Британия в средние века

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Hundred Years' War Intermittent armed conflict between England and France over territorial rights and the issue of succession to the French throne. (1337-1453)

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Hundred Years' War The French king Charles VII conquered Normandy and then retook Aquitaine in 1453, leaving the English in possession only of Calais. The war laid waste to much of France and caused enormous suffering; it virtually destroyed the feudal nobility and thereby brought about a new social order. By ending England's status as a power on the continent, it led the English to expand their reach and power at sea.

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The Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of dynastic civil wars fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the houses of Lancaster and York (whose heraldic symbols were the "red" and the "white" rose, respectively) for the throne of England.

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The Wars of the Roses Reasons: both houses were direct descendents of king Edward III; he ruling Lancastrian king, Henry VI, surrounded himself with unpopular nobles; the civil unrest of much of the population; the availability of many powerful lords with their own private armies; the untimely episodes of mental illness by king Henry VI.

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The Wars of the Roses With their heavy casualties among the nobility, the wars are thought to have continued the changes in feudal English society caused by the effects of the Black Death, including a weakening of the feudal power of the nobles and a corresponding strengthening of the merchant classes, and the growth of a strong, centralised monarchy under the Tudors. It heralded the end of the medieval period in England and the movement towards the Renaissance.

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Magna Carta Magna Carta, also called Magna Carta Libertatum, is an English charter, originally issued in the year 1215 and reissued later in the 13th century in modified versions. The later versions excluded the most direct challenges to the monarch's authority that had been present in the 1215 charter.

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Magna Carta The charter was an important part of the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law in the English speaking world, and it was Magna Carta (rather than other early concessions by the monarch) which survived to become a "sacred text". In practice, Magna Carta in the medieval period did not in general limit the power of kings, but by the time of the English Civil War it had become an important symbol for those who wished to show that the King was bound by the law.

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The Parliament In 1258 nobels took over the government and elected a council of nobles. De Montfort called it “a parliament”, a French word meaning a “decision meeting”. This “parliament” took control of the treasury and forced Henry to get rid of his foreign advisers. The nobles were supported by the towns, which wished to be free of Henry’s heavy taxes.

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The Parliament The House of Commons contained a mixture of gentry belonging of the feudal ruling class and merchants and freemen who did not. The co-operation of these groups, through the House of Commons, became important to Britain’s later political and social development.

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Richard the Lionheart (1157-1199)

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Richard the Lionheart Richard the Lionheart was born on September 8, 1157, In Oxford, England. Richard was known to let his temper get the better of him. He could be shrewd in matters of politics and was famously skilled on the battlefield. Through most of his life he enjoyed the support and affection of his people.Richard was more than the king of England; he had lands in France and political interests elsewhere in Europe. He did what he could to leave the country in good hands, and while things sometimes went awry, for the most part, England flourished during his reign.

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William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

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William Shakespeare Not a lot of information is known about Shakespeare's life. He was married to Anne Hathaway, a woman 8 years older than he was. By 1592 he had become an actor and was becoming well known as a writer of plays. At the time of his death in 1616, Shakespeare had never published his plays. The reason why is unknown. The plays were collected and published some years after his death. Friends had realized that other people were publishing changed copies of the plays.

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William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet Macbeth King Lear Hamlet Othello The Comedy of Errors All's Well That Ends Well The Winter's Tale Twelfth Night or What You Will Much Ado About Nothing The most famous plays: