Проектная работа по английскому языку и МХК "Фотография как вид искусства" под руководством учителя английского языка ГБОУ СОШ № 1924 г. Москвы РОГОНОВОЙ А.В.

Департамент образования города Москвы

Восточное окружное управление образования

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение города Москвы

 средняя общеобразовательная школа № 1927

             ОКРУЖНАЯ НАУЧНО – ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ

                                      «ЦЕЛОСТНЫЙ МИР – VIII»

                                         ПРОЕКТНАЯ  РАБОТА

                                 АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК  И  МХК

                                  «Фотография как вид искусства».

                                                        АВТОР ПРОЕКТА:

                                                        Ученица 10 «Б» класса ГБОУ СОШ № 1924

                                                        Полетаева Юлия

                                                        РУКОВОДИТЕЛЬ ПРОЕКТА:

                                                        Учитель английского языка

                                                        ГБОУ СОШ№ 1924

                                                        Рогонова А.В.

                                          МОСКВА, 2014

    Данная работа посвящена фотографии как искусству.
  Прошло уже более полутора столетий с того времени, когда французские изобретатели Ж.Н. Ньепс, а затем Л.Ж. Дагер провели свои первые опыты, положившие начало искусству фотографии, искусству, которое в буквальном смысле перевернуло наше представление о мире.

    Что же такое фотография: искусство или просто возможность сохранять в памяти интересные моменты жизни?

    Во время зарождения фотографии в эстетике господствовало мнение о том, что искусством может быть лишь рукотворное произведение. Изображение же действительности, полученное с помощью технических физико-химических методов, не могло даже претендовать на подобный статус. Но фотография не бесстрастное зеркало мира, художник в фотоискусстве способен выразить своё личное отношение к изображаемому на снимке явлению, используя разные приемы. Фотохудожник не менее активен по отношению к эстетически осваиваемому объекту, чем художник в любом другом виде искусства.

    Актуальность данной работы обусловлена возможностью показать большинству людей, что фотография не просто снимок события, не просто память, а еще и искусство создавать новые образы, проявлять свою авторскую позицию и экспериментировать. Поэтому к фотографированию нужно относиться серьезно.

Объектом исследования является фотография.
Предметом исследования является фотография как вид искусства.
Гипотеза исследования заключается в том, что фотография является одним из видов образных искусств.

Цель: доказать, что фотография является одним из видов образных искусств.

Для реализации поставленной цели,  были выдвинуты следующие задачи:

• Изучить и проанализировать материал из источников информации по теме исследования.
• Изучить разные стили фотографии и определить их особенности.
• Подготовить и провести интервьюирование.
• Организовать фотовыставку.
• Создать персональный сайт о современной фотографии.

В исследовании были использованы следующие методы:

-Анализ и синтез материалов из источников информации по теме исследования.

-Определение основных понятий по теме.

 -Сравнение фотографии, графики и изобразительного искусства.

-Классификация видов, жанров, стилей фотографии.

-Наблюдение за развитием фотоискусства путем посещения выставок.

 -Интервьюирование фотографов, кураторов фотовыставок.

 -Метод мысленного моделирования выставки и сайта по фотографии.

 -Обобщение материала в ходе работы.

                                   Photography as a kind of art.

Contents:

1. Introduction.

2. Main part. Etymology. Art.

    Examples of photos in different photographic styles.

  2.1  Photo Journalism

  2.2  Fashion photography

  2.3  Still life photography

  2.4  Nature photography

  2.5  Landscape photography

  2.6  Portrait photography

3.  Conclusion.

4.  Sources.

5.  Appendix

                                                         Introduction.

 "From today painting is dead!" declared the French painter Paul Delaroche in 1839, the year a process for making photographic images was discovered. Delaroche voiced the expectations of many: that the camera's ability to capture in an instant every detail of the real world would spell the end of painting and drawing, and that photography was the art of the future. At the same time the opposing camp claimed that photography was a science, not an art — a mechanical process that could never compete with the sensitive hand of the painter in feeling or expression.

Since 1839 photography has become part of our life, it is widely used in science, medicine, anthropology, geography, journalism, advertising — but its close relationship with art has continued.

In the early 20th century the famous American photographer Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) put forward the idea of "pure" photography with aesthetic value beyond its descriptive or utilitarian function. This modernist view influenced a generation of photographers. While many Americans found inspiration in nature, in Europe photography celebrated the rhythm and speed of modern society, the dynamism of the machine age.

At the same time a certain group of photographers found the unexpected in the commonplace. For example, a plant seen close up looks machine-made, and a street scene from above becomes an almost abstract pattern: ordinary things are transformed by a point of view.

Many photographers now regarded as great masters would never have thought of themselves as artists at all. Their aim was to document the life they saw around them. Recording the lives of common people, they created powerful and dignified images that spoke about the problems of the society they lived in, about human suffering and hope.

In the second half of the 20th century photography and art became more closely connected. Pop artists like Andy Warhol (1928-87) often used photographic images and concepts in their work.

In recent years, many photographers have turned their attention from the world "out there" to express themselves by staging their own events, constructing their own images for the camera, inviting us to the private world of their imagination.

                                 Main part.   Etymology. Art.

                 Examples of photos in different photographic styles.

Etymology

The word "photography" was created from the Greek roots φωτός (phōtos), genitive of φῶς (phōs), "light"[2] and γραφή (graphé) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing",[3] together meaning "drawing with light".[4]

Several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Hercules Florence, a French painter and inventor living in Campinas, Brazil, used the French form of the word, photographie, in private notes which a Brazilian photography historian believes were written in 1834.[5] Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on February 25, 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung.[6] Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been independently confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally been given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. His uses of it in private correspondence prior to February 25, 1839 and at his Royal Society lecture on the subject in London on March 14, 1839 have long been amply documented and accepted as settled fact.

     Photography is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film, or electronically by means of an image sensor.[1] Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. The result in an electronic image sensor is an electrical charge at each pixel, which is electronically processed and stored in a digital image file for subsequent display or processing.

The result in a photographic emulsion is an invisible latent image, which is later chemically developed into a visible image, either negative or positive depending on the purpose of the photographic material and the method of processing. A negative image on film is traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print, either by using an enlarger or by contact printing.

Photography has many uses for business, science, manufacturing (e.g. photolithography), art, recreational purposes, and mass communication.

    Art

Classic Alfred Stieglitz photograph, The Steerage shows unique aesthetic of black-and-white photos.

During the 20th century, both fine art photography and documentary photography became accepted by the English-speaking art world and the gallery system. In the United States, a handful of photographers, including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, John Szarkowski, F. Holland Day, and Edward Weston, spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. At first, fine art photographers tried to imitate painting styles. This movement is called Pictorialism, often using soft focus for a dreamy, 'romantic' look. In reaction to that, Weston, Ansel Adams, and others formed the Group f/64 to advocate 'straight photography', the photograph as a (sharply focused) thing in itself and not an imitation of something else.

The aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed regularly, especially in artistic circles. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image. If photography is authentically art, then photography in the context of art would need redefinition, such as determining what component of a photograph makes it beautiful to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light"; Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, but some questioned if their work met the definitions and purposes of art.

Clive Bell in his classic essay Art states that only "significant form" can distinguish art from what is not art.

There must be some one quality without which a work of art cannot exist; possessing which, in the least degree, no work is altogether worthless. What is this quality? What quality is shared by all objects that provoke our aesthetic emotions? What quality is common to Sta. Sophia and the windows at Chartres, Mexican sculpture, a Persian bowl, Chinese carpets, Giotto's frescoes at Padua, and the masterpieces of Poussin, Piero della Francesca, and Cezanne? Only one answer seems possible — significant form. In each, lines and colors combined in a particular way, certain forms and relations of forms, stir our aesthetic emotions.[41]

On February 14, 2006, Sotheby’s London sold the 2001 photograph 99 Cent II Diptychon for an unprecedented $3,346,456 to an anonymous bidder, making it the most expensive of all time.

Conceptual photography turns a concept or idea into a photograph. Even though what is depicted in the photographs are real objects, the subject is strictly abstract.

             Examples of photos in different photographic styles.

2.1 Photo Journalism

This style is all about telling story. It is used mainly by publications to represent the latest news. In this case, the photographer`s visuals and the writer`s story should complement each other.

-Documentary Photography

-Street photography

-Celebrity photography

-Sports photography

  2.2 Fashion photography

One of the most profitable kind/ Used in commercial magazines, for bringing attention to the clothes, accessorises, designers.

  2.3 Still life photography

For this shooting photographer should group some interesting things and accessorizes together to create a particular composition.  It is important to work hard with light here.

  2.4 Nature photography

This is one of the most interesting photographic stiles. It includes different photos: from macro shooting of plants to wildlife shooting. You can “use” bad weather for unreal pictures. After pouring rain you can shoot drops of water on flowers or webs; when it is misty weather, we can get mystery picture of forest or river.

  2.5 Landscape photography

Photographer can take pictures in this style while he travels or when he is walking through the streets in his native city. There are different ways of shooting (details, historical places, ordinary buildings, seascapes, townscapes)

  2.6 Portrait photography

Important: to deliver the mood of a person. Family portrait photographs are quite popular today. There are many creative ways of shooting portraits. But, as I think, the most important is to caught interesting emotions of a person. That`s why it is so interesting and at the same time complicated to work with kids. But their emotions are unforgettable!

                                                      Conclusion.

   Every person decides what photography is for him: the way to safe some moments of his life or the way to express your creativity, your feelings. If you see a picture and you are pleased to look at it or you can “read” a story, this photo can be an example of art. Real photographer will find the way to make photo look interesting in every situation.

    By this project I want to prove, that many people perceive photography not in the right way. There is a great difference between “taking pictures for archive “and real art photography. Personally, I try to study photo as art and I try to express myself as a photographer. Maybe in the future I will realize myself as a person, who could safe moments of people`s lives in creative, not ordinary way.

                                                    Sources:

1. Bissell, K.L., Photography and Objectivity (2010) findarticles.com        Retrieved 24 October 2010.
2. Sontag, S., On Photography, Penguin, London (2009), pp 3–24.
3. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
4. "How much longer can photo film hold on? - USATODAY.com".   Usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
5. Peterson, Christian A. "Home Portraiture." History Of Photography 35.4 (2011): 374-387. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Oct. 2013.
6. The Art of Photography: 1839-1989. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. 2009
7. The Grove Dictionary of Art (online). New York, NY: Grove Dictionaries, Inc. 2012
8. O.V. Afanasyeva, I.V. Mikheeva “English – X Student’s book” : Prosveshcheniye Publishers  - Moscow, 2011.

                                                                                                 Appendix 1.