Исследовательская работа

Тема: «The magic of the Classical British Cinema »

                                                   Автор: Ненартович Яна

Научный руководитель:

Сябро Марина Адольфовна,

учитель английского языка

The aim :

1. to identify the special features of the national British cinematography
2. to find out the sources of its popularity

The tasks:

1. to get information about the historical steps of the British cinema
2. to analyze its successes and crises
3. to earn its different genres and styles
4. to compare modern and old classical British films

to find out the contribution of the British producers and actors

Introduction:

Any overview of the history of cinema would  remiss to fail to at least mention a long history of literature, storytelling, narrative drama, art, mythology, puppetry, shadow play, cave paintings and perhaps even dreams. For the purposes of this article the history of cinema begins with formative technological and artistic developments and achievements that led to the modern art of movies.

1. What is Cinematography?

Cinematography (from Greek: kinema - κίνημα "movement" and graphein - γράφειν "to record") is the making of lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema. It is closely related to the art of the photography. Many additional issues arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may be in motion, though this also greatly increases the creative possibilities of the process.

1. The history of cinema

Movies appeared in the late XIX century, so it can be considered fairly a young art form. But even for a short period of time it passed many stages of development.
With the invention of cinema, humanity entered its new era - an era of cinema. In this regard, global culture acquired many new skills. With cinema you can influence  the formation of human consciousness in the society,  promote the new ideology.
Initially, film was reduced to a simple set of subjects, the first filmmakers wanted to show just the surroundings. For example, Auguste and Louis Lumiere filmed the story about the arrival of the train at the railway station. Once they  launched a recorded movie in the theater, the audience was shocked and just run out at the sight of the approaching train. In those days the cinema just passed its infancy.
Cinema made a rapid development then took off all the streets, landscapes, and simple scenes from everyday life. The 20th years of XX century were marked by the appearance  of feature films in the film industry and the development. Actors and actresses began to win popularity. Since then, the origin of such phenomenon as "movie star" has taken. The number of them was growing. Their personal life became a public one. The first movie stars were: Charlie Chaplin, Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh. There were other very popular actors, for example, the actress Audrey Hepburn had a great influence on the culture of cinema in those years. She played many roles, and movies like "Roman Holiday" and "My Fair Lady" became bestseller in world cinematography.
The history of the emergence and development of cinema and movie can be traced not only to significant events, such as the emergence of sound and color. But even to  wonderful old films many of which became classics of cinema.

2. The influence of cinema on culture

Cinema

influence

on politics

on

economics

on art 

 on culture

The influence of cinema on art and culture undoubtedly speak out even assumptions about the importance of the influence of cinema on politics and economics. In many countries film industry is a significant sector of the economy. "Cinema is the most developed imperialist tool of control over the masses." This phrase is written by Walter Benjamin in the 30 - years of XX century, have not lost their significance today. Through cinema, through the information the masses can be led in that direction, which is convenient to the authorities. Skillfully produced film is valuable for politics and politicians.

Cinema, in general, is a powerful cultural - propaganda tool. A large number of states support the shooting of films that can play the role of the national idea as expressed through art, because these governments understand that not only profits should determine the development of the cultural environment of the state.
Movies rarely meet only one of aesthetic needs. Much more often it is a means of formation of spiritual values, the system of outlook, ideal images, behavior, and so on.

The main part:

3. The British cinema

British cinema has always stood somewhat apart from the rest of Europe. There was a great acting school, especially drama.  British cinema has deep cultural roots, taking their traditions from the great English literature. But Stiffness traditions, English snobbery, distancing from the world of culture and the "original" English humor hindered the development of cinema. Profession filmmakers ware considered totally undervalued, even obscene. This, incidentally, was one of the main reasons why the largest British filmmaker A. Hitchcock moved to the U.S..

The first show of the English film took place on March 26 that 1896 at Olympia Hall (London). It was held by RW Paul, who worked with a movie camera along with the Lumiere brothers, and who shot the first documentary and igro curves plots.
The highest value for the first years of British cinema had a Brighton team, which included E. Collins, William Friese-Greene, JA Smith, J. Williamson. Directors of the group used technical innovations: the double exposure photography with motion panning, reverse shot, freeze-frame. Smith in his film "Grandma's magnifying glass" and "What can be seen through a telescope" (1900) introduced the alternate plans of various large  ticular, that marked the beginning of Technology Monta  Ms. Williamson, who began working in movies, chronicling the operator, used in his tapes reportage technique: the free movement of the action from one place to another, shooting on location, etc.
Britain was the birthplace of one of the most typical and popular cinematic genre – criminal (detective), born in the works of Williamson, and developed in the films of FS Mottershou "Robbery mail coach" and "Fearless robbery in broad daylight." Two tapes of the 1903 escape and the death of a famous criminal Charles Pease approved positions adventure genre in the UK. The first melodrama of S. Hepworth "Saved Rover" and "Falsely accused" (1905) were also a success. The first movie was a film by William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet "(1908). Wide appeal for literature began after the movie "Henry VIII» (1911). Barker was one of the first studies to use ¬ crowd, introducing it as the social background of talk -  dramas from the life of London's "bottom" ("London at Night," at the hands of thieves in London "," Big Bank Robbery, "" The Big Bounce gold Slit ¬ Cove "- all of 1913, etc.).

 The rise of the English movie
In the mid 1930's was a brief period when the most serious rival of Hollywood was the reason of appearing the largest consumer of its products - Great Britain. However, the majority of British were shot cheaply and quickly, only to observe the requirements of the law on quotas, according to which 20% of screen time in the UK had to be filled by the British film production.
Michael Belkon, who headed the Gainsborough Pictures Company, quickly realized that these "quota" is ideal for lighting a purely English issues. As a result, he produced a popular series of films with such comedians as Gracie Fields and Jessie Matthews,  and music by George Formby and Will Hay. Profits from these pictures he used to finance more serious work of director Carol Reed and Michael Powell, the key figures of the British cinema over the next 30 years. And yet the director number one  was, undoubtedly, Alfred Hitchcock.

Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English filmmaker and producer. He pioneered many techniques in the suspense and psychological thriller genres. After a successful career in his native United Kingdom in both silent films and early talkies, Hitchcock moved to Hollywood. In 1956 he became an American citizen while remaining a British subject.

Over a career spanning more than half a century, Hitchcock fashioned for himself a distinctive and recognisable directorial style. Viewers are made to identify with the camera which moves in a way meant to mimic a person's gaze, forcing viewers to engage in a form of voyeurism. He framed shots to manipulate the feelings of the audience and maximise anxiety, fear, or empathy, and used innovative film editing to demonstrate the point of view of the characters. His stories frequently feature fugitives on the run from the law alongside "icy blonde" female characters.  Many of Hitchcock's films have twist endings and thrilling plots featuring depictions of violence, murder, and crime, although many of the mysteries function as decoys or "MacGuffins" meant only to serve thematic elements in the film and the extremely complex psychological examinations of the characters. Hitchcock's films also borrow many themes from psychoanalysis and feature strong sexual undertones. Through his cameo appearances in his own films, interviews, film trailers, and the television program Alfred Hitchcock Presents, he became a cultural icon.

Hitchcock directed more than fifty feature films in a career spanning six decades. Often regarded as the greatest British filmmaker, he came first in a 2007 poll of film critics in Britain's Daily Telegraph, which said: "Unquestionably the greatest filmmaker to emerge from these islands, Hitchcock did more than any director to shape modern cinema, which would be utterly different without him. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information (from his characters and from us) and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else." The magazine MovieMaker has hailed him as the most influential filmmaker of all time, and he is widely regarded as one of cinema's most significant artists.

 Among the representatives of the British film should be made directors Derek Jarman and Peter Greenaway. Both of them pay much attention to a peculiar visual solutions. Better known is Greenway, he fills his films with allusions of classics and concerns about the dead and the living. Peter Greenaway was born on April 5, 1942 in Newport, Wales. His parents are from Wales. Peter’s father was engaged in construction (in his English biography Greenaway called the profession of his father «merchant-builder»), all his free time giving to ornithology. Greenaway's mother was a teacher. Family left Wales when Greenway was three years old, and moved to Essex, England. As a child, Peter decided he would be an artist. In September 1960, Greenway began studying at School of the Arts. Greenway was there for four years and was educated as an artist. In 1961 Greenway got acquainted with Michael Nyman
After graduating, Greenway bought a mechanical 16-millimeter camera "Boleks" and tried to go to film school at the Royal College of Art, but did not pass a contest. In 1965 Greenway joined the Central Department of Information, where he worked for eleven years, rising to editor of films, and then director.
In the late 70's of movies Greenaway began to be noticed at film festivals. Films "Walking through the HSBC" and "Reconstruction of Vertical subjects" received praise in the press. Thus in 1980, Greenway was able to shoot his first feature film - "Fall". At the same in 1980 at the London Film Festival, held by the British Film Institute, "the Fall" (along with the movie in 1965 "Sisters on stage," Chinese director Xie Jin) received the prize of «The Sutherland Trophy», was awarded as the most original and creative work of a debut.
In 1985 he began a cooperation with Greenaway’s operator Sasha Verney, which lasted until 1999.
In 1988 Greenway represented his film "Drowning in numbers" at Kann’s Festival and received the award for 'The Best Artistic Contribution. "
In December 2006, Greenway was awarded the title Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Alexander Korda - British film director and producer of Hungarian origin. In 1942, Korda became the first filmmaker, who rose to the knighthood of the British Empire.. He made the skillful use of the English history and literature, attracted talented actors. Encouraged by the international recognition of his film "Private Life of Henry VIII" (1933), he began to expand his network of studios,
worked with such directors as René Clair and Joseph von Sternberg. However, his screen adaptation of sci-fi novels, G. Wells, including the film "The Shape of the future" (1936), as well as "Four Feathers" (1939) were not successful. As a result, by 1938 Korda became bankrupt, and the British film industry went into deep recessions. For a long time only documentaries were shot.
The crisis of  the British cinema
Most of its history, English film was in the shadow of Hollywood. Therefore, despite the fact that it gave the world many artists and beautiful pictures, always seemed as if it was in deep crisis. And yet, thanks to the efforts of such film companies as "Goldcrest", "Hendmeyd Films" and "Palace Pictures, as well as television stations Channel 4 and BBC" -2, the British film industry today in many ways feels better than in previous decades.
British films have won many Oscars. Among them were the colorful history tapes like "Gandhi" (1982) Richard Attenborough, and such "costume" dramas, the film adaptation as "Hauards End" (1992) Merchant and Ivory. Other films reflect the life of modern Britain? "My beautiful laundress" (1985), "romp" (1992) and "Four Post-war cinema in the UK

A classic British movie.

This direction includes films on historical themes and filming the classics. This film, directed by Alexander Korda, David Lean , as well as actor and director Laurence Olivier 

2. Movies of absurd

Direction largely inherit the tradition of Hitchcock, which combines horror and irony, a black humor.

Weddings and a Funeral", a picture, which became in 1994 the most cash-British band of all time.
 British actors are often awarded “Oscars”. Michael Caine, Sean Connery, Ben Kingsley, Daniel Day-Lewis, Jeremy Ayronz, Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson - all of them in recent years received awards for acting. British directors Alan Parker, Nicholas Ray, Adrian Lyne, the brothers Ridley and Tony Scott also made names in Hollywood.
Among those that distinguished themselves in a specific artistic style prizes were awarded to filmmakers Derek Jarman, Peter Greenaway, Mike Leigh and Ken Loach. More pictures than ever were produced in Scotland, Wales and Ireland. And the English masters of special effects are among the best in the world.
Yet the future of British cinema would look brighter if it finally abandoned the obsession to compete with America.
Nevertheless, cinema played an important role in public life in these countries during the crisis of communist ideas of the late 1980's. Films of Krzysztof Zanussi, Agnieszka Holland and Andrzej Wajda had a significant
support of the trade union "Solidarity" during unrest in Poland in 1980 and 1981.

4. Styles and genres of the British cinema

There is a huge variety of genres and subgenres of films. Problem of sufficiently complete classification of films and their separation to genre is dark enough and causes much controversy among modern critics. And today it continues to increase the variety of genres.

Post-war cinema in the UK

New cinematographic wave that swept continental Europe, also spoke, and the United Kingdom. But if on the continent (Italy, France, USSR and Eastern Europe) had a new wave of social and aesthetic character (and it is an aesthetic component makes them particularly interesting from the standpoint of the history of cinema), then in Britain, which after the early 1900's was not among the leaders of the cinema - with the exception of the documentary - a new movie was purely social. It is quite possible that the successes of British cinema 1930-1940-x in the documentary (especially in the work of John Grierson - founder of the British documentary school - and Humphrey Jennings) further contributed to the gravity feature film 1950 1960 in social and domestic grounded.
A new generation of British filmmakers received the collective name of "angry young men" (their direction is also called "social realism" and - at an early stage - the "free movies"). This is especially Jack Clayton (Place top (Room at the Top, and The Path to Higher Society, 1959)), Charles Reis (On Saturday night, Sunday morning (Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, 1960)), Tony Richardson (Look Back in anger (Look Back in Anger, the play by John Osborne, 1959) Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, by Alan Sillitou, 1962)), Lindsay Anderson (This Sporting Life (This Sporting Life, and That Sporting Life, by J. Storey, 1963), and If ... (If ..., 1968)) and part John Schlesinger (Billy Liar (Billy Liar, 1963)). In their films, often featuring in the depressive atmosphere of the visual life of the lower classes, are characterized by harsh criticism of all social structures of modern society as those filed in several detached, ironic, and the general vector of the flow can be described as being directed from the harsh criticism to ever more total ironic nihilism. At the same time in the UK are working and directors who hold more familiar settings - for example, is David Lean (Brief encounter (Brief Encounter, 1945), Bridge on the River Kwai (The Bridge on the River Kwai, 1957)), Joseph Losey, etc.
At the same time, the British film industry and there are movies that build on the achievements of post-war continental cinema (especially the French New Wave) - is a lively absurdist paintings with cultural leaders of Great Britain 1960 The Beatles: Hard Day's Night (A Hard Day " s Night, 1964) and Help! (1965) directed by Richard Lester and an animated Yellow Submarine (Yellow Submarine, 1968) directed by George Dunning. These works, which (unlike the classic musicals), the image did not attempt to subdue or musical series, to impose narrative supports nor blindly to illustrate it, but instead sought to find a visual equivalent of a plastic essence of music and words have become a model combining a number of fine and contemporary music, will largely determine the direction of further development of the musical film (for example, completely different in mood as the English Wall (Pink Floyd - The Wall, Pink Floyd - The Wall, 1982) Alan Parker), and in the future - the video clip.
Finally, the British cinema has always possessed separates it from other European cinematography property - constant contact with U.S. cinema. Never break completely the relationship between former colonies and the former mother country, socio-cultural community and, above all, common language has led to roughly the middle of the 1960 film is almost two merged into a single cultural and economic space. Many Americans are constantly (Losey, late Chaplin - born Englishman) or occasionally (Leicester, Stanley Kubrick) operate in the United Kingdom and the British - in the United States (Richardson, Schlesinger, Parker).
Also in the UK in 1920 began his career in cinema is one of the largest American film directors, Alfred Hitchcock, who shot after the war in the United States are excellent examples of suspense as the Rope (Rope, 1946), Vertigo (Vertigo, 1958), Psycho (Psycho, 1960 ) and Birds (The Birds, 1963). In all four films were originally used in a variety of aesthetic and technical tricks: just gut-wrenching space simultaneous departure of the zoom and zoom camera (Vertigo), extra-long plan (rope), or, alternatively, an ultrashort installation of large and mega-plans (in Psycho and the Birds ). Each of these techniques share certain mental state, respectively: a feeling of dizziness, the feeling of anxiety associated with waiting for a real-time shock to the victim of unprovoked violence (in this sense, the most spectacular scenes of Psycho and the Birds closer to the crackdown on demonstrations in the battleship Potemkin Eisenstein not only by the nature of installation, but also on the subject). And all of them, thus, reveals the main theme of the director: human vulnerability to external forces and the impotence of reason to nature and our own human body, that the theological paradigm can be formulated as a triumph of matter over spirit.

Commercial British cinema
Of particular importance in the late 50's early 60's played a commercial British cinema, which is based on the detective genre, including the novels of Agatha Christie's Poirot and Miss Marple and the famous James Bond film.
The most prominent representative of commercial cinema is a fictional character James Bond. James Bond (born James Bond), also known as "Agent 007" - a fictional British spy, first appeared in Ian Fleming's books and has received wide popularity due to both adaptation of these books, as well as the appearance of this character in the movies shot on other subjects authors. Fleming wrote the first book about James Bond in 1953, then created numerous works with his participation.
From 1962 to 2009, published 22 films (an average of one film every two years). Series brought to its creators more than $ 6 billion, becoming the second most successful serial in history. The distinctive qualities of  Bond are: a passion for women, gambling and alcohol, as well as a military solution to conflicts.
James Bond came up with a former journalist Ian Fleming, in the war against Nazism who served as personal assistant to the chief of intelligence the British Royal Navy. One of the prototypes of the character is Bulldog Drummond GK McNeil (English), he recognizes himself Flemming. At the age of 42 years Fleming moved to Jamaica. There, surrounded by tropical greenery Villa "Golden Eye", he drank gin and experienced the collapse of the empire. Some outlet for their nostalgic feelings, he found that he began describing the adventures of the invincible agent of British secret service, which is named after the author's books tucked under the arm of the feathered inhabitants of the Caribbean islands ornithologist James Bond. For his work and his hero, Fleming treated without respect. In a conversation with the American writer Raymond Chandler detektivschikom critically Fleming said: "If someone has at least grams of mind, it is unlikely to seriously talk about this hero, as Bond." Nevertheless, this did not prevent him to write a dozen stories, which were sold of40 million copies. In addition, readers will find in the hero and his adventures is what a normal person in everyday life is deprived of: a kaleidoscope of exotic countries and places, the charm and masculine strength, to whom will not stand no beauty, the ability to get away from any pursuit, getting drunk and not drink so n.
The first attempt of adaptation of the books about James Bond was an episode in the American television series "The climax!", Released in theaters in 1954. The episode was loosely based on Fleming's first book "Casino Royale", the role of "Jimmy Bond" played an American actor Barry Nelson. Ian Fleming wanted to go further and proposed the famous British film producer Alexander Korda to film another book - Live and Let Die or the Lunar racer, but Korda is not interested. October 1, 1959 Fleming announced that he would write an original screenplay about the Bond for the Irish film producer Kevin McClory. To work on the script was also attracted well-known screenwriter Jack Uittingem. In place of the director planned to invite Alfred Hitchcock, and the role of Bond - Richard Burton, but later abandoned their candidacies. It soon became clear that McClory unable to secure financing and the film had to be closed. Fleming used the script for his next novel, Thunderball (1961).
In 1959, interest in the film adaptation of novels about Bond was suggested by British producer Albert R. Broccoli. In 1961, Broccoli (in cooperation with Harry Zaltsman) bought from Fleming's film rights to all the Bond novels (except for "Casino Royale"). Numerous Hollywood studios refused to finance the Bond films, considering them "too British" or "very frank and sexy". At the end, in July 1961 he failed to reach agreement with United Artists. Immediately EON Productions began production of the first film of the famous James Bond Dr No.

Author cinema 
Author's cinema - a movie that completely makes the director himself. This film is dominated by the idea of a creator. The director is aimed at not receiving benefits, and report to the audience their views and beliefs. The director does not have to worry about, like whether a mass audience of his film. He knows that there is an audience that will receive from his film a genuine pleasure. Usually, this movie is an intellectual, not for every viewer. Therefore, these films feature not available in all cinemas. Typically, these movies want to revise a few times because the first time all the details to catch practically impossible. In these films a lot of characters. Auteur cinema refers to an elite culture. It makes the viewer reflect on their lives, on their behavior, and over what's happening around him

Differences between

 commercial and author’s

 industry.

To unite them can only talented writer and

director, and their skill.

Commercial

cinema:

Author's

cinema:

1.aimed to make money

2.Suffers from a lack of fresh

 ideas, thoughts, and artistry.

1. Aimed to author

himself
2. Suffers from tediousness of presentation and the author's arbitrariness

 that violates the organic art

5. The magic of old movies

Cinema is different as the people for whom it is created. There are films extremely difficult for psychological effect, taken with all the twists of the human soul. After viewing them comes a nightmare-long period of heavy Smurov, out of which, oh, how easy. More movies without thinking - entertainment. Stupid characters act silly invented by the authors circumstances, and just feel sorry for the time and so fast flowing life spent on the show. Deafened and blinded professionally made film with lots of special effects, present the viewer a moment longer in a state of the old movies, at first glance, no explainable illogical, but this classic film to recall its contents, and no sea of blood and piles of bones, unfortunately, a long time can not scare any of us - the reality is much scarier.
The magic of old movies lay on the soul of the people and the people's soul, as you know, do not cheat and do not buy

Jeeves and Wooster is a British comedy television programme adapted by Clive Exton from P.G. Wodehouse's "Jeeves" stories. The series was produced by Brian Eastman of Picture Partnership Productions for Granada Television. It first aired on the ITV network from 1990 to 1993, with the last series nominated for a British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series. It starred Hugh Laurie as Bertie Wooster, a young gentleman with a "distinctive blend of airy nonchalance and refined gormlessness, and Stephen Fry as Jeeves, his improbably well-informed and talented valet. Wooster is a bachelor, a minor aristocrat and member of the idle rich. He and his friends, who are mainly members of The Drones Club, are extricated from all manner of societal misadventures by the indispensable "gentleman's personal gentleman," Jeeves. The stories are set in England and the United States in the 1930s.

The Forsyte Saga is a series of three novels and two interludes published between 1906 and 1921 by John Galsworthy. They chronicle the vicissitudes of the leading members of an upper-middle-class British family. Only a few generations removed from their farmer ancestors, the family members are keenly aware of their status as "new money". The main character, Soames Forsyte, sees himself as a "man of property," by virtue of his ability to accumulate material possessions—but this does not succeed in bringing him pleasure.

Separate sections of the saga, as well as the lengthy story in its entirety, have been adapted for cinema and television. The first book, The Man of Property, was adapted in 1949 by Hollywood as That Forsyte Woman, starring Errol Flynn, Greer Garson, Walter Pidgeon and Robert Young. The BBC produced a popular 26-part serial in 1967, that also dramatised a subsequent trilogy concerning the Forsytes, "A Modern Comedy". In 2002, Granada Television produced two series for the ITV network called The Forsyte Saga and The Forsyte Saga: To Let. The 1967 version inspired the popular Masterpiece Theatre television program, and the two Granada series made their runs in the US as part of that program.

Wuthering Heights is the only novel by Emily Brontë. It was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, and a posthumous second edition was edited by her sister Charlotte.

The name of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors on which the story centres (as an adjective; wuthering is a Yorkshire word referring to turbulent weather). The narrative tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted, love between Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them.

Now considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights met with mixed reviews by critics when it first appeared, mainly because of the narrative's stark depiction of mental and physical cruelty.Though Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre was generally considered the best of the Brontë sisters' works during most of the nineteenth century, many subsequent critics of Wuthering Heights argued that its originality and achievement made it superior. Wuthering Heights has also given rise to many adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatisations, a musical by Bernard J. Taylor, a ballet, an opera, a role-playing game, and a song.

Northanger Abbey is fundamentally a parody of Gothic fiction. Austen turns the conventions of eighteenth-century novels on their head, by making her heroine a plain and undistinguished girl from a middle-class family, allowing the heroine to fall in love with the hero before he has a serious thought of her, and exposing the heroine's romantic fears and curiosities as groundless. Austen biographer Claire Tomalin speculates that Austen may have begun this book, which is more explicitly comic than her other works and contains many literary allusions that her parents and siblings would have enjoyed, as a family entertainment—a piece of lighthearted parody to be read aloud by the fireside.

Northanger Abbey exposes the difference between reality and fantasy and questions who can be trusted as a true companion and who might actually be a shallow, false friend. It is considered to be the most light-hearted of her novels.

A passage from the novel appears as the preface of Ian McEwan's Atonement, thus likening the naive mistakes of Austen's Catherine Morland to those of his own character Briony Tallis, who is in a similar position: both characters have very over-active imaginations, which lead to misconceptions that cause distress in the lives of people around them. Both treat their own lives like those of heroines in fantastical works of fiction, with Miss Morland likening herself to a character in a Gothic novel and young Briony Tallis writing her own melodramatic stories and plays with central characters such as "spontaneous Arabella" based on herself.

 Miss Marple

 For the first time Miss Marple appeared in the story "Thirteen cases of mysterious," which was published in the magazine «The Royal Magazine» in December 1927 and in 1930 the first Miss Marple becomes the main character in the novel "Murder at the Vicarage." In 1940, Agatha Christie wrote the novel "Sleeping Murder", the latest in a series of Miss Marple, but did not publish it, so as not to upset readers, who expected the new adventures of old ladies. The novel was published only in 1976, shortly after the death itself Christie. In the period from 1942 to 1971 he published ten novels in which the main character was Miss Marple. It also occurs in a collection of short stories "The latest case Miss Marple."

Miss Marple in the movies and on television
The first actress, who plays Miss Marple on the big screen, was an Englishwoman, Margaret Rutherford, a friend of Agatha Christie. She appeared in the image of Miss Marple in five films from 1961 to 1965. In 1980 the film "The Mirror Crack'd" Miss Marple played Angela Lansbury. In 1983 the movie "Secret of the Blackbirds" Miss Marple played the Soviet and Estonian actress Ita Ever.
For the first time on television Miss Marple played a British actress Gracie Fields in 1956. In 1970, on German television in the image of Miss Marple appeared Inga Lange. American actress Helen Hayes has translated her image in two television movies in 1983 and 1984. But most of all Miss Marple is known in the performance of Joan Hickson, who played her in all twelve novels filmed at the BBC from 1984 to 1992. Since 2005, the British television show has started a new series of novels about Miss Marple, where the old woman's role was originally performed, Geraldine McEwan, and then Julia McKinsey.
From 2004 to 2005 show up on Japanese television anime series of Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple.

6. Contemporary British Cinema:

The new century has so far been a relatively successful one for the British film industry. Many British films have found a wide international audience due to funding from BBC Films, Film 4 and the UK Film Council and some of the independent production companies, such as Working Title, have secured financing and distribution deals with major American studios.

The new decade saw a major new film series in the US-backed but British made Harry Potter films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 2001.Aardman Animations' Nick Park, the creator of Wallace and Gromit and the Creature Comforts series, produced his first feature length film, Chicken Run in 2000. Park's follow up,Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit was another worldwide hit, The film grossed $56 million at the US box office and £32 million in the UK. It also won the 2005 Academy Award for best animated feature.

Kind Hearts and Coronets is a 1949 British black comedy film directed by Robert Hamer. It was written by John Dighton and Hamer, and is loosely based on the novel Israel Rank: The Autobiography of a Criminal by Roy Horniman. The Kind Hearts and Coronets title derives from Tennyson's poem Lady Clara Vere de Vere (1842): "Kind hearts are more than coronets, And simple faith than Norman blood."

Dennis Price plays Louis Mazzini. Alec Guinness plays eight members of the D'Ascoyne family, including an active man in his early 20s, a feeble octogenarian, and a suffragette. Joan Greenwood and Valerie Hobson play Louis' two romantic interests.

Kind Hearts and Coronets is regarded as one of the best Ealing Studios films, and is listed in Time magazine's top 100, and in the BFI Top 100 British films. In 2000, Total Film magazine readers voted Kind Hearts and Coronets as the 25th-greatest comedy film, and, in 2004, named it the seventh-greatest British film.

Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit is a 2005 British clay-mation animated film, the first feature-length Wallace and Gromit film. It was produced by DreamWorks Animation and Aardman Animations, and released by DreamWorks Pictures. The film was directed by Nick Park and Steve Box and produced at the Aardman Animations studio in Bristol, United Kingdom.

The film followed eccentric inventor Wallace (voiced by Peter Sallis) and his intelligent but silent dog, Gromit, as they come to the rescue of the residents of a village which is being plagued by a mutated rabbit before the annual vegetable competition.

The Curse of the Were-Rabbit introduced a number of new characters, and featured a voice cast including Helena Bonham Carter and Ralph Fiennes. It was a critical and commercial success, and won a number of film awards including the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.

The Harry Potter film series is based on the seven Harry Potter novels by British author J. K. Rowling. When complete, the series will consist of eight fantasy-adventure films, due to the final book being split into two feature-length parts.

 The franchise is distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, produced by David Heyman, and stars Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as the three main characters, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger respectively. When not adjusted for inflation, the series is the highest grossing film series of all time, with over 6 billion dollars in worldwide receipts. Currently, the series consists of seven motion pictures all of which are on the all time list of 30 highest-grossing films worldwide, with the first and seventh films among the top ten.

The final instalment, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, is split into two feature-length parts. Part 1 was released in November 2010, while Part 2 is currently in post-production and is set to be released in July 2011.

The mentality of laughter in English comedy
If hell is a comedian, he is an Englishman. Modest film world proud of humor that no one understands, but studiously pretend that they like.
The British have never missed an opportunity to earn - including to foreign perceptions of themselves. Everybody knows how to behave English, just ready at this pohihikat: Oatmeal, sir! «Punctuality, taps without mixers, a school for boys, plaid skirts, left-hand traffic, snobbery - all good. The only "but": the gentleman can afford to look stupid, but never - raunchy.
A separate line of the national laugh forced to serve the British television. TV comic show - a genre that became hallmark of English television, which today is in a hurry to copy all the television world. Genre that has become quite separate and self-sufficient, where the British managed to best exploit the foreign image of himself.

7. The actors that glorified Great Britain

The great English director Alfred Hitchcock once said: "The film - that's life, which brought patches of boredom." Indeed, a good movie fascinating, surprising, raises questions over what's happening in a person's life events. Well as a book for a writer, musician or music for painting for the artist, a movie for the director - a way of expressing their own thoughts, feelings and desires.

Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier(22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor, director, and producer. He was one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century. He married three times, to fellow actors Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh and Joan Plowright.

Olivier played a wide variety of roles on stage and screen from Greek tragedy, Shakespeare and Restoration comedy to modern American and British drama. He was the first artistic director of the National Theatre of Great Britain and its main stage is named in his honour. He is regarded by some to be the greatest actor of the 20th century, in the same category as David Garrick, Richard Burbage, Edmund Kean and Henry Irving in their own centuries. Olivier's AMPAS acknowledgments are considerable—fourteen Oscar nominations, with two wins (for Best Actor and Best Picture for the 1948 film Hamlet), and two honorary awards including a statuette and certificate. He was also awarded five Emmy awards from the nine nominations he received. Additionally, he was a three-time Golden Globe and BAFTA winner.

Olivier's career as a stage and film actor spanned more than six decades and included a wide variety of roles, from the title role in Shakespeare's Othello and Sir Toby Belch in Twelfth Night to the sadistic Nazi dentist Christian Szell in Marathon Man and the kindly but determined Nazi-hunter in The Boys from Brazil. A High church clergyman's son who found fame on the West End stage, Olivier became determined early on to master Shakespeare, and eventually came to be regarded as one of the foremost Shakespeare interpreters of the 20th century. He continued to act until the year before his death in 1989. Olivier played more than 120 stage roles: Richard III, Macbeth, Romeo, Hamlet, Othello, Uncle Vanya, and Archie Rice in The Entertainer. He appeared in nearly sixty films, including William Wyler's Wuthering Heights, Alfred Hitchcock's Rebecca, Stanley Kubrick's Spartacus, Otto Preminger's Bunny Lake Is Missing, Richard Attenborough's Oh! What a Lovely War, and A Bridge Too Far, Joseph L. Mankiewicz's Sleuth, John Schlesinger's Marathon Man, Daniel Petrie's The Betsy, Desmond Davis' Clash of the Titans, and his own Henry V, Hamlet, and Richard III. He also preserved his Othello on film, with its stage cast virtually intact. For television, he starred in The Moon and Sixpence, John Gabriel Borkman, Long Day's Journey into Night, Brideshead Revisited, The Merchant of Venice, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, and King Lear, among others.

In 1999, the American Film Institute named Olivier among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, at number 14 on the list.

Olivier was created a Knight Bachelor on 12 June 1947 in the King's Birthday Honours, and created a life peer on 13 June 1970 in the Queen's Birthday Honours as Baron Olivier, of Brighton in the County of Sussex, the first actor to be accorded this distinction.He was admitted to the Order of Merit in 1981.[ The Laurence Olivier Awards, organised by The Society of London Theatre, were renamed in his honour in 1984.

Though he was a knight, a life peer, and one of the most respected personalities in the industry, Olivier insisted he be addressed as "Larry", which he made clear he preferred to "Sir Laurence" or "Lord Olivier".

Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977), simply known as Charlie Chaplin, was an English comic actor and film director of the silent film era. He became one of the best-known film stars in the world before the end of the First World War. Chaplin used mime, slapstick and other visual comedy routines, and continued well into the era of the talkies, though his films decreased in frequency from the end of the 1920s. His most famous role was that of The Tramp, which he first played in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice in 1914. From the April 1914 one-reeler Twenty Minutes of Love onwards he was writing and directing most of his films, by 1916 he was also producing, and from 1918 composing the music. With Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith, he co-founded United Artists in 1919.

Chaplin was one of the most creative and influential personalities of the silent-film era. He was influenced by his predecessor, the French silent movie comedian Max Linder, to whom he dedicated one of his films.His working life in entertainment spanned over 75 years, from the Victorian stage and the Music Hall in the United Kingdom as a child performer, until close to his death at the age of 88. His high-profile public and private life encompassed both adulation and controversy. Chaplin's identification with the left ultimately forced him to resettle in Europe during the McCarthy era in the early 1950s.

In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Chaplin the 10th greatest male screen legend of all time.In 2008, Martin Sieff, in a review of the book Chaplin: A Life, wrote: "Chaplin was not just 'big', he was gigantic. In 1915, he burst onto a war-torn world bringing it the gift of comedy, laughter and relief while it was tearing itself apart through World War I. Over the next 25 years, through the Great Depression and the rise of Adolf Hitler, he stayed on the job. ... It is doubtful any individual has ever given more entertainment, pleasure and relief to so many human beings when they needed it the most".George Bernard Shaw called Chaplin "the only genius to come out of the movie industry".

Legacy

Chaplin's "tramp" character is possibly the most imitated on all levels of entertainment. It is said that Chaplin once entered a "Chaplin look-alike" competition and came in third.

1. From 1917 to 1918, silent film actor Billy West made more than 20 films as a comedian precisely imitating Chaplin's tramp character, makeup and costume
2. The third of composer Karl Amadeus Hartmann's 1929–30 composition Wachsfigurenkabinett: Fünf kleine Opern (Waxworks: Five Little Operas) is entitled 'Chaplin-Ford-Trot', and features the character of Charlie Chaplin (in a speaking rather than operatic role).
3. Kamal Haasan moulded his character "Chaplin Chellappa" on Chaplin in the Tamil film Punnagai Mannan
4. From September to November 1977 (just before Chaplin's death in December of that year), DePatie-Freleng Enterprises produced a cartoon series starring a Chaplin-like character called Baggy Pants.
5. In 1985, Chaplin was honoured with his image on a postage stamp of the United Kingdom, and in 1994 he appeared on a United States postage stamp designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld.
6. IBM ran a series of commercials for their personal computers during the 1980s featuring a Chaplin impersonator.
7. John Woo directed a parody film of Chaplin's "The Kid" called Hua ji shi dai (1981), also known as "Laughing Times."
8. A minor planet, 3623 Chaplin, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina in 1981, is named after Chaplin.
9. In 1992, a film was made about Chaplin's life entitled Chaplin, directed by Oscar-winner Richard Attenborough, and starring Robert Downey, Jr., in an Oscar-nominated performance, and Geraldine Chaplin playing the part of Charlie Chaplin's mother, her own grandmother.
10. In 2001, British comedian Eddie Izzard played Chaplin in Peter Bogdanovich's film, The Cat's Meow, which speculated about the still-unsolved death of producer Thomas H. Ince during a yachting party thrown by William Randolph Hearst, of which Chaplin was a guest.

Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957) is an English actor, screenwriter, author, playwright, journalist, poet, comedian, television presenter and film director, and a director of Norwich City Football Club. He first came to attention in the 1981 Cambridge Footlights Revue presentation "The Cellar Tapes", which also included Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Tony Slattery. With Hugh Laurie, as the comedy double act Fry and Laurie, he co-wrote and co-starred in A Bit of Fry & Laurie, and the duo also played the title roles in Jeeves and Wooster.

As a solo actor, Fry played the lead in the film Wilde, was Melchett in the BBC television series Blackadder, starred as the title character Peter Kingdom in the ITV series Kingdom, and is the host of the quiz show QI. He also presented a 2008 television series Stephen Fry in America, which saw him travelling across all 50 U.S. states in six episodes. Fry has a recurring guest role as Dr. Gordon Wyatt on the Fox crime series Bones.

Apart from his work in television, Fry has contributed columns and articles for newspapers and magazines, and has written four novels and two volumes of autobiography, Moab Is My Wash pot and The Fry Chronicles. He also appears frequently on BBC Radio 4, starring in the comedy series Absolute Power, being a frequent guest on panel games such as Just a Minute, and acting as chairman for I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, where he was one of a trio of hosts who succeeded the late Humphrey Lyttelton. He is also known to British audiences as the reader of all seven Harry Potter novels in their audio book versions.

Stephen Fry is British heritage of the nation. According to the poll of "Observer" is recognized as one of the 50 funniest people who ever lived on Earth.
His English language (and style, and pronunciation), officially recognized as a reference. In England, a book dedicated to the hard science, "says Fry."

In school, when taking a test on the intelligence he received a level "close to genius." Teacher in the fields tests made a note: "This explains everything." at 18, was convicted for forging credit cards and spent three months in prison. Then went to Cambridge, where he befriended Hugh Laurie, and they played together in the student theater. Then made a fortune on the production of the musical, starred in two of cult TV series with Hugh Laurie (in the first they played with - Mr Bean, Rouen
Atkinson, the second - "Jives and Wooster").

So organic was in the role of Oscar Wilde, that in Japan, a portrait of him in this role is printed on the cover of the collected works of the latter (Fry found out about it he said "I think they simply do not distinguish between us"), and we have - on the cover of the book P. Accord "Testament of Oscar Wilde" also portrayed Stephen Fry.

Stephen Fry has his weekly column in the Daily Telegraph and is the sole author of this esteemed publication, which officially allowed to use in their materials profanity.

"The chaste eightieth Fry set a record for the UK eat a live speech, which in Russian without" your mother "almost never used. He said the word fuck 70 times per minute and a half, nothing bad had in mind, just asked about censorship and how there was the word. "No abusive letters to me then do not come, - was justified Fry - I think it's because of my voice and manners."
About him say - "the biggest brain of British Empire," Renaissance man.
He tried to commit suicide, was treated for manialno-depressive psychosis and for many years celibate (voluntary abstinence) in anticipation of this love, which is announced publicly. Because there is always guided by the principle: "the main thing - time to confess everything first, yet you are not caught" (c) Stephen Fry.
"" I, among other things, a Jew, a gay ex-offender and in many ways a stranger in England. Ironically, I'm afraid that's why I have written and the characters in England. I'm more than the others understand what it is - to be an Englishman "(c) Stephen Fry

8. Why do old movies of interest among young people?
   
   Often the film shows us the ideal life, the life of the dream of many lives, which for many is not achievable. The cinema is a kind of motive, motivating action to actively intervene in their lives and change it for the better on the road to perfection.
   Ideals, it seems to me, always the same - people want to watch movies about love, about the strong feelings. And in modern cinema has no depth.
   
   Do you like old movies? I'm here I can not see the brand new high-profile blockbuster. Still many interesting - at best - technology, rather than plot. And certainly not a game. Whether business old movies. Films made in the 40's and 50's. That's where the game! No special effects you. All of the actors. Well, the script, it is natural to be on top. Otherwise, the viewer does not attract.
   
   Having conducted a survey among the youth of today, we have identified several factors that make the old movie is still relevant:
   

Interest in the ideas and dreams
old

Deep meaning

Moral and ethical quality, superior modern cinema

The actors playing

Script

Costumes

Sentimentality

British

Old Movie

Conclusion:

The British cinema made an important contribution to the history of filmmaking. . There was a great acting school, especially drama..
Britain became an important leader in the  film industry with such films as "City Lights," featuring Charlie Chaplin, and "The 39 Steps," directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Filmmaking in Great Britain was eventually eclipsed by Hollywood.

The influence of English film on art and culture undoubtedly proves assumptions about the importance of the influence of cinema on politics and economics

Why are old movies interesting for young people?

I think we have found the answer to this question.
Ideals always the same - people want to watch movies about strong feelings. And in modern cinema has no depth.
What is so important in old movies then? Unmatched playing of actors, an original script, sentimentality ... All that attracts a young audience. Besides it is interesting to dive in this wonderful world of the past, to feel olden time atmosphere…

Today the cinema is actively developed industry, an important economic sector, which brings huge benefits, develops nations, but it does not move forward the modern entertainment industry, old movie still remains popular and will always live in the heart of the viewer.

Contents

Introduction:

1. What is Cinematography?
2. The history of cinema
3. The influence of cinematography on culture

The main part:

1. The British cinema

1. The success of the  English movie:  

Producers:

1. Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock
2. Peter Greenaway
3. Alexander Korda
4. The crisis of the British cinema

2. Styles and genres of the British cinema

1. Post-war cinema in the UK
2. Commercial British cinema
3. Author’s cinema

3. The magic of old movies

1. Jeeves and Wooster
2. The Forsyte Saga
3. Wuthering Heights
4. Miss Marple

4. Contemporary British Cinema:

9. Kind Hearts and Coronets
10. Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit
11. The Harry Potter

5. The actors who glorified Great Britain

1. Laurence Kerr Olivier
2. Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin
3. Stephen John Fry

6. The interest of youngsters

3. A survey among young people

Conclusion

Список используемой литературы:

«Famous faces in history»

М. В. Павлоцкий 2003 г.

«Focus on the Great Britain»

Е.Л. Власова, С.М Костенко 2001 г.

«Great Britain»

Юрий Голицин  2003 г.

« История английского кино от Стивена Фрирза»

Стивен Фирз 2009 г.

«Contemporary British cinema: from Heritage to Horror»

James Leggott 2008 г.