научно - исследовательская работа "Лондон", данная работа представляет собой подробный точно собранный лингвострановедческий материал, посвященный столице Великобритании, работа содержит полезную лингвистическую информацию по архитектуре, истории.

МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОЕ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ - МОУ  СОШ  № 13 г. Клина Московской области

Научно - исследовательская работа

"ЛОНДОН"

                                          выполнил : ученик 11 класса  Баденский Алексей

                                         научный руководитель : преподаватель английского языка Сальникова Оксана Викторовна

London['kndan] (Лондон) the capital of England and the United Kingdom, in
the southeast of the country. It is one of the world's largest cities with a popu-
lation of 6,700,000, not counting those who come to the capital to work or as
tourists. Greater London, i.e. the centre along with the suburbs, divided into the
32 boroughs and the City, covers a vast area in which a large part of Britain's
economic activity goes on.

The buildings of Buckingham Palace, Whitehall (especially No. 10 Downing
Street), the Houses of Parliament, and the City of London represent respective-
ly the seats of the British monarchy, government, and the financial and business
world.

architecture: Londoncontains buildings in all styles of English architecture
since the 11th century:

Norman: the White Tower, Tower of London; St Bartholomew-the-Great; the
Temple Church

Gothic: Westminster Abbey; Westminster Hall; Lambeth Palace; Southwark
Cathedral

Tudor: St James's Palace; Staple Inn

17th century: Banqueting Hall, Whitehall (Inigo Jones); the St Paul's; Kensington
Palace; many city churches (Christopher Wren)

18th century: Somerset House (William Chambers); St Martin-in-the-Fields;
Buckingham Palace

19th century: British Museum (neoclassical); Houses of Parliament; Law Courts
(neo-Gothic); Westminster Cathedral (Byzantine style)
20th century: Lloyd's of London

Since mid-century London skyline has changed. It has assumed a new profile,
with familiar shapes set in a new perspective of towering blocks of flats and
offices. Telecom Tower is one of the city's tallest buildings and a landmark that
can be seen from all over London. The architecture of London streets now is a
mixture of new and old.

Even London weather has somewhat changed: the result of the enforcement of
smokeless zones across the central part of London has been the virtual disap-
pearance of those peasoup (thick yellow) fogs that regularly blanketed the city of
Sherlock Holmes's days.

history Londonwas established by the Romans shortly after their invasion of
Britain in 43 AD.

Londonis where the invading Romans first crossed the River Thames (it is sit-
uated at the lowest point where the Thames could be forded). The Romans built
a city a square mile in size, surrounded it with a wall and called it "Londinium".
According to the Roman historian Tacitus the city thronged with merchants and
 their wares within 20 years of its foundation. As Londinium, London was a

Roman trading centre. This original site of London is now called the City of
London and is only a very small part of London.
London received its first charter in 1066 from William I.

In the 11th century, London began to expand beyond the City walls when King
Edward the Confessor built a huge abbey at Westminster. Even today, Westminster
Abbey and the Houses of Parliament, as well as the shops, cafes, theatres and
cinemas of the West End, are in the City of Westminster and not in the City of
London.

LondonUniversity is the largest in Britain, while the Inns of Court have been
the training school for lawyers since the 13th century. Altogether there are 13
universities and 13 higher education colleges with a total of 143,000 students in
London.

Londonhas been the centre of English drama since the first theatre was built
by James Burbage in 1576. Nowadays there are 204 theatres in London, a quar-
ter of which are in Westminster's West End, and well over 1,000 drama compa-
nies. London has a large number of museums and art collections. It is a centre
for the world's art trade, with many galleries and auction houses situated around
Cork Street and Bond Street. London has over 300 museums.

administrative division: administratively London consists of the City and
Greater London which was formed in 1965 and has 32 boroughs (the 13 bor-
oughs of Inner London and 19 of Outer London); they include the City of
Westminster, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Islington.
Greater London, extending for about 20 miles (more than 30 kilometres) in every
direction from Charing Cross (the official centre of the metropolis), from Enfield
in the north to Croydon in the south, and Uxbridge in the west to Romford in
the east, includes the City of London, the county of London, the whole of the
former county of Middlesex and parts of the Home Counties (the surrounding
counties of Hertfordshire, Essex, Surrey and Kent). The population of Greater
London is over eight million.

Because of the prevalence of buildings of from two to five storeys, London cov-
ers a proportionately greater area than many other large European cities. For
example, Paris within the boundaries of the ring road, occupies an area of 40
square miles (105 square kilometres) while Greater London covers 610 square
miles (1,580 square kilometres).

local government in london: running a city as large as London is a major
task. Until 1986 the metropolis was governed by the Greater London Council
(the GLC). Its main function was to deal with problems that affect the whole
metropolitan area, such as traffic control, motor road construction and mainte-
nance, big housing developments and research and planning for the entire area.
The boroughs are run by locally elected councils. They are responsible for edu-
cation, health and welfare services.

There are 33 local authorities in the capital, providing a range of local and other
services for Londoners.

Since 1986 there has been no central authority for Greater London. The City of
London has been governed by a corporation from the 12th century. Its structure
and the electoral procedures for its common councillors and aldermen are
medievally complex, and it is headed by the Lord Mayor. The City of London's
livery companies are the successors to London's medieval guilds of merchants
and craftsmen. These livery companies promote their particular trades both
nationally and internationally and do much charity work. In recent years ancient
guilds, such as Mercers or the Goldsmiths, have been joined by companies cov-
ering new fields such as information technology. While keeping alive traditions
and links with London's past, the livery companies are very much part of the
continuing development and economic success of the modern city.

LondonUniversity is the largest in Britain, while the Inns of Court have been
the training school for lawyers since the 13th century. Altogether there are 13
universities and 13 higher education colleges with a total of 143,000 students in
London.

Londonhas been the centre of English drama since the first theatre was built
by James Burbage in 1576. Nowadays there are 204 theatres in London, a quar-
ter of which are in Westminster's West End, and well over 1,000 drama compa-
nies. London has a large number of museums and art collections. It is a centre
for the world's art trade, with many galleries and auction houses situated around
Cork Street and Bond Street. London has over 300 museums.

administrative division: administratively London consists of the City and
Greater London which was formed in 1965 and has 32 boroughs (the 13 bor-
oughs of Inner London and 19 of Outer London); they include the City of
Westminster, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Islington.
Greater London, extending for about 20 miles (more than 30 kilometres) in every
direction from Charing Cross (the official centre of the metropolis), from Enfield
in the north to Croydon in the south, and Uxbridge in the west to Romford in
the east, includes the City of London, the county of London, the whole of the
former county of Middlesex and parts of the Home Counties (the surrounding
counties of Hertfordshire, Essex, Surrey and Kent). The population of Greater
London is over eight million.

Because of the prevalence of buildings of from two to five storeys, London cov-
ers a proportionately greater area than many other large European cities. For
example, Paris within the boundaries of the ring road, occupies an area of 40
square miles (105 square kilometres) while Greater London covers 610 square
miles (1,580 square kilometres).

local government in london: running a city as large as London is a major
task. Until 1986 the metropolis was governed by the Greater London Council
(the GLC). Its main function was to deal with problems that affect the whole
metropolitan area, such as traffic control, motor road construction and mainte-
nance, big housing developments and research and planning for the entire area.
The boroughs are run by locally elected councils. They are responsible for edu-
cation, health and welfare services.

There are 33 local authorities in the capital, providing a range of local and other
services for Londoners.

Since 1986 there has been no central authority for Greater London. The City of
London has been governed by a corporation from the 12th century. Its structure
and the electoral procedures for its common councillors and aldermen are
medievally complex, and it is headed by the Lord Mayor. The City of London's
livery companies are the successors to London's medieval guilds of merchants
and craftsmen. These livery companies promote their particular trades both
nationally and internationally and do much charity work. In recent years ancient
guilds, such as Mercers or the Goldsmiths, have been joined by companies cov-
ering new fields such as information technology. While keeping alive traditions
and links with London's past, the livery companies are very much part of the
continuing development and economic success of the modern city.

LondonUniversity is the largest in Britain, while the Inns of Court have been
the training school for lawyers since the 13th century. Altogether there are 13
universities and 13 higher education colleges with a total of 143,000 students in
London.

Londonhas been the centre of English drama since the first theatre was built
by James Burbage in 1576. Nowadays there are 204 theatres in London, a quar-
ter of which are in Westminster's West End, and well over 1,000 drama compa-
nies. London has a large number of museums and art collections. It is a centre
for the world's art trade, with many galleries and auction houses situated around
Cork Street and Bond Street. London has over 300 museums.

administrative division: administratively London consists of the City and
Greater London which was formed in 1965 and has 32 boroughs (the 13 bor-
oughs of Inner London and 19 of Outer London); they include the City of
Westminster, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Islington.
Greater London, extending for about 20 miles (more than 30 kilometres) in every
direction from Charing Cross (the official centre of the metropolis), from Enfield
in the north to Croydon in the south, and Uxbridge in the west to Romford in
the east, includes the City of London, the county of London, the whole of the
former county of Middlesex and parts of the Home Counties (the surrounding
counties of Hertfordshire, Essex, Surrey and Kent). The population of Greater
London is over eight million.

Because of the prevalence of buildings of from two to five storeys, London cov-
ers a proportionately greater area than many other large European cities. For
example, Paris within the boundaries of the ring road, occupies an area of 40
square miles (105 square kilometres) while Greater London covers 610 square
miles (1,580 square kilometres).

local government in london: running a city as large as London is a major
task. Until 1986 the metropolis was governed by the Greater London Council
(the GLC). Its main function was to deal with problems that affect the whole
metropolitan area, such as traffic control, motor road construction and mainte-
nance, big housing developments and research and planning for the entire area.
The boroughs are run by locally elected councils. They are responsible for edu-
cation, health and welfare services.

There are 33 local authorities in the capital, providing a range of local and other
services for Londoners.

Since 1986 there has been no central authority for Greater London. The City of
London has been governed by a corporation from the 12th century. Its structure
and the electoral procedures for its common councillors and aldermen are
medievally complex, and it is headed by the Lord Mayor. The City of London's
livery companies are the successors to London's medieval guilds of merchants
and craftsmen. These livery companies promote their particular trades both
nationally and internationally and do much charity work. In recent years ancient
guilds, such as Mercers or the Goldsmiths, have been joined by companies cov-
ering new fields such as information technology. While keeping alive traditions
and links with London's past, the livery companies are very much part of the
continuing development and economic success of the modern city.

Westminstergrew up around its abbey, and became the centre of government in
the 12th century. London suffered the plague of 1665, and the Great Fire of
1666, after which many new buildings were designed by Wren. During the 18th
and 19th centuries London expanded greatly: rail transport encouraged suburbs.
London suffered much damage from air raids in the Second World War; new
modern buildings have changed the character of many parts of the city.

commerce and industry: from Saxon times the port of London dominated the
Thames from Tower Bridge to Tilbury; its activity is now centred outside the
metropolitan area, and downstream. Tilbury has been extended to cope with con-
tainer traffic. The prime economic importance of modern London is as financial
centre.

But London also plays a very important role in the industrial development of
Great Britain, the main industrial sites being in the East End. It is the coun-
try's main centre of printing (it has half of all the workers of England and Wales
engaged in the printing and book-binding trades) and of the manufacture of
clothing, food and many other products. Factories are scattered throughout the
older inner city districts, where they are often surrounded by streets of small
houses.

Since mid-century there have been considerable changes in industrial location: a
number of factories have been encouraged to move out of London, particularly
during the last twenty-five years. There are also industrial estates of factories built
fifty-sixty years ago about 16 kilometres from the centre of the city (factory devel-
opment has often followed new road construction, for example to the west of
London, where the factories have good transport facilities).
There is most work for Londoners in offices and shops, though the government
has encouraged offices (as well as factories) to move out of London. It has set
an example itself by moving government departments such as Tax Offices into
the regions. Londoners themselves are looking for better housing, better job
opportunities and fresher air to breathe, away from the city.
There are over 14,000 scientists and technologists employed in research
and development in London, either in industry or in universities. London has
particular expertise in medical research; in a survey of the top 100 European
universities London was voted first for teaching and research in medicine,
and nearly all the world's leading pharmaceutical companies have bases in
London.