Династия Тюдоров

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Tudor dynasty The Tudor Rose Country Kingdom of England, Principality of Wales, Kingdom of Ireland Titles King of England, King of Ireland, claimed King of France Queen of Scots, Queen of France, Queen of Spain, Queen of Sicily, Queen of Naples Founder Henry VII of England Final sovereign Elizabeth I of England Founding 1485 Dissolution 1603

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Important people Henry VII 1485 - 1509 The very fact that Henry Tudor became King of England at all is somewhat of a miracle. His claim to the English throne was tenuous at best. His father was Edmund Tudor, a Welshman of Welsh royal lineage, but that was not too important as far as his claim to the English throne went. What was important though was his heritage through his mother, Margaret Beaufort, a descendant of Edward III. This descent from King Edward was through his third son, John of Gaunt. John's third wife, Katherine Swynford had borne him several children as his mistress before he married her. The children born before the marriage were later legitmized, but barred from the succession. Margaret Beaufort was descended from one of the children born before the marriage of John and Katherine. By 1485 the Wars of the Roses had been raging in England for many years between the Houses of York and Lancaster. The Lancastrian Henry later took for his bride Elizabeth of York thereby uniting the houses.

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The very fact that Henry Tudor became King of England at all is somewhat of a miracle. His claim to the English throne was tenuous at best. His father was Edmund Tudor, a Welshman of Welsh royal lineage, but that was not too important as far as his claim to the English throne went. What was important though was his heritage through his mother, Margaret Beaufort, a descendant of Edward III. This descent from King Edward was through his third son, John of Gaunt. John's third wife, Katherine Swynford had borne him several children as his mistress before he married her. The children born before the marriage were later legitmized, but barred from the succession. Margaret Beaufort was descended from one of the children born before the marriage of John and Katherine. By 1485 the Wars of the Roses had been raging in England for many years between the Houses of York and Lancaster. The Lancastrian Henry later took for his bride Elizabeth of York thereby uniting the houses.

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The real matter was decided on the battlefield, at the Battle of Bosworth Field. It was here that Henry and his forces met with Richard III and Henry won the crown. (see quotation above) It was truly through the defeat of Richard and the 'right of conquest' that Henry claimed the throne. It was solidified however, by his marriage to Elizabeth of York, the eldest child of the late king, Edward IV. The main problem facing Henry was restoring faith and strength in the monarchy. He also had to deal with other claimants, with some of them having a far stronger claim than his own. To deal with this, Henry strengthened the government and his own power, at the expense of the nobles. Henry also had to deal with a treasury that was nearly bankrupt. The English monarchy had never been one of the wealthiest of Europe and even more so after the War of the Roses. Through his monetary strategy, Henry managed to steadily accumulate wealth during his reign, so that by the time he died, he left a considerable fortune to his son, Henry VIII. It could be debated whether or not Henry VII was a great king, but he was clearly a successful king. He had several goals that he had accomplished by the end of his reign. He had established a new dynasty after 30 years of struggle, he had strengthened the judicial system as well as the treasury and had successfully denied all the other claimants to his throne. The monarchy that he left to his son was a fairly secure one and most definitely a wealthy one. Henry had seven children by Elizabeth of York, four of whom survived infancy: Arthur, who died shortly after his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (a point of some importance during "The Divorce"), Henry, Margaret and Mary.

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Henry VIII 1509 - 1547 Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII was born by Elizabeth of York June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. Since he was the second son, and not expected to become king, we know little of his childhood until the death of his older brother Arthur, Prince of Wales. We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride, Catherine of Aragon, in November 1501 when he was 10 years old. Shortly after the wedding, Arthur and Catherine went to live in Wales, as was tradition for the heir to the throne. But, four months after the marriage began, it ended, with Arthur's death. A treaty was signed that would allow Catherine to marry the next heir to the throne -- Prince Henry. Until then, Catherine's parents,Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain would send over 100,000 crowns worth of plate and gold as a wedding gift and Henry would pay the agreed upon dowry. It was deemed necessary for a papal dispensation to be issued allowing Henry to marry Catherine, as she was his dead brother's wife, and this marriage was prohibited in Leviticus. At the time, and throughout her life, Catherine denied that her marriage to Arthur had even been consummated (and given the boy's health, that is most likely the case) so no dispensation was needed. However, both the parties in Spain and England wanted to be sure of the legitimacy of the marriage, so permission from the pope was sought and received. This issue would be very important during the Divorce and the Break with Rome. The marriage still did not take place however. Henry VII had been slow to pay his part of the arrangement and her parents were refusing to send the marriage portion of plate and gold. The stalemate continued until Henry VII died on April 22, 1509 and his son became Henry VIII. Henry was just shy of 18 years old when he became king, and had been preparing for it from the time of his older brother Arthur's death. At this age, he was not the image that we usually call to mind when we hear the name Henry VIII. He was not the overweight and ill man of his later years. In his youth, he was handsome and athletic. He was tall and had a bright red-gold cap of hair and beard, a far cry from the fat, balding and unhealthy man that is often remembered Henry's marital career is probably the thing that he is most known for. The story of Henry's wives is told on their own pages.

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The Young King Shortly after becoming king, Henry VIII took Catherine of Aragon as his bride on 11 June 1509. He inherited £1.5 million pounds from his father and succeeded in the first peaceful transition of power after the Wars of the Roses. Henry brought a youth and vigor to the Court that had long been lacking and Henry dreamed of glory beyond the hunt and joust. Catherine of Aragon gave birth to their first child, a son named Henry after his father, in January 1511. The child died two months later, and was destined to be the first of many unhappy births the couple would suffer. Henry consoled himself by going to war against France, hoping to emulate his ancestors Edward III and Henry V. Henry met with some success in France, but while he was distracted on the Continent, his Scottish brother-in-law James IV used the opportunity to attack. Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey led the English forces against James and defeated the Scots army at the Battle of Flodden Field. James was killed, leaving his infant son as the new king James V and Henry VIII's sister Margaret a widow. By 1514, Thomas Wolsey had risen to power in Henry's court and was to eventually rival Henry himself in wealth and opulance. He builtHampton Court Palace, which he eventually "gave" to Henry as a gift as he began to fall from power in the 1520s.

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Edward VI 1547 - 1553 Henry VIII died in 1547, secure in the knowledge that he had left behind the male heir to the throne that he had longed for. Unfortunately, the boy was young, not even 10 years old, when he became king. His uncle, Edward Seymour became Lord Protector, and through Edward, sought to control England. Seymour's brother, Thomas, was made Lord Admiral and was an early influence on the life of the King's sister, the Princess Elizabeth. Protector Somerset was later overthrown by John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, who then took control as Edward's chief advisor. Protestants in England were happy for the young king's ascension to the throne, but feared what might happen if the boy died. It was common knowledge that Mary, Henry's eldest daughter and heir after Edward (according to Henry VIII's will), would return the country to Roman Catholicism. To prevent this from happening, several of the nobles plotted to bring another woman to the throne in her place. Some rallied behind the other heir of Henry VIII: Elizabeth. Others looked to the descendants of of Henry VIII's sister Mary. The oldest of these descendants was the Lady Jane Grey.

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Jane Grey July 1553 It could be debated whether or not Jane should be included as a "Tudor Monarch" but her story is such a fascinating one that it bears telling. The true tragedy of Jane Grey is that her death was through no fault of her own, but of the unfortunate fact of her heritage and of her religion. She most likely never really wanted to be Queen, but it was not something that was under her control. Her ambitious parents (Frances Brandon and Henry Grey), along with John Dudley, father of her husband, Guilford Dudley, sought to keep a Protestant monarch on the throne if Edward were to die without an heir of his body and to have that monarch under their thumbs. The best way to do that was to make their own children King and Queen. Four days after Edward's death on July 6, 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen of England. However, Mary, who was the rightful heir to the throne according to Henry VIII's will, was gathering support in Suffolk. She and her followers rode into London nine days later and imprisoned Jane and her supporters. Mary was the next Queen of England. Jane and her husband were held in the Tower of London but were not executed until after a second ill-fated uprising in their name.

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Mary I 1553 – 1558 The young Mary. Mary was Henry VIII’s first child. She was a pretty girl who was good at languages, science and music. She was a good dancer and good at sewing too. After his divorce from Catherine, Henry refused to let Mary stay with her mother. She was kept apart from her mother for much of the time and rarely saw her father.

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At 17 she had to become lady in waiting to Princess Elizabeth and she was not allowed to see her mother again. She only came back to court when Jane Seymour persuaded Henry to allow it.

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Mary had not been a very well child and this was to be a problem later in her life. She became Queen at 37 and was determined to return England to the one true faith…Roman Catholic.

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Mary marries Philip of Spain Mary was pleased to marry Philip. He was handsome and a very powerful ROMAN CATHOLIC . Philip was less pleased to marry Mary . She was older than he had been led to believe, dressed badly and had no eyebrows .

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Married life Mary loved her new husband. The English people did not. Mary rose every day at dawn and worked until midnight. She only saw her husband at meal times and in the evenings when she played the lute for him. Soon Mary believed she was carrying the baby that would ensure her half sister Elizabeth would not inherit the throne. Mary was wrong .

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Married life In fact this happened twice to Mary. She thought she was pregnant because she wanted it so badly. Doctors now believe that she had stomach cancer and this was what made her stomach swell up. Philip left Mary for good this time to fight a war in France. He did not return. He was cross that Mary had never made him King. He felt humiliated that she had never had his son and heir.

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Mary’s rule. Mary was determined to return all her people to the true faith. She believed she was saving their souls by insisting on this. When they refused to change their ways she had them burnt at the stake.

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Bloody Mary It was these burnings at the stake which gave Mary the name by which she is still known today. More than 300 people were burned at the stake during her reign for refusing to become Roman Catholic…..heresy

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In April 1558, when Mary was 42, she became quite ill after realizing that she was not pregnant, for the second time. She died in November without a child to succeed her. Elizabeth, her half sister, and child of the woman who had replaced her mother in their father’s affections, now became the last Tudor monarch.

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Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603 Elizabeth Tudor was born in 1533. Her mother was Henry VIII’s second wife, Anne Boleyn. Her mother was executed when she was three years old. Elizabeth became Queen of England in 1558, when she was twenty-five years old.

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Elizabeth was a lot like her father. She enjoyed horse riding, hunting and dancing. She was also very vain, especially when she was older. She wore a big red wig and thick make up to hide her wrinkles. She wore fine robes and expensive jewels. She had a very sweet tooth and her teeth were black and rotten! Elizabeth didn’t marry. She didn’t have any children. When she died there were no more Tudor Kings or Queens.

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Tudor dynasty The Tudor Rose Country Kingdom of England, Principality of Wales, Kingdom of Ireland Titles King of England, King of Ireland, claimed King of France Queen of Scots, Queen of France, Queen of Spain, Queen of Sicily, Queen of Naples Founder Henry VII of England Final sovereign Elizabeth I of England Founding 1485 Dissolution 1603

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Cultural changes Music Music was of great importance in both secular and sacred life in Tudor times. Musicians were supported by the Church, city and state, and particularly in royal and aristocratic courts. As interest in music widened, there were many more job opportunities and possibilities for apprenticeship. For example, there were now jobs for choirmasters, singers, teachers, composers, and instrument builders. The rising merchant class of the later Tudor period also gave rise to more musical patrons. With the invention of music printing, music books became more affordable and therefore more available. Several of the Tudor kings and queens were skilled at the lute and Elizabeth I was particularly good at the virginals. Henry VIII was also a composer of several songs.

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Cultural changes Architecture Most homes in Tudor times were half timbered - they had wooden frames and the spaces between were filled with small sticks and wet clay called wattle and daub. The rich people lived in country mansions which were often symmetrical plan - E and H shapes were popular. Glass was fashionable and showed how rich a person was . Windows became the main features on many rich Tudor houses. Hardwick Hall, the great Elizabethan mansion in Derbyshire with huge windows on all sides, was laughed at, at the time for being 'more glass than walls'.

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Education Schools were mainly for rich children. Most pupils were boys and very few girls were educated. Some were taught at home by a tutor. Pupils spent a long time at school. After three years at a nursery school they moved on to a grammar school when they were seven. They only had two holidays of about two weeks each, one at Christmas and one at Easter. For the rest of the year they only had Sundays off. The day began at 6 or 7 o'clock in the morning. Lunch was at 11 o'clock and afternoon lessons lasted from 1o'clock until 5 o'clock.