Презентация на тему Екатерина 2.

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А famous Russian Queen Catherine the Great Catherine II The presentation was made by Maricheva Veronika (10 «В») . Teacher: Astapova Olga Alexandrovna .

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Catherine the Great Catherine II Catherine II also known as Catherine the Great was born in Stettin, Pomerania, Germany on 2 May 1729. She reigned as Empress of Russia from 9 July 1762 after the assassination of her husband, Peter III , just after the end of the Seven Year’s War until her death on 17 November 1795. Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved it’s administration, and continued to modemize along Western European lines. Catherine’s rule re-vitalized Russia, which grew stronger than ever and became recognized as one of the great powers of Europe.

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Early life Catherine's father Christian August , Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst belonged to the ruling family of Anhalt , but held the rank of a Prussian general in his capacity as Governor of the city of Stettin. Born as Sophia Augusta Frederica in Stettin, Pomerania, Catherine did have some (very remote) Russian ancestry. Catherine's mother Johanna Elisabeth of Holctein-Gottorp had been brought up at the court of Brunswick, by her godmother and aunt by marriage, Elisabeth Sophie Marie, the Duchess of Brunswick- Luneberg , to whom the duke of Holstein- Gottorp was glad to relinquish one of his several daughters. Joanna Elisabeth grew up on the same footing as her cousin, the duchess's daughter and it was the duchess who arranged her marriage at 15 and provided her dowry. Joanna Elisabeth was married in 1727 to Prince Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst , who coincidently had the same Christian name as her father, who had died the previous year. Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst Johanna Elisabeth of Holctein - Gottorp

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After the death of the Empress Elizabeth on 5 January 1762 Peter, the Grand Duke of Holstein- Gottorp , succeeded to the throne as Peter III of Russia, and his wife, Grand Duchess Catherine became Empress Consort of Russia.

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Revolution on June, 28th, 1762 After the relations with the husband spoilt and after the emperor last his guards trust, Ekaterina participated in a revolution. Her fellow-fighters, among whom there were the Orlov brothers, Potyomkin and Hitrovo , were engaged in propaganda in household troops and inclined them to join them. Early in the morning on June, 28th, 1762, while Peter III was in Oranienbaum , Ekaterina accompanied by Alexey and Grigory Orlov arrived from Peterhof to St.-Petersburg where the household troops swore their fidelity to her. Peter III, seeing hopelessness of resistance, the next day abdicated, was detained and was lost under obscure circumstances.

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Coronation After renunciation of the husband Ekaterina Alekseevna come to the throne as the reigning empress with thename of Catherine II.

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Coronation 12 september 1762

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Foreign affairs The foreign policy of the Russian state at Ekaterina was directed on strengthening of a role of Russia in the world and expansion of its territory. The motto of its diplomacy consisted of the following: «it is necessary to be friends with all powers, always to keep possibility to take the side of weaker … to keep to itself free hands … for anybody a tail not to be dragged» During her reign Catherine extended the borders of the Russian Empire southward and westward to absorb New Russia, Crimea, Northern Caucasus, Right-Bank Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania at the expense, mainly, of two powers – the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. All told, she added some 200,000 miles² (518,000 km²) to Russian territory. Catherine agreed to a commercial treaty with Great Britain in 1766, but stopped short of a full military alliance. Although she could see the benefits of Britain's friendship, she was wary of Britain's increased power following their victory in the Seven Years War, which threatened the European Balance of Power

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Internal policy A lot of reforms were carried out by Catherine II in Russia. She was able to systematize authorities and to differentiate the territory of the Russian empire, as a result of provincial reform In Ekaterina’s time there was an autocracy strengthening, strengthening of officialdom, centralization of the country and control system unification. The criticism of a leaving feudal society was their basic idea.

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Personal life Catherine, throughout her long reign, took many lovers, often elevating them to high positions for as long as they held her interest, and then pensioning them off with large estates and gifts of serfs. After her affair with her lover and capable adviser Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin ended in 1776, he would allegedly select a candidate-lover for her who had both the physical beauty as well as the mental faculties to hold Catherine's interest (such as Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov ). Some of these men loved her in return, and she always showed generosity towards her lovers, even after the end of an affair. One of her lovers, Zavadovsky , received 50,000 rubles, a pension of 5,000 rubles, and 4,000 peasants in the Ukraine after she dismissed him in 1777. The last of her lovers, Prince Zubov , was 40 years her junior.

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Catherine the Great and Grigori Potemkin

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Children Ekaterina The Great Ekaterina undoubtedly had three children, and the authenticity of the fourth one is not confirmed. Pavel The First Alexey Bobrinsky Anna Petrovna Elizabeth Grigorevna Temkina

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Catherine the Great ruled for 34 years and left a bright trace in the history of Russia. Her reign is famous for the eccentricity of the person of the empress and her outstanding qualities as a stateswoman. During these years the autocracy in the Russian empire become stronger and modernized, there were rudiments of a civil society; for the first time the issue of softening or even serfdom cancellation was considered and concepts of freedom and individual rights were raised.