The influence of the War of the Roses to the future development of Great Britain

Content

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….2

Main Part

1. PARTICIPANTS OF THE WAR

1. HOUSE OF LANCASTER…………………………………………3
2. HOUSE OF YORK…………………………………………………4
3. SYMBOLS OF PERTICIPANTS…………………………………..5

2. GOING OF THE WAR

             2.1 MAIN BATTLES…………………………………………………...6

             2.2 KEY DATES……………………………………………………….21

3. CONCLUSION

             3.1 THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAR ……………….……………....23

LIST OF REFERENCES……………………………………………………….25

APPENDIX #1 “CHRONICLES”………………………...…………………....26

APPENDIX #2 “THE HOYSE OF YORK” …………………………...………27

APPENDIX #3 “THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER” ………………………..….28

APPENDIX #4 “THE CHIEFS OF THE WAR” …………………………....…29

INTRODUCTION

   I would like to study one of the interesting topics “The war of the Roses”. It is so because I’m fond of history, it is enjoable for me. In my opinion, this theme is an actual one, because the political question has been important at any time. More over everyone should know about the main historical events of his country.

  The aim of my work is to put forward a hypothesis to answer the question, what would happen to England if it were not for this war.

In my work I’d like to solve some problems:

1. To study general characteristics of the participants of the war;
2. To analyse the going of the war;
3. To reveal the influence of the war on the country and the  impact of the war on the future development of the country.

 In general, the war of the Roses - civil wars of feudal clans for the English throne. It was fighting of two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancasters (coat with scarlet roses) and Yorks (coat with a white rose). The war, which lasted thirty years (1455-1485), brought to power a distant cousin of Lancaster Henry VII Tudor (APPENDIX #4 “THE CHIEFS OF THE WAR”). He married the heiress Elizabeth of York, Henry VII united in his scarlet coat of arms and a white rose and established a ruling dynasty of the Tudors.   

    War of the Roses was the last feudal anarchy rampant before the establishment of absolutism in England. It was fighting with terrible fury, and was accompanied by numerous murders and executions. In the struggle exhausted and killed two of the dynasty. The population of England War brought strife, oppression of taxes, plunders the treasury, the lawlessness of the feudal lords, the decline of trade, direct robbery and requisitions. During the war much of the feudal aristocracy was wiped out, numerous seizures of land holdings undermined its power. At the same time, increased land ownership and the growing influence of the new nobility and the merchant trade of the layer, this became the mainstay of Tudor absolutism.

    If this war did not take place, England will not soon be moved to a new era of time. The political upheaval will occur much later, although there is little doubt that this is a war of the Roses led to political upheaval and change the existing balance of forces. If it were not, the Tudors would not have come to power and did not change over the next few years to England.

War of the Roses actually drew a line under the English Middle Ages. It continued to change in feudal English society, initiated the advent of the Black Death, which included the weakening of the feudal power of the nobility and strengthen the position of the merchant class, as well as the growth of strong, centralized monarchy under the leadership of the Tudor dynasty. All this would not have been without the war of the Roses.

MAIN PART

1. PARTICIPANTS OF THE WAR

1. HOUSE OF LANCASTER

One of the supporters of military action was the dynasty of the Lancaster. The symbol of the Lancaster dynasty, represented by Henry (1421 - 1471 years) and Margaret, was a red rose.

Let’s look deeper

Lancaster - the English royal family, the youngest branch of the Plantagenet - from the son of Edward III John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster.

When in 1422 the English King Henry V (APPENDIX #4 “THE CHIEFS OF THE WAR”) died, his only son was nine months. No more or less glorious reign after him followed. In contrast, years, when the future Henry VI (APPENDIX #4 “THE CHIEFS OF THE WAR”) was on the British throne, laid the foundation for one of the most tragic pages of English history. King in his youth surrounded by guardians, who ruled the kingdom, and, but when in 1437 a young man came of age, nothing has changed. It became clear that Henry is the complete opposite of his father, since his early childhood he was too pious and later found out that the king was suffering from dementia. Queen Margaret (APPENDIX #4 “THE CHIEFS OF THE WAR”) and friends to hide his illness. Henry VI grew up among the quarrels and intrigues, struggling for power, family, regents, and favorites. 

Henry didn’t like to fight; he was clearly incapable of making political decisions, so that from the very beginning to the end of his life he was a puppet in the hands of 3 talented people:

1. Uncle of King John, Duke of Bedford. He was a great ruler, a great soldier and a respected man. It was he who held the position of England as Henry did not come of age.
2. Another uncle, Henry, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. He was a brave soldier, and patron of letters was not a perfect politician, but he was the most striking figure in the political arena of England.
3. King's wife, graceful and imperious Margaret. It is believed that these were the quality of one of the causes of the uprising and the Yorkists the war of the Roses.

His failure to reign lasted 40 years; he spent 10 years in exile, watching the destruction of a mighty dynasty.

So the reason for dissatisfaction with the war it became a significant part of English society in the failure of the Hundred Years War and the policies pursued by the wife of King Henry VI Queen Margaret and her minions (the king was weak-willed man, flowing into the madness). It was during his reign began open opposition of the richest kind of Lancaster and York, which ended the war of the Roses.

HENRY 'S REPUTATION

Church chroniclers, who wrote about Henry, agreed among themselves that he possessed many virtues. Thus, Henry was very concerned about education in the country; it was his efforts were based Eton College and King's College, Cambridge. Much attention he paid to the souls of his subjects that loved churchmen. After Henry's death rumors of miracles occurring at his grave. Then his body was moved to Westminster Abbey. Within ten years he became canonized.

A GOAL:

Main goal was to preserve the power of Lancaster.

So, I marked the goal of one of the members the Civil War, told about these parties. 

2. HOUSE OF YORK

It was a royal line in England, founded by Richard, Duke of York, who claimed the crown in opposition to Henry VI. It may be said that his claim, at the time it was advanced, was rightly barred by prescription, the house of Lancaster having then occupied the throne for three generations, and that it was really owing to the misgovernment of Margaret of Anjou, and her favourites that it was advanced at all.

Richard, Duke of York want to correct by other means the weakness of Henry VI's government, he first took up arms against the ill advisers who were his own personal enemies, and at length claimed the crown in parliament as his right. The Lords, or such of them as did not purposely stay away from the House, admitted that his claim was unimpeachable, but suggested as a compromise that Henry should retain the crown for life, and the duke and his heirs succeed after his death. This was accepted by the duke, and an act to that effect received Henry's own assent. But the act was repudiated by Margaret of Anjou and her followers, and the duke was slain at Wakefield fighting against them.

In little more than two months, however, his son was proclaimed king at London by the title of Edward IV, and the bloody victory of Towton immediately after drove his enemies into exile and paved the way for his coronation. In 1483 Edward himself died; and his eldest son, Edward V, after a nominal reign of two months and a half, was put aside by his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, who became Richard III, and then caused him and his brother Richard, Duke of York, to be murdered. But in little more than two years Richard was slain at Bosworth by the Earl of Richmond, who, being proclaimed king as Henry VII, shortly afterwards fulfilled his pledge to marry the eldest daughter of Edward IV and so unite the houses of York and Lancaster.

Here the dynastic history of the house of York ends, for its claims were henceforth merged in those of the house of Tudor.

A GOAL:

The main goal of Yorkers-seizing power.

1.3 SYMBOLS OF PERTICIPANTS

The name "Wars of the Roses" refers to the Heraldic badges associated with the two royal houses, the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. It is not thought to have been used during the time of the wars. Rather, it came into common use in the nineteenth century after the publication of Anne of Geierstein by Sir Walter Scott. Scott based the name on a scene in William Shakespeare's play Henry VI Part 1, set in the gardens of the Temple Church, where a number of noblemen and a lawyer pick red or white roses to show their loyalty to the Lancastrian or Yorkist faction respectively.

Although the roses were occasionally used as symbols during the wars, most of the participants wore livery badges associated with their immediate lords or patrons. For example, Henry Tudor's forces at Bosworth fought under the banner of a red dragon, while the Yorkist army used Richard III's personal device of a white boar. However, after the wars ended, and his Yorkist marriage, King Henry VII adopted the badge of the single red and white Tudor Rose to symbolise the reunion of the houses of York and Lancaster.

The fifteenth century was an age of escalating change in society with a middle class grown more prosperous and influential through its mercantile interests and a lower class, fuelled by the teachings of the Lollards, that increasingly questioned the established order. Among the consequences were a degree of social anarchy and a lessening of respect for authority and the law. The issues escalated from the beginning of Henry VI's reign in 1422 with widespread complaints about corruption, public disorder, riots and the maladministration of justice.

The antagonism between the two houses started with the overthrow of King Richard II by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, in 1399. Richard II's government had been highly unpopular and Bolingbroke returned from exile, initially to reclaim his rights as Duke of Lancaster.

2. GOING OF THE WAR

2.1 MAIN BUTTLES

First Battle of St. Albans. May 22, 1455.
 
Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, refused to appear before Henry VI. He was afraid that he might be arrested at the instigation of his rival, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. Perhaps he was right to be worried. He raised an army and went from northern England to London. Henry Somerset, and moved with his army from London to Leicester, where the council planned to arrange a Lancastrian. They met in the city of St. Albans.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: 2000-3000 people. Henry VI (nominal), Somerset, Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, Thomas, VIII, Lord Clifford.
 
Yorkists: 7,000. Richard, Duke of York, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury.
 
Battle.
 
A small army of Lancastrians fought behind barricades and held against the attacking enemy forces one hour. Warwick then spent part of his forces back across the street and struck the flank. After that, the numerical superiority of the Yorkists affected, and they won by a landslide.
 
Loss.
 
About 100 were killed, most of them Lancastrians.
 
Lancastrian:
• Henry VI - wounded and captured.
• Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset - killed.
• Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham - wounded and captured.
• Thomas, Lord Clifford - was killed.
• Henry Percy, II Earl of Northumberland - killed.
• Humphrey Stafford, son of the Duke of Buckingham - badly wounded and later died (in 1455 or 1458).
 
Yorkists:
 
• None.
 
Worth noting that the above-mentioned three killed were the only casualties in the Battle of the nobility. It looks pretty suspicious, because they were the main rivals York and Warwick.
 
Consequences.
 
New York took control of Henry VI and the government. He was appointed Constable of England, rather than the victim of Somerset.
 
Blore Heath. September 23, 1459.
 
Yorkist forces were planning to connect to Ludlow. One of their detachments, led by Earl of Salisbury, was intercepted at Blore Heath Lancastrian army. Home Lancastrian army was in Ekklskholle, 10 miles.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: 6000-12000 people. Lord Audley, Lord Dudley.
 
Yorkists: 3000-4000 people. Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury.
 
Battle.
 
Accurate information about this battle is very small. The only description is questionable, mainly because of its late date. According to this description, the Lancastrian cavalry, attacked, broke, and then was attacked and destroyed yorkistskoy infantry and archers. Lancastrians were broken and fled.
 
Loss.
 
About 3,000 of those killed at least 2,000 of them Lancastrians.
 
Lancastrian:
• Lord Audley - was killed.
• Lord Dudley - captured.
 
Yorkists:
• None.
 
Consequences.
 
Yorkists were able to pass and connect with the main army in Ludlow. Along the way, the Lancastrians ambush succeeded in capturing the two sons of Salisbury. This battle has not changed the core of the campaign. Yorkists, were still in a numerical minority and in a difficult situation.

Ladford Bridge. October 12, 1459.
 
All yorkistskaya army, which joined the team after the victory at Salisbury Blore Heath, gathered in Ludlow. Lancastrians, with Henry VI, after failing an attempt to prevent their union, they moved on.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: 40000-60000 people. Henry VI; Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset.
 
Yorkists: 20000-30000 people. Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury.
 
Battle.
 
Yorkists lined with Ladford Bridge, near Ludlow. However, Andrew Trollope and his men from Calais (Calais was the commandant of Warwick) passed from the Yorkists to the Lancastrians, not wanting to fight against the king. This severely devastated the already much inferior in number to the enemy army of Yorkists. At midnight, New York, Warwick, Salisbury and their supporters abandoned the army and fled before the battle began. Yorkist army surrendered.
 
Loss.
 
Minor.
 
Consequences.
 
Henry dissolved the army had surrendered. Lancastrians sacked Ludlow. They took it the Duchess of York, Cecilia Neville, and her two younger sons - 11-year-old George and seven-year-old Richard (later Richard III). Henry VI arrived in triumph at Coventry, and there disbanded his army. York, with his second son Edmund, Earl of Rutland, fled to Ireland through the Devon and Wales. Warwick, Salisbury and York's eldest son, Edward, Earl of March (later Edward IV), fled to Calais. Queen Margaret and her party seized control of the country.
 
Northampton. July 10, 1460.
 
Warwick invaded England from Calais. His army occupied London, while Lord Skeyls held the Tower of London. Henry VI moved to London from Coventry, while Warwick was moving to the north of England. The two armies met at Northampton.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: 20,000. Henry VI; Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham.
 
Yorkists: 40,000. Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, Edward, Earl of March.
 
Battle.
 
Lord Grey Rutinsky moved from Lancastrian to the Yorkists, as soon as the battle began.Lancastrians, already inferior in numbers, fled after about half an hour of battle.
 
Loss.
 
Around 3000-4000 killed, most of the Lancastrians.
 
Lancastrian:
• Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham - was killed.
• Henry VI - captured.
 
Yorkists:
• None.
 
Consequences.
 
Queen Margaret had fled to Wales, then to Scotland. Warwick returned to London and took possession of the government. Tower surrendered. Lord Skeyls was killed trying to leave London.

Wakefield. December 30, 1460.
 
Yorkists were kept in the hands of London and Henry VI, and Richard, Duke of York was named heir to Henry. In principle, they controlled the government, but the Lancastrians were still strong in Wales, south-west and north of England. York's son Edward, Earl of March, was sent with an army of Wales. York and Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, were in Sandal Castle, near Wakefield. Here they confronted a large Lancastrian army under the leadership of Somerset.Earl of Warwick remained in London.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: 20,000. Henry Beaufort, II Duke of Somerset, Henry Percy, III Earl of Northumberland, John, IX, Lord Clifford.
 
Yorkists: 12,000. Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury.
 

Battle.
 
York withdrew his army from the castle and met sandal with an army of the enemy. There are different versions of the legend, and why he did this, none of them have not been accepted as fundamental. Lancastrians stood in the center and attacked from the flanks. Yorkists, inferior numbers, were forced to fight on three fronts. Many were killed, and many of the other, realizing the hopelessness of the situation, gave up. Lancastrians won a complete victory.
 
Loss.
 
About 1,000 were killed, most of the Yorkists.
 
Lancastrian:
• None.
 
Yorkists:
• Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York - was killed.
• His son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland - captured after the battle and was killed by Lord Clifford.
• Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury - captured the next day after the battle and executed.
 
Note the element of revenge. Fathers of the leaders of Lancaster (Somerset, Northumberland and Clifford) were killed by Yorkists at St. Albans in 1455.
 
Consequences.
 
Edward, Earl of March, succeeded his father as a pretender to the throne. Lancastrians were ready to go to London to develop his victory. Yorkists were prepared to give them resistance.
 
Mortimer's Cross. February 2, 1461.
 
After the victory at Wakefield, Lancastrians were ready to go to London, still retained Warwick.Lancaster force, led by Earl of Pembroke moved from Wales to join the main army. 18-year-old Edward, Earl of March, and moved from Wales with a small army, and then walked from Mortimer's Cross of Pembroke, and maneuver, forced to join the battle.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: 4000. Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, Owen Tudor, his father, James Butler, Earl of Wiltshire (son-in-Somerset).
 
Yorkists: 5,000. Edward Plantagenet, Earl Marsh, Lord Audley, Sir William Herbert, Sir Walter DESVRES.
 
Battle.
 
On this battle is not much information. Lancastrians, led by Wiltshire virtually wiped out the right edge of the Yorkists, but were defeated in other places. When the Lancastrians were on the verge of collapse, Owen Tudor attacked the Yorkist left flank, broke, but was surrounded and surrendered. Yorkists victorious, when he fled Pembroke.
 
Loss.
 
Around 4,000 people.
 
Lancastrian:
• Owen Tudor - captured and executed.
 
Yorkists:
• None.
 
Consequences.
 
Edward remained in the West of England, probably because of Pembroke and Wiltshire escaped and were still strong. This battle did not have much effect on the overall situation. The death of Owen Tudor, a direct ancestor of the Tudor dynasty, has a purely historical interest.
 
Second Battle of St. Albans. February 17, 1461.
 
Warwick raised an army and came from London to St Albans, taking with him Henry VI.Lankasterkaya army moved to attack him. Edward, Earl of March, remained in the West after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrians: probably 25,000 people. Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, Earl of Exeter, John, Lord Clifford.
 
Yorkists: perhaps 25,000 people. Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, John Neville, Lord Montagu, John de la Paul, Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Arundel.
 
Battle.
 
Poor intelligence Warwick led him astray, making believe that the Lancastrian army is much more than it actually is. When they attacked, his avant-garde was not ready. After a fierce battle Yorkists were defeated. Despite the fact that a large part of his army fled, Warwick was able to retreat in battle formation on the west, with the remaining forces.
 
Loss.
 
2000-4000 people.
 
Lancastrian:
• None.
 
Yorkists:
• None.
 
Consequences.
 
Lancastrian released Henry VI. Their army went to London, going to the Dansteybl. Warwick returned to London, where he was joined by Edward.
 
Tauton. 28-29 March 1461.
 
Edward and Warwick returned to London, February 26, 1461 after the defeat of St. Albans.Edward was proclaimed king in a ceremony on March 1-4. Lancastrian army camped north of the Trent. Edward left London on March 13 and reached Pontefract on March 27. There he joined up with Warwick and other allies and their forces. Lancastrians, meanwhile moved south to York.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: 30000-50000 people. Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, Henry Percy, III Earl of Northumberland, John, Lord Clifford.
 
Yorkists: 30000-50000 people. Edward IV; Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, John Neville, Earl of Montague, William, Lord Fokonberg, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk.
 
Battle.
 
All the time it was cold weather and heavy snowfall.
 
March 28. Heavy fighting on the river Ayr, which runs between York and Pontefract. Yorkists finally able to cross the river, and gain a foothold on the other side.
 
March 29. Village Tauton lay between the two armies. After a fierce battle which lasted all day, from 11 to 21 hours, attacked the Lancastrian forces of Norfolk on the left flank. They trembled and fled, and the battle ended with the persecution losers.
 
Loss.
 
It is very heavy. Lancastrian probably lost at least 30,000 people, 8,000 Yorkists.
 
Lancastrian:
• John, Lord Clifford - was killed.
• Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland - killed.
• Andrew Trollope - killed.
• Sir Ralph Percy, brother of Northumberland - captured.
 
Yorkists:
• Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick - wounded.
 
Consequences.
 
Edward went to York. Later, he pursued the Lancastrians in the north, almost to Scotland, but was unable to capture the Queen Margaret and Henry VI. He returned to London, and was crowned June 28, 1461.

Hedzhli Moore. April 25, 1464.
 
In April 1464 Lancaster rebels held many of the land border at the turn of England and Scotland.Peace negotiations with the Scots had been planned in York. Lord Montague, Governor of the eastern border, went to the border in mid-April with a small army to escort the Scottish representatives to the talks.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: about 5,000 people. Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, Sir Ralph Percy.
 
Yorkists: the forces are unknown. John Neville, Lord Montague.
 
Battle.
 
Lancastrians attacked Montague with Hedzhli Moore. After a short battle Ralph Percy was killed and the spirit of the fallen Lancastrians fled.
 
Loss.
 
Unknown. Probably a minor.
 
Lancastrian:
• Sir Ralph Percy - was killed.
 
Yorkists:
• None.
 
Consequences.
 
Montague came to the energy market, brought together representatives of the Scots, and took them to New York. At the talks were concluded 15-year truce.
 
Hexham. May 15, 1464.
 
Edward IV was in Leicester with a large army, ready to annihilate Lancastrians in Nortumberdende, their last stronghold. Lancastrian army after the defeat at Hedzhli Moore, camped in Hexham, realizing that their only hope lies in a quick victory.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrians: probably 500 people. Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset.
 
Yorkists: 4000. John Neville, Lord Montague, Lord Greystoke, Lord Willoughby.
 
Battle.
 
Lancastrians took a meadow, covered on three sides by the river and the slopes of the hills.Montague attacked through a single pass. Lancastrian realized that trapped, panicked and fled.
 
Loss.
 
Unknown.
 
Lancastrian:
• Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset - captured and executed.
• Lord Hungerford - captured and executed.
• Lord Ros - captured and executed.
 
Yorkists:
• None.
 
Consequences.
 
The case of Lancaster was destroyed in the north. Lord Montague was rewarded with the Northumberland County and the greater part of the land Percy. Bamburgh, the last citadel of the Lancastrians, Yorkists surrendered on June 25.

Edzhkot. July 26, 1469.
 
Warwick was unhappy with Edward IV and, although it did not break with him, he collected troops against his supporters. Sir John Conyers, an ally of Warwick, took the name of Robin Redersdeylsky, gathered an army and headed south through Yorkshire to Edzhkotskomu hill, near Banbury, expecting help from Warwick. Here, a small river, located a small army of Welshmen Yorkists under the leadership of Earl of Pembroke, supported by the oscillating archers under the command of the Earl of Devon.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: at least 20,000 people. Sir John Conyers.
 
Yorkists: much less than lanskastertsev. William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon.
 
Battle.
 
People Pembroke beautifully acted against the numerically superior enemy, keeping a ferry across the river. However, when their opponents were reinforced by Warwick, Devon squad left the field. Pembroke, almost bereft of archers, kept a long while additional reinforcements are not logged Warwick from the rear and defeated his army.
 
Loss.
 
Heavy. Yorkists - 2000-4000 people Lancastrian - a lot less.
 
Lancastrian:
• None.
 
Yorkists:
• Uilyai Herbert, Earl of Pembroke - captured, executed by Warwick.
• His brother, Richard Herbert - captured, executed by Warwick.
 
Consequences.
 
Edward IV was severely weakened by the loss of Pembroke, one of his strongest supporters, respectively, the power and influence grew Warwick. County of Pembroke became vacant. Earl of Devon was arrested Aug. 17 and executed by people of Somerset.
 
Luzkot Field ("Field of abandoned clothes"). March 12, 1470.
 
The uprising instigated by Warwick and George, Duke of Clarence (brother of Edward IV) broke out in Linkolnshire under the direction of Lord Welles. Another was started in Yorkshire by Sir John Conyers. Edward IV captured by Lord Welles, first forgave him, but then executed. Then Edward raised an army and headed north to Stamford in Linkolnshire to crush the rebellion.March 12, Eduard found 5 miles camp rebels, led by the son of Lord Welles, Sir Robert Welles, who were waiting for reinforcements from the Warwick and Clarence.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: unknown. Sir Robert Welles, Thomas de La Land, Sir Thomas Daymok.
 
Yorkists: unknown. Edward IV.
 
Battle.
 
Edward immediately attacked, so as not to allow the rebels to get reinforcements from Warwick and Clarence. Farmers in the rebel army could not compete with the veterans of Edward. They trembled and fled, leaving their clothes as they fled. Hence, the battlefield was named "Paul lost clothes."
 
Loss.
 
Unknown.
 
Lancastrian:
• Sir Robert Welles - captured and executed.
• Thomas de La Land - captured and executed.
• Sir Thomas Daymok - captured and executed.
 
Yorkists:
• None.
 
Consequences.
 
Edward IV regained control of the London, Eastern England and East Midlensom. Rise in Yorkshire was extinguished after the news of the victory of Edward. Warwick and Clarence fled to France.
 
Barnet. April 14, 1471.
 
Edward IV landed in Yorkshire, to once again challenge the throne from Henry VI. He moved south to Coventry, to Warwick to meet a defector, but the count was too cautious and did not come out to fight. Then Edward went straight to London. Warwick followed him, perhaps hoping to catch him by surprise. However, Edward was ready and went out of London to meet with a cousin. They met in the darkness at Barnet and settled there for the night, trying to figure out each other's positions.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrians: probably 15,000 people. Richard, Earl of Warwick, his brother John, Marquis of Montague, John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter.
 
Yorkists: 9,000. King Edward IV; his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Lord Hastings.
 
Battle.
 
The Battle of Barnet was solved as a result of confusion. Because of the darkness and fog, the two armies are located close to each other than military leaders thought, and therefore of Warwick guns fired most of the night on top of Edward's army. Moreover, the Yorkists arranged so that their right wing came off the left flank of the enemy. As a result, when the early morning April 14 the battle began, the Army grappled chaotic and turned 90 degrees. Oxford team quickly overturned Hastings, and rushed him to pursue. When he returned to the battlefield, the troops mistook Montagu its symbol - a star with yorkistkim - "the sun with radiating rays," and began to shoot their allies. This, along with the death of Montague, cemented the victory of the Yorkists.
 
Loss.
 
Lancastrian - about 1,000 people, Yorkists - maybe 500.
 
Lancastrian:
• Richard, Earl of Warwick - was killed.
• John, Marquess of Montagu - was killed.
• Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter - wounded.
 
Yorkists:
• Lord Sai - killed.
• Lord Cromwell - was killed.
• Sir John Paston senior - was killed.
 
Consequences.
 
"The creator of kings," not able to gather his men retreated to the woods, but was intercepted and killed by the Yorkists. Edward, defeated his rival, went back to London, and soon destroyed all of Lancaster resistance in Tewkesbury.

Tewkesbury. March 4, 1471.
 
Edward could only secure his victory at Barnet, Queen Margaret defeated, which recently landed on the south-west. Accordingly, he again went out of London, forcing its people to go into exhausting pace, in order to prevent connection to the Queen with Jasper Tudor in Wales. After several days of persecution, he was able to catch her at Tewkesbury, close to the River Severn.Lancastrian too tired to do something other than stay and fight.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Sources on the number of parties in Tewkesbury absent. It is likely that the forces were about equal, and consisted of several thousand people on each side.
 
Lancastrian: Edward, Prince of Wales, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset called himself, John, Lord Uenlok.
 
Yorkists: King Edward IV; his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and George, Duke of Clarence, Lord Hastings, Thomas Grey, Marquess of Dorset.
 
Battle.
 
Lancastrians in a good defensive position on a rocky hill. King Edward, determined to lure them, commanded the left flank of Gloucester to take the road and feigned retreat. Somerset fell for the bait, and his men rushed for Gloucester fled. Suddenly they were attacked from all sides, when Gloucester turned and counterattacked, King Edward came to the aid of his brother, and 300 lancers hiding in the woods attacked them from behind. Unfortunate Duke was defeated, and the other Lancastrian began to scatter in panic.
 
Loss.
 
Lancastrian - about 2,000 people. Yorkists - much less.
 
Lancastrian:
• Edward, Prince of Wales - was killed (or captured and executed.)
• Queen Margaret - captured.
• Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset called himself - captured and executed.
• John Beaufort - killed.
• John, Lord Uenlok - killed.
 
Uenlok Somerset was killed himself, accusing him of treason. Was Prince Edward was killed on the battlefield or later is not clear.
 
Yorkists:
 
• Humphrey Bursh - killed.
 
Consequences.
 
The following days were devoted to the final destruction of Lancaster resistance, and attempts to capture the Queen Margaret and the Duke of Somerset. Then King Edward returned to London, which was subjected to a brief and unsuccessful siege of Lancaster Fokenberga bastard. Here Edward has strengthened its position once and for all, killing Henry VI.
 
Bosworth. August 22, 1485.
 
The unpopularity of Richard III represented for him a great threat. People dissatisfied with their monarch, who took power in such strange circumstances, was ready to accept any suitable substitute. Henry Tudor, who was waiting for a favorable moment at the French court, made a second attempt to invade England. Together with the French mercenaries, he landed in Wales, to gather local support, and then went to the north-east. Meanwhile, King Richard, who was in Nottingham to learn about the arrival of Henry, he went to the meeting. They met on the field at Bosvortskom Leicester.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrian: 5000, Welsh and French. Henry Tudor (nominal), Jasper Tudor, John de Vere, Earl of Oxford.
 
Yorkists: 10,000. King Richard III; John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, his son Thomas, Earl of Surrey, Lord Stanley (allegedly an ally).
 
Battle.
 
Richard placed his men for the most part on the Ambienskom hill, dividing them into three parts, directing himself in the center. The Duke of Norfolk attacked the advancing vanguard of Oxford.From that moment everything went badly for Richard. Norfolk was killed in the first attack, Northumberland, who commanded the rearguard, refused to come, and Lord Stanley went over to the enemy. In desperation, Richard took a risky decision: he took with him all the remaining people in the attack on Henry Tudor, who was in the rear of his own army. Galloping down from the hill, the king made a valiant attempt to get his enemy, but was surrounded by Lord Stanley and killed.
 
Loss.
 
Relatively small, mostly supporters of Richard.
 
Lancastrian:
• Sir William Brandon, standard-bearer of Henry - murdered by Richard.
 
Yorkists:
• Richard III, King of England - was killed.
• John Howard, Duke of Norfolk - was killed.
• Sir Richard Ratcliffe - was killed.
• Sir William Keytsbi - captured and executed.
 
Consequences.
 
Richard Corona fell during the last battle, and was found and assigned to the head of a traitor, Henry Stanley. Richard's body was stripped, taken to the Leicester, exposed and then buried.Henry went to London and was crowned as Henry VII and married Elizabeth York, bringing together two families. Thus the war ended, although she later had its epilogue in Stoke.

Stoke. June 16, 1487.
 
John de la Paul, Earl Lincoln was the nephew of Richard III. Together with the former court of Richard Francis, Viscount Lovell, they came up with a plan, presenting a candidate for the throne. He was a young orphan, Lambert Simnel, who was given a missing Richard, Duke of York. The rebels have gathered force in Ireland, made an unsuccessful attempt to buy support in the City, and eventually met with Henry VII at Stoke.
 
The forces and leaders.
 
Lancastrians: probably 12,000 people. Henry VII; John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, George Stanley.
 
Yorkists: 9,000. John de la Paul, Earl Lincoln, Francis, Viscount Lovell. The soldiers were mostly Irish and German mercenaries in 2000.
 
Poorly equipped soldiers of the Irish have taken a courageous attack on the vanguard of Oxford, but was upset when he came to the aid of reinforcements. Irish people panicked and retreated, and the royal forces attacked the remainder of the army. The Germans fought bravely and were destroyed.
 
Loss.
 
Probably 4,000 people, mostly rebels.
 
Lancastrian:
• None.
 
Yorkists:
• John Paul de la, Earl of Lincoln - assassinated.
 
Consequences.
 
When the bodies were collected, found dead of a graph Lincoln. Elusive Viscount Lovell had disappeared from the battlefield and from history. Lambert Simnel was taken prisoner, but suddenly he had been treated mercifully: he was taken to serve in the royal kitchen. Lincoln was the last real heir of York, and when he died, with him died the royal ambitions of the house of York. The most important thing was that Stoke was the last battle in which the reigning king of England fought against the rebellious pretender to the throne. This battle marked the end of dynastic civil war.

2.2 KEY DATES

1399 overthrow of Richard II. Henry IV-first king of the dynasty of Lancaster.

1413-22 Board of Henry V.

1422-61 Board of Henry VI.

1460 Victory at Nortgemptone Yorks.

1461 Battle of Toutone. Edward York becomes King Edward IV.

1446-64 Lancaster troops finally defeated when Hedzhli Moore.

1465 capture of York, Henry VI.

1470 Earl of Warwick is adjacent to Lancaster. Edward IV of England runs.

1471 Yorks Win at Barnet and Tewkesbury, the death of Count of Warwick, Prince Edward andHenry VI.

1483 Death of Edward IV. Richard of Gloucester became King Richard III.

1485 Battle of Bosworth. Henry Tudor became King Henry VII.

3. CONCLUSION

3.1 THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAR TO THE COUNTRY

The war was disastrous for the already declining influence in France, England, and by the end of the fight they did not have any possessions except Calais, and eventually lost during the reign of Mary I. Although the later British rulers continued to campaign on the continent, the territory of England did not increase. Various European duchies and kingdoms have played an important role in the war, especially the kings of France and the dukes of Burgundy, York and Lancaster helped in their fight against each other. Providing them with military and financial assistance, as well as offering a refuge of the nobility and defeated candidates, they would thus prevent the emergence of a united and strong in England, would have become their enemy. Under the Tudors the opportunity to establish closer links between Wales and England.

I think the story of the great English nation was not only in this bloody violent and destructive struggle for supreme power. Battles were not particularly bloody, and if the population of England has increased little in the XV century. And the first of the Tudors were no more than three million citizens, the war on both Rose and there is almost no. The country as a whole was doing well, although the most important of these achievements conquered by it gradually and slowly. For example, serfdom was abolished in fact, already; estate closer. Middle class acquired landed property, and passed into the nobility, gentry, and to know had to take up crafts townsmen. In England, developed a convenient time for the country generally, because it has created in her aristocracy, which remained at the head of the people, without recourse, however, caste, and maintained a close relationship with the people: the aristocratic title passed to the firstborn of the family, while other children were only the family name, without any superiority of rank over the middle class.

Common people, rose: even under Henry VII (1500) passed a law mandating that any ordinary person, who had more than 40 pounds of income, go to the knightly class. Victories over the French were won mainly due to the art of archery. Italian observers have noticed a great change here in the military: the disappearance of mercenaries and their replacement by a permanent army, civil wars have been devastating to the old aristocracy, thinning the ranks of which were replenished increased new names. State system has evolved so successfully that none of the three elements - the monarchy, aristocracy, democracy - could be decisive advantage. The Crown has not lost any of his substantial rights, but the power of the king, in the words of a senior servant of Henry VI, a word borrowed from Aristotle, was "political." That was the rule, a limited "political laws". The aristocracy maintained its position, but in purely political matters she had a casting vote in the parliament and the royal Privy Council could not overstep its very limited scope of action. Finally, representatives of the community humbly expressed in their submissions, complaints, consent or refusal, but in all money matters, they were the first voice. Accurately and in minute detail, they have identified the first of the Tudor court of his state. Members of the House of Commons is not subject to arrest during the sessions, except for criminal cases, and enjoy freedom of speech after the speaker at the opening of Parliament would seek out permission, crouching at the feet of the king. English subject most people boasted of countries ruled by the Roman Code, part of his court: under common law the accused pronounced the verdict of the jury, 12 morally blameless people belonging to his nationality.

So, I think, my hypothesis was confirmed that without the war of the Roses England for a long time to develop.

I took each participant of the war, events, causes, consequences. All this proves my assumption.

The world literature is a significant event is reflected in the story "Black Arrow" by RL Stevenson.

Shakespeare created the tragedy “Richard III”, which describes in detail the present war.

It shows the representatives of two warring dynasties.

                                    LIST OF REFERENCES

1. McDowall David. An illustrated history of Britain
2. Hallam E. The wars of the Roses: From Richard II to the fall of Richard III at Bosworth Field seen through the eyes of their contemporaries. London, 2008.
3. Johnson, P. A. Oxford University Press, 2009
4. Jones W. G. York and Lancaster (1399-1485). London
5. Longman Exams Dictionary, 2009
6. McDowall David. An illustrated history of Britain
7. Oscar Jaeger. History in four volumes/ Middle Ages
8. Palmer M. The White Boar
9. Pollard A. J. The wars of the Roses. London, 2009    
10. Ross C. The wars of Roses: a concise history.  London, 2006
11. Shakespeare, William. Signet Classics, 2010.
12. Shishov. All wars in the Middle Ages
13. Valyansky Sergei. Another story of the Middle Ages
14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses
15. http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/warsoftheroses.htm
16. http://www.aboutbritain.com/articles/war-of-the-roses-page1.asp

APPENDIX #1 “Chronicles”

During the war, were the following news:
Chronicle Beneta
Gregory's Chronicle (1189-1469)
Short English Chronicle (-1465)
Harding's Chronicle, the first version of Henry VII (1457)
Harding's Chronicle: second version for Richard, duke of York and Edward IV (1460 and c.1464)
Harding's Chronicle: second 'Yorkist' version revised for Lancastrains during Henry VI's Readeption (see Peverley's article).
Capgrave (1464)
Commynes (1464-1498)
Chronicle of the Lincolnshire Rebellion (1470)
The history of the arrival of Edward IV of England (1471)
Vaurin (-1471)
The English Chronicle, also known as Chronicle of Davis (1461)
Brief Latin Chronicle (1422-1471)
Fabian (-1485)
Rous (1480/86)
Kroylanda Chronicle (1149-1486)
Chronicle Varkvorta (1500?)

APPENDIX #2 “The House of York”

 Coat of York.

APPENDIX #3 “The House of Lancaster”

Coat of Lancaster

                                                        APPENDIX #4 “THE CHIEFS OF THE WAR”

Henry IV                                                   Henry V

HENRY VI                                    EDWARD IV

            Henry VII                                      Queen Margaret