Уроки толерантности. Инвалиды в современном обществе - отверженные или образец для подражания? (презентация и реферат)

Contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….2
2. The main part…………………………………………………………………..4

1. Disability on the whole………………………………………………….4

1.  Disability as a scientific term……………………………………4
2.  Categories of disability…………………………………………..4

2. Paralympic Games………………………………………………………7

1.  The history……………………………………………………….7
2.  Kinds of sport in Paralympics……………………………………7

3. Famous invalids………………………………………………………..12

1.  Stephen Hawking……………………………………………….12
2.  Irek Zaripov…………………………………………………….12
3.  Louis Braille……………………………………………………12
4.  Aimee Mullins………………………………………………….12
5.  Other famous invalids…………………………………………..14

4. Invalids and the society………………………………………………...15

1.  The ratio of aid in Russia and in other countries……………….15
2.  Tolerance and admiration………………………………………15
3.  Significant pictures……………………………………………..15
4.  A little bit of statistics…………………………………………..15
5.  The rights of disabled………………………………………......16

3. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….17
4. Reference list………………………………………………………………….19
5. Supplement……………………………………………………………………20

Introduction

The topic of my project is “Disabled people in modern society: role models or social outcasts”. Firstly, in the abstract I’m talking about disability in general: what it is, what categories we can name. One of the main aims of the modern society is to help disabled people to actualize their personal abilities and to live the full life. That’s why, secondly, I’m giving information about how people all over the world try to make lives of such people brighter. Thirdly, I’m trying to make people understand how important it is to help disabled people, how painful everything can be for them, how brave such people must be to overcome all their defects and what results they can achieve in life. So I’m giving some examples of really famous disabled people.  Actually, there are a lot of great scientists, public workers, sportsmen and artists among them.

Unfortunately, the world is not perfect. Not all people can have good health and bodily shape. It may happen sometimes that people are born or become disabled. In the past centuries disability meant an exclusion from active life. Nowadays, when the attitude of the society to disabled people has changed and the new technical capabilities have appeared, these people have more opportunities to participate in the social life. A lot of people talk about disabled people and their problems in the modern world. Some events connected with such people are also often discussed in many countries.

There are several goals of my project:

1. Studying of the involvement of disabled people in the social life nowadays.
2. Attracting the attention of the public to the problem of the full involvement of people with disabilities to life in modern society.

I have studied different reference sources of information: books and Internet resources written by scientists and journalists both in Russian and in English, compared and analyzed the information from the surveys related to the problems of disabled people.

The main part

Disability on the whole

Disability as a scientific term

Disability is a term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty when an individual has problems with executing tasks or actions; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. In this way disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives.

A disability may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental or some combination of these.

Categories of disability

Disability is caused by impairments to various subsystems of the body - these can be broadly sorted into the following 11 categories.

1. Physical disability

It is any impairment which limits the physical function of limbs or motor ability. Other physical disabilities include impairments which limit other facets of daily living: for example, severe sleep apnea.

2. Sensory disability

Sensory disability is impairment of one of the senses. The term is used primarily to refer to vision and hearing impairment, but other senses can also be impaired.

3. Visual impairment

Visual impairment is vision loss to such a degree when a person need to have an additional support because of his significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication, or surgery.

4. Hearing impairment

Hearing impairment or hard of hearing or deafness refers to conditions in which individuals are fully or partially unable to detect or perceive at least some frequencies of sound which can typically be heard by most people.

5. Olfactory and gustatory impairment

Impairment of the sense of smell and taste are commonly associated with aging but can also occur in younger people due to a wide variety of causes.

Complete loss of the sense of taste is known as ageusia, while dysgeusia is persistent abnormal sense of taste.

6. Somatosensory impairment

Insensitivity to stimuli such as touch, heat, cold, and pain are often an adjunct to a more general physical impairment involving neural pathways and is very commonly associated with paralysis.

7. Balance disorder

A balance disorder is a disturbance that causes a person to feel unsteady, for example when standing or walking.

8. Intellectual disability

Intellectual disability is a broad concept that ranges from mental retardation to cognitive deficits. Intellectual disabilities may appear at any age.

9. Mental health and emotional disabilities

A mental illness is a psychological or behavioral disorder generally associated with subjective stress or disability, which are not a part of normal development.

10. Developmental disability

Developmental disability is any disability that results in problems with growth and development. The term also encompasses many congenital medical conditions that have no mental or intellectual components.

11. Nonvisible disabilities

Several chronic disorders, such as diabetes, asthma or epilepsy, would be counted as nonvisible disabilities, as opposed to disabilities which are clearly visible, such as using a wheelchair.

Paralympic Games

The history

The Paralympic Games are a major international multi-sport event where athletes with a physical disability compete; this includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which are held immediately following their respective Olympic Games.

In 1948 Dr. Ludwig Guttmann of Stoke Mandeville Hospital hosted a sports competition for British World War II veteran patients with spinal cord injuries. The first games were called the International Wheelchair Games.

The first official Paralympic Games, no longer open solely to war veterans, were held in Rome in 1960. 400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games. The Games were open only to athletes in wheelchairs. At the 1976 Paralympic Games, athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a Summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications the 1976 Paralympic Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries.

Nowadays Paralympic Games are known all over the world.

Kinds of sport in Paralympics

There are 17 main kinds of sport included in Paralympics, by which people with really different disabilities take part in the same Games.

1. Archery

The first organized competitions were held in 1948 in Mandeville (in England). Nowadays wheelchair users are also included. There are male and female sports categories.

2. Track and field athletics

It entered the program of the National Paralympic Games in 1960. Athletes with a wide variety of health problems take part in these competitions. As a rule, the program includes a track, throwing, jumping, pentathlon and the marathon. Athletes compete according to their functional classifications.

3. Cycling

This kind of sport is one of the newest in the history of Paralympics. In the early eighties the competition was firstly held, in which athletes with visual impairments competed. However, in 1994 amputated and paralyzed people were included. Up to 1992 the competition was held for each of these groups separately.

4. Equestrian competitions

Equestrian competitions are open to disabled paralytics, amputees, blind people and people with visual and mental impairments. This type of contests is held at the Summer Games. Athletes show off their skills in taking a small distance on which the pace and the direction of movement alternate.

5. Fencing

All athletes compete in wheelchairs which are fixed to the floor. However, these chairs leave considerable freedom of fencers’ movement. The founder of the wheelchair fencing is Sir Ludwig Guttman. As I said, it was he who created the first Paralympic Games. Fencing entered the Paralympics’ program in 1960. Since then, the rules have been improved.

6. Judo

The only thing in which the Paralympic judo differs from the traditional is different textures on the mats indicating competition area and zones. The rules of the game are identical to the International Judo Federation’s. Judo was included in the Paralympic Games program in 1988.

7. Weightlifting (powerlifting)

This kind of sport appeared in 1992 in Barselona. Since then, the number of participating countries steadily increased. Nowadays 109 countries on 5 continents take part in the Paralympic weightlifting program. This program includes involvement of all groups of disabled who compete in 10 weight categories, both male and female. For the first time, women attended in these competitions in 2000 in Sydney.

8. Firing (shooting)

Shooting competitions are divided into the classes of rifles and pistols. The rules for disabled are set by the International Committee of Disabled’ Shooting. These rules take into account the differences that exist between the capabilities of a healthy person and the disabled.

9. Football

The main prize is a gold medal, and only male teams take part in it. FIFA rules apply to certain restrictions, taking account of the features of the athletes’ health.

10. Swimming

This sport program comes from a tradition of physical therapy and rehabilitation. Swimming is available for all groups of functional limitations of disabled. The only condition is the ban on the use of prostheses and other assistive devices.

11. Table tennis

In this sport the players need to have necessary equipment, good technique and quick response. In this way athletes use generally accepted methods of the game despite their physical limitations. Table tennis competitions at the Paralympics are presented in 2 forms – wheelchair contests and contests in the traditional form. The program includes both individual and team competitions for men and women.

12. Wheelchair basketball

The main control structure in this sport is the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF), which develops the classifications of players with different degrees of disability. IWBF rules regulate the judging and the height of the baskets. Unlike the traditional game, the attackers play "face to the basket", constantly moving forward.

13. Wheelchair rugby

Wheelchair rugby combines the elements of wheelchair basketball, football and hockey, and is played on the basketball court. Each team consists of four main players and the permitted number of reserves up to eight people. The classification of players is based on their physical capabilities. (Волейбольный мяч) is used here, which can be passed by hands. The game consists of four periods, each lasting for 8 minutes.

14. Wheelchair tennis

Wheelchair tennis was introduced in the Paralympic program in 1992. The rules of the game are actually the same as the traditional rules of tennis. The only difference is that players are allowed to make two strikeouts. The program of the Paralympic Games include single and pair competitions.

15. Volleyball

The Paralympic volleyball championships are held in two categories: sitting and standing. Thus in the Paralympic Games athletes with all functional limitations can be involved. The main difference between the traditional volleyball and the Paralympic game version - the courts are smaller and the net is located lower.

16. Cross country skiing

Skiers compete in classical or freestyle riding and also in individual or team championships at distances from 2.5 to 20 km. Depending on their functional limitations, the rivals use either the traditional skis, or a chair equipped with a pair of skis. Blind athletes go in tandem with a guide.

17. Ice Hockey

The Paralympic version of ice hockey made ​​its debut in 1994 and has become one of the most spectacular sport events in the program since then. As in the traditional ice hockey, six players from each team are on the field at once. The sledges are equipped with blades of skates, and the players move around the field, using a stick tipped with iron. The game consists of three periods, each lasting for 15 minutes.

Actually, there were more of them some time ago. (Darts, racquetball, race, fighting, dancing in wheelchairs and others)

Famous invalids

Stephen Hawking

Some invalids became very famous. One of them is a well-known scientist Stephen Hawking.

He is an English theoretical physicist and cosmologist, whose scientific books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and in 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.

Stephen William Hawking was born in 1942. In 1962 he graduated from Oxford University and began classes in theoretical physics. At the same time Hawking began to show signs of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which led to paralysis. In 1974, Hawking became a member of the Royal Society. After an operation on his throat in 1985, he lost his ability to speak. Friends presented him a speech synthesizer, which was put on his wheelchair. Only the index finger saved some mobility on Hawking's right hand. Subsequently, there was the mobility of only facial muscles in his cheeks, in front of which the sensor was fixed. Using this sensor the physicist manages the computer, and this allows him to communicate with others.

Although he has such difficult problems with his body, he was married and divorced twice.

Irek Zaripov

Irek Zaripov is also a well-known person. He is a famous Russian sportsman, fourfold champion of the 2010 Paralympic Games in Vancouver.

Irek was born in 1983 in Bashkortostan. At the age of 17 he had a car accident after which his two legs were amputated. That’s why he tried himself in different sports of the Paralympics. Nowadays he is the first vice-president of the Federation of Physical Education and Sport of Russia with the defeat of the locomotor apparatus.

Louis Braille

Louis Braille was a French teacher for the blind. At the age of 3 Braille wounded his eye with a saddler knife. After that there was a sympathetic inflammation and that’s why he became blind. In 1829 Louis Braille worked out a relief point font for blind people, which is still used throughout the world. Furthermore, he worked out a musical notation and taught blind people to play music.

Aimee Mullins

The opinion that invalids are people who are very unhappy and miserable; who need help and compassion of others is really widespread. It’s hard to imagine a beautiful, successful and quite happy disabled girl. However, such girl exists. Although her physical abilities are limited, even healthy people can envy her spiritual forces. Aimee Mullins, aged 36, is a supermodel and also a twice champion of the world in running and long jump. She stars in movies and the most fashionable magazines, such as Vogue and Elle, lead a real hunt trying to get her photo shoots for their pages. Nature bestowed Aimee an amazingly beautiful appearance. She is ranked in the top 50 of the most beautiful girls in the world! Since her childhood Aimee hasn’t had legs. Anyway, she didn’t despair and drew herself the sketches of artificial legs which were constructed for various life situations. It’s interesting that these legs have adjustable length that allows Aimee to change her height. On some famous parties many people don’t even guess that Aimee walks with the help of prostheses – it means how natural they really look. These artificial limbs are made with the highest accuracy – even veins can be prominent. A wonderful willpower helped this girl to achieve so much in life that even healthy people don’t dream about. Aimee’s progress made the whole humanity understand that disability is not a doom and that such people can be successful and happy and they can lead the most active way of living.

Other famous invalids

Of course, there were (and still are) a lot of other famous invalids. Furthermore, sometimes we can’t even imagine that these well-known people are disabled. For example: Miguel de Cervantes, Ludwig van Beethoven, Sarah Bernhardt, Joseph Pulitzer, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Alexei Maresyev, Ray Charles, Christopher Reeve, Eric Vayhenmayer and many others.

Invalids and the society

The ratio of aid in Russia and in other countries

Unfortunately, it’s true that in many countries the problems of the invalids’ involvement in social life nowadays are solved more effectively than in Russia. Since 1970th in Western European countries all houses and public buildings have been equipped with comfortable rampants for fast movements of people in wheelchairs. All public transport also has the appropriate equipment; even special models of taxis exist. Recently, the same situation can be seen in developing countries, for example, in China. Besides, nowadays invalids have more opportunities to get education, to have a full-time job and to receive various services. Of course, there are still a lot of unsolved problems even in developed countries, but unfortunately I should state that Russia is just at the very beginning of its way to providing the disabled with all the appropriate and relevant features.

Tolerance and admiration

For many invalids it’s not so easy to have a job, to be friends with some other people, to have sweets of life that are all so habitual to us, just to live with all their defects! So we should respect all of them who became sportsmen, scientists and others. They need to have a very strong willpower to forget about their limitations and to do what they really want in spite of their unusual conditions. So we should be tolerant to these people and even admire them!

Significant pictures

Now I would like you look at these pictures and just think about it all.

(see Appendices 1 – 8)

A little bit of statistics

1. 10 % of the population in the world (650 million people) is disabled.
2. The number of disabled people in Russia is also about 10 % of the population.
   This is slightly more than 13 million citizens.
3. Invalids (especially women and girls) often suffer from cruel treatment.

The rights of disabled

People with disabilities are often excluded from the life of society. Discrimination can appear in various forms - from the offending discrimination, for example, deprivation of educational opportunities, to more sophisticated, such as segregation and isolation. Nevertheless, disabled people have the same rights as we do. They can get education at school, enter a university, make a career, and receive all medical care they need – just live like we do! However, many people don’t understand this. All these rights are officially captured in “Declaration on the rights of disabled persons” made by The United Nations General Assembly in 1975.

Conclusion

1. On the assumption of the information we got from the first section, now we can say what disability is on the whole and that it has many various forms which differ from each other.
2. On the assumption of the information we got from the second section, now we know what the Paralympic Games are, how they developed, how many different kinds of sport are included in the Games and why there are so important and widespread.
3. On the assumption of the information we got from the third section, now we know some really famous invalids, which makes us understand how much disabled people can achieve.
4. On the assumption of the information we got from the fourth section, now we know how different countries can help disabled people and what hard efforts they should make to keep living in the surrounding society.

When I started working on this project I didn’t realize how rapt I would become. Now, when I’ve learnt a lot about disabled people and other things connected with this topic, I realize that since this moment I will never be as indifferent as I used to be before, because now I am aware how hard everything might be for such people and that there are really few of us who help them just somehow. So, now I am sure that one day I will do just something for invalids, because if not me, than who? People usually don’t respond to until it comes to them. Of course, I still believe one day people will become kinder and will help each other, but until then we should work hard for it. That’s why, I hope that my project has given anyone a stimulus to help just for nothing and to make others understand how important it really is.

I know that in future I will continue my studying about disabled people and everything connected with this topic, because I feel that it’s a vital and important problem nowadays and people should learn even something for themselves to understand that such people do need help from us.

Why can we often meet invalids among people who have achieved something worthwhile? Roosevelt, Hawking, this list can go on long enough. The conclusion will be significant. What helps us to move forward to the purpose, to achieve results, to ignore the pain, to overcome the views full of compassion and pity? You can’t become a famous outstanding person only by the power of muscles or by the refinement of the mind. When we move towards the main goal, we train the most important muscle. It is our will, our determination, our stamina. We can achieve something outstanding only by overcoming all the obstacles, including inside ourselves. That’s why, only all these things together can turn an average invalid into a famous, well-known person.

Reference list

1. Жданов Н. Б. «Куда пойти учиться инвалиду». – Форум, Москва, 2008
2. Кузнецова О. В. «Социальная защита инвалидов: Права, льготы, компенсации». – Эксмо, Москва, 2010
3. Федосова И. «О социальной защите инвалидов в Российской Федерации». – Рид Групп, Москва, 2011
4. Храпылина Л. П. «Реабилитация инвалидов». – Экзамен, Москва, 2006
5. Шашкова О. В. «Ивалиды. Права, льготы, поддержка». – Эксмо, Москва, 2011
6. http://www.cogita.ru/analitka/doklady/o-merah-socialnoi-podderzhki-invalidov-v-sankt-peterburge-v-2010-7
7. http://fridrih.ru/archives/257
8. http://www.memo.ru/prawo/inv/751209.htm
9. http://www.miloserdie.ru/index.php?ss=2&s=26&id=7023
10. http://olimpizm.ru/
11. http://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/2010/12/06/248597/
12. http://www.un.org/russian/disabilities/default.asp?navid=30&pid=1186
13. http://en.wikipedia.org/

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