics. Therefore, the sports facilities of the Games in Sochi are built to meet the needs of people with disabilities.

For the Games in Sochi to build 11 sports facilities. They will be located in two clusters - the mountainous and coastal, the distance between them will be 48 km.

Travel time from mountain sports facilities to the coastal take no more than 30 minutes on the new railway.

Each cluster will be the Olympic Village. In the coastal cluster, the path of the Olympic Village to the venue of the competition will take no more than 5 minutes, and in the mountain cluster - no more than 15 minutes.

The central focus of the coastal cluster will be the Olympic Park. It will connect up all competition venues, the parking zone and the infrastructure elements. For the first time in the history of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, all ice arenas will be within walking distance of one other. The Olympic Park will be able to accommodate about 75,000 visitors when full.

• The Central Stadium The Central Stadium is located in the Olympic Park so that the spectators have a magnificent view on both mountain peaks in the north and the sea in the south. The design of the future Central Stadium in Sochi is unique across Russia. For the first time in the construction of a large-scale structure, a translucent polycarbonate roof will be used which will give the building an appearance of snowy peaks, ensuring it sits in harmony with the landscape of the Imeretinskaya Valley and the Caucasus Mountains. 

In the building’s design safety for visitors, workers, and athletes was paramount. Moreover, environmental risks and losses related to the building construction and use have been minimized. The stadium’s design was developed to meet the requirements of the International Paralympic Committee’s (IPC) as well as international best practice in accessibility for people with disabilities. The seats may easily be dismantled so that the Stadium can seat from 25,000 to 45,000 spectators – and be used for all sorts of events.

After the 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Games the Central Stadium will be used as a venue for Russian national football team matches and as a training center. It will also host mass entertainment events and shows.

• The Bolshoi Ice Palace.  The Bolshoi Ice Palace is part of the complex of facilities operated by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The complex includes the Bolshoi Ice Palace, Maly Ice Palace and a training rink. All Ice Hockey venues will be located in close proximity to one other, providing maximum comfort for athletes and guests of the Games.

The Bolshoi Ice Palace complex will have a capacity of 12,000 seats and will be covered by a dome. The design of the Bolshoi Ice Palace is based on the image of a frozen drop and will be principally silver once complete.

After the Games, the Bolshoi Ice Palace will serve as an ultra-modern, world-class multi-purpose sports and entertainment center.

• The Maly Ice Palace

The Maly Ice Palace is part of the complex of facilities operated by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The complex includes the Bolshoi Ice Palace, Maly Ice Palace and a training rink. All Ice Hockey venues will be located in close proximity to one other, providing maximum comfort for athletes and guests of the Games.  The Maly Ice Palace will be designed to accommodate 7,000 spectators. The venue will host Olympic ice hockey competitions and Paralympic ice sledge hockey competitions.

The Maly Ice Palace is a moveable venue, making it possible to be dismantled and transported for post-Games use as an Ice Palace in another Russian city.

• The Olympic Curling Center The Olympic Curling Center will be located in the Coastal Cluster, within the grounds of the Olympic Park.  The Olympic Curling Center is simplistic in its design, which symbolizes democracy, and accessibility alongside the festivity, which is characteristic of the Olympic and Paralympic Games.

The Olympic Curling Center is a moveable venue, making it possible to be dismantled and transported for post-Games use as a curling center in another Russian city.

The Olympic Skating Center plays a crucial role in the Sochi 2014 concept. As such, it is located at the heart of the Coastal Cluster – Olympic Park.

The Olympic Skating Center is a moveable venue, making it possible to be dismantled and transported for post-Games use as a skating center in another Russian city.

• The Olympic Oval

The Olympic Oval is an oval-shaped facility with two competition tracks and one training track. The size of the Olympic Oval meets the requirements of the International Skating Union (the track length is 400 m). In particular, the ice track is designed to provide the best chronometric performance.

The roofed Olympic Oval will be located in the center of the Olympic Park.

The Mountain Cluster will include Biathlon and Ski Complexes, a Bobsleigh Track, a Ski Center, a Ski Jump Complex, as well as a Snowboard Park and Freestyle Center:

• The Biathlon and Ski Complex

The Biathlon and Ski Complex will be located on the crest and slopes of the Psekhako Ridge, within 6.5-10 km far to the North-Ester of Krasnaya Polyana.

The Complex includes two isolated stadia, each with their own start and finish zones, two isolated track systems for Skiing and Biathlon, shooting area and warm-up zones.

• The Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort

The Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort is located at the Aibga Ridge. It is a single venue and will host all Alpine Skiing disciplines: Downhill, Combined (downhill and slalom), Giant Slalom and the Super Giant Slalom. The total length of the competition tracks is 20 km.

All slopes were developed by Bernard Russi, a world-renowned ski architect from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Sochi will have an excellent selection of world-class tracks for athletes from around the world to train and compete on.

• The Russian National Ski Jumping Center The Russian National Ski Jumping Center will be located in Esto-Sadok village on the northern slope of the Aibga Ridge. The facility’s location at the junction of two ridges was selected by international experts in order to make ski-jumping facilities harmonious with the surrounding landscape and to protect athletes from side winds.

The complex is comprised of the latest Olympic K-95 and K-125 ski jumps. The venue will also include K-72, K-45 and K-25 training hills, a sports hotel for up to 200 beds , plane sport facilities, a ski trail and training facilities for young athletes.

• The Russian National Sliding Center

The Russian National Sliding Center will be built at the Alpika Service Mountain Ski Resort, with its track finishing area at Rzhanaya Polyana.  State-of-the-art ice preparation technology will ensure optimum temperature control along the entire length of the track.

• Snowboard Park

Snowboarding and Freestyle competitions at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games will be held to the West of the Rosa Khutor plateau.  The unique snow conditions combined with specialized tracks for Cross-Country Skiing, Aerial competitions, Mogul competitions, Boardercross, Parallel Giant Slalom and Half-Pipe events will make this facility a permanent venue for top-level world competitions.

      3.3 Olympic infrastructure in Sochi

The infrastructure, which is being developed in preparation for the Sochi 2014 Games will be an important legacy for both the city of Sochi and the Krasnodar Region. By 2014, a total of 183 infrastructure facilities will be constructed and modernized in Sochi. All of them are essential for improving the quality of life for Sochi residents.

In preparation for the Games, the city of Sochi and the entire Southern Federal District of Russia will benefit from modern roads and railways, new transportation hubs, modernized engineering infrastructure, an increase in energy capacity by 2,5 times, modern hotels and a rejuvenated coastline. All of these factors will increase the Russian Southern Federal District’s potential for investments and Sochi will become a world-class resort Infrastructure

By the start of the Sochi 2014 Games, Sochi’s transport infrastructure will become amongst the most modern in Russia. Sochi's preparation plan for the Games calls for the construction and modernization of the airport, railways, highway interchanges and bypasses. A total of 47 transport infrastructure construction and modernization projects are to be completed and by the time the Games begin, it will be possible to travel quickly and comfortably from one side of Sochi to the other. Within the framework of creating a barrier-free environment, the entire transport infrastructure is being designed with the needs of people with disabilities in mind. Optimum conditions for free movement around the city is the aim.

Sochi International Airport is the future air gateway of the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games and construction of a new airport terminal is nearing completion. By 2012 the terminal will increase the airport's passenger handling capacity to 3,800 per hour. The new hi-tech terminal will be fully equipped to deal effectively with passengers, aircraft and baggage. Self-registration terminals will be installed, along with three-level baggage inspection and automatic sorting systems. Passenger safety will be monitored round the clock and the airport will be fully equipped to meet the needs of people with disabilities.

Sochi’s road transport network will be significantly improved in time for the Games. One major project is the construction of a combined road between Adler and “Alpika Service.” A single railway track with two-way inserts will be laid along the left bank of the Mzymta River to provide simultaneous movement of trains in both directions. In addition, a two-lane road will be laid parallel to the railway track. These projects will shorten the trip between the coastal and mountain clusters to about 30 minutes.

In order to reduce road congestion, a flyover with three overpasses will be designed to replace the existing Adler ring, a strategically important transport hub.

Sochi will also build a bypass to decongest the city's streets. The road will include 15 bridges and five tunnels with a combined length of more than 10 km. New road systems will connect sporting and tourist venues to make travel convenient for both participants and guests of the Games. These will include two highways which will lead directly to the Olympic venues in the mountain cluster, with a capacity for 14,000 cars per day.

Special Olympic lanes will be designated during the Games for moving guests and participants.

Safety is a primary concern in the construction of the mountain roads. Protective barriers are being put in place against potential avalanches and mudslides.

By 2014 a 48 km railroad between the mountain and the coastal cluster will begin operating, running parallel to the highway. Running at a capacity of 8,500 passengers per hour, it will reduce the trip time between the two clusters to less than half an hour.

Another 2.7 km-long railway line will connect Sochi Airport and Adler. Although it will be quite short, the capacity of this railway section will be very high; in a 24-hour period, up to 64,000 people will be able to travel in just one direction alone.

Other railway networks in the region will also be upgraded, which will significantly increase passenger flow. For example, the section of the coastal railway between Sochi and Tuapse will become double-track.

The city port's sea terminals will be refurbished and the necessary coastal infrastructure will be created in time for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi. Construction of the port's cargo area is proceeding rapidly at the mouth of the Mzymta River and Olympic-related construction materials are currently being delivered through it. The port complex will occupy approximately 800m of coastline and will consist of port berths, a cargo front and wave-protection barriers. Warehouses and other infrastructural facilities will be built on the coast and the first launch area, with a capacity of 2 million metric tons per year. They will begin opening in December 2009. The sea port's cargo area will be fully opened in 2010 and its capacity will be 5 million tons per year.

The ferry port terminals will also be refurbished. Following its use as a cargo port for construction materials, the port will be transformed to become a legacy facility for 400-500 yachts.

The telecommunications infrastructure throughout the Sochi region will be significantly developed by the start of the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi. It will serve as a solid base for providing a full range of telecommunications services in Sochi during and after the Games.

Thanks to cutting-edge telecommunications solutions, viewers across the world will be able to watch the Games being transmitted from all of Sochi's sporting venues. The Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee is working intensively to create an innovative interactive environment in order to provide a successful and uninterrupted broadcast of the future Games.

The communications signal from the Olympic and Paralympic Games 2014 will not only be transmitted digitally, but also in high-definition interactive television and in third generation (3G) mobile communications.

Modern telecommunications infrastructure for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi will be provided by the telecommunications companies – Partners of the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee.

Rostelecom and MegaFon are General telecommunications Partners of the Sochi 2014 Games. Company investments into the development of telecommunications infrastructure of the city of Sochi and of the region currently amount to about $ 500 million—a record amount of telecommunications sector investment in the history of the Winter Games. Rostelecom and MegaFon are currently developing a concept for a fully integrated IT - telecommunications infrastructure for the 2014 Games.

A total of 193 new facilities will be built in the run-up to Sochi 2014. As construction proceeds, the load on the city’s power grid will gradually increase.

Before Olympic construction started, the total load on the Sochi grid was 440 MW. By the time the Games begin, this figure will be increased to 1,000 MW.

Additional generating capacity will be created in order to provide power to Sochi and to the surrounding area. This will include three new thermal power stations in Adler, Kudepst and Dzhubga. The Sochi thermal power station, the Tuapse heating plant and the Krasnopolyanskaya hydroelectric power station will also be renovated. In addition, backup power sources will be installed near the Olympic venues in order to ensure uninterrupted power supply throughout the Games.

Facilities at the coastal and mountain clusters will be connected to a single power system. For the coastal cluster, the main sources of power will be the Adler (360 MW) and Kudepst (360 MW) thermal power stations. The mountain cluster will be powered by both the Sochi thermal power station (160 MW) and the Krasnopolyanskaya hydroelectric power station (82 MW). In addition, the 180 MW Dzhubga thermal power station will be built to provide extra power to Sochi and to the surrounding area.

The Psou substation is being reconstructed and two new substations, Ice Palace and Imeretin are being built to ensure efficient power distribution at the required wattage and voltage levels necessary to power the coastal cluster’s sporting facilities. For the same reason, the Poselkovaya substation has already been built in the mountain cluster and an additional three substations will also be built: the Laura, Mzymta and Rosa Khutor.

Future participants and guests of the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games 2014 will remember Sochi as one of the most comfortable Winter Games destinations. Sochi’s hotel complex is already considered as one of the best health resorts in the country. However, by the time the Games arrive to Sochi, the resort will have been further transformed into one of a truly world-class level. In fact, everyone who visits the Games, be they IOC members, officials, journalists, fans - will be offered stylish, modern and above all comfortable hotel accommodation.

Russia's leading developers are hard at work building new hotels as well as refurbishing existing ones. By the start of the Games in Sochi, in accordance with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) requirements, 42000 hotel rooms will be created, offering a range of luxury five star to budget two star accommodation.

“Loo,” a three-star hotel complex, has already been completely repaired and the "Sochi", "Russia" and "Zolotoy Kolos" sanatoriums have been substantially reconstructed.

The Sochi 2014 Organising Committee has developed plans for accommodating the different groups of guests and athletes. The athletes will be living in Olympic villages, ideally located in the mountain and coastal clusters. The main Olympic village will be built in the Olympic Park itself. The mountain Olympic Village will be constructed in a traditional alpine style and will be located very close to the Ski Center, the Freestyle Center and the Snowboard Park. Another mountain Olympic village will be situated at Psekhako Ridge, the future site of the alpine skiing competitions.

Members of the IOC and international sports federations will be staying in four and five star hotels in the Imeretinskaya Valley, very close to the main Olympic village.

Special villages for the media will also be constructed in Krasnaya Polyana and in the Imeretinskaya Valley.

Conclusion

As the Olympic Games everywhere are considered as the unique and social phenomenon guaranteeing unique sensations and memoirs of all participants and spectators, it is important, that the IOC has undertaken all possible that the Olympic Games have kept the status of the basic sports competitions. It will give the chance to reflect and extend most full basic principles and the values of Olympism concerning the Olympic Games.

The Olympic movement is based on principles of an autonomy and ethic management of sports that means a recognition and respect of individuality and is reached by unity of a variety. Sports are force of good, unique and obligatory means of harmonious development, and also means of a preservation of peace, culture and formation. Sports are a mirror of a society in which the aspiration of the Olympic movement to follow the policy which essence - universal language of sports is accurately reflected. The understanding of the global nature of sports should support the future structure of the Olympic movement, positioning it as a part of strategy of successful development and educational initiatives in primary activity of the Olympic movement. It will give the chance to it to draw near more close the primary goal - to creation of more healthy, equal in rights and tolerant society, free from prejudices and division, from discrimination and injustice.

The whole world youth - sportsmen of the future, also is the center of the Olympic movement. Effective distribution of basic principles and values of Olympism among youth is extremely important, as benefit from it is obvious. The Olympic movement should direct the efforts to expansion and strengthening of the influence on youth all over the world, using sports as the catalyst of its formation and development. To provide participation in physical activity and sports, and to advance a healthy way of life, the governments should strengthen work with the sports organizations and youth that sports have occupied an important place at schools, at all ages and in all classes.