Рекоммендации по использованию лексики в рамках темы "Чувства и эмоции"

CONTENT

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….…   2
2. Active vocabulary ……………………………………………………………………   3
3. About lies ………………………………………………………………………….….  5
4. Body language …………………………………………………………………..……. 8
5. Apology ……………………………………………………………………………… 11
6. Stress versus humor ………………………………………………………………… 14
7. Love is life …………………………………………………………………………... 20
8. Literature …………………………………………………………………………… 25
9. Keys to exercises ……………………………………………………………………. 25

Introduction

One day you feel good and the next you feel bad, and between those two poles are compressed all the joys of heaven and the anguish of hell. The events that prompt feelings, the justification for the feelings, even the reality of the perceptions that lead to them are all unimportant. It is the feeling that counts.

Despite its importance, there is an incredible amount of confusion about feelings and emotions in both the minds of the public and the attention of the "experts". "Emotion" is the general term which encompasses the feeling tone, the biophysiological state, and even the chemical changes we are beginning to understand underline the sensations we experience; "feeing" is our subjective - awareness of our own emotional state. It is that which we experience; that which we know about our current emotional condition.

Feelings, particularly the complex and subtle range of feelings in human beings, are testament to our capacity for choice and learning. Feelings are the instruments of rationality, not — as some would have it — alternatives to it. Because we are intelligent creatures, we are capable of, and dependent on, using rational choice to decide our futures. Feelings become guides to that choice.

We are not just passive responders, as some lower life forms are, to that which the environment offers us. We can avoid certain conditions, select out others, and anticipate both and, moreover, via anticipation we can even modify the nature of the environment. Feelings are fine tunings directing the ways in which we will meet and manipulate our environment.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

1. to tell the truth – сказать правду
2. to tell a lie (lies) – лгать
3. to lie – солгать
4. a resourceful liar – находчивый лжец
5. to detect a lie – определить ложь
6. to hurt one’s feelings – задеть чьи-то чувства
7. to annihilate one’s dignity – унизить чьё-либо достоинство
8. to humiliate – унижать
9. to deceive – обманывать
10. to avoid offence – избежать обиды
11. to offend smb. – обидеть кого-либо
12. an offence – обида
13. a white lie – «белая ложь»
14. a bold faces lie – «наглая ложь»
15. perjury [‘pэ:dᴣэri] – клятвопреступление, ложь в суде
16. hoax – обман, розыгрыш
17. to become a victim of fraud – стать жертвой мошенничества
18. forgery [‘fo:dᴣэri] – подделка документов
19. distrustful – недоверчивый
20. suspicious – подозрительный
21. a means of communication – средство общения
22. (non)verbal communication – (не)вербальное общение
23. to convey feelings – передавать чувства
24. arrogance – высокомерие
25. pride – гордость
26. affection – привязанность
27. respect – уважение
28. a hug – объятие
29. to pat smb. on the shoulder – похлопать кого-либо по плечу
30. to nod one’s head – кивать головой
31. to shake one’s head – качать головой
32. to facilitate one’s communication – способствовать общению
33. facial expression – выражение лица
34. posture – поза
35. to wink at smb. – подмигивать кому-либо
36. to fold one’s arms – скрестить руки на груди
37. to sit with one’s legs crossed – сидеть со скрещенными ногами
38. to wave (one’s hand) – махать рукой
39. an insult – оскорбление
40. to slouch – раскачиваться на ногах
41. to be self-confident – быть уверенным в себе
42. to lack confidence – испытывать недостаток уверенности
43. to hesitate – колебаться
44. disapproval – неодобрение
45. irritation – раздражение
46. a sincere smile – искренняя улыбка
47. a fixed smile – «натянутая» улыбка
48. misunderstanding – недопонимание
49. to admit / to acknowledge one’s mistake / fault – признать свою ошибку / вину
50. to rectify one’s mistake – устранить ошибку
51. to apologize to smb. – извиниться перед кем-либо
52. an apology / to give an apology – извиниться
53. apologetic – извиняющийся (взгляд, улыбка)
54. to regret – сожалеть
55. to accept one’s blame – принять свою вину
56. to restore a sense of justice – восстановить чувство справедливости
57. to accuse smb. – обвинить кого-либо
58. reconciliation – примирение  
59. to settle a conflict – уладить конфликт
60. to forgive – простить
61. forgiveness – прощение
62. trusting relationships – доверительные отношения
63. (to feel) (deep) remorse – (глубокие) угрызения совести
64. hectic lifestyle – беспорядочный, лихорадочный образ жизни
65. fatigue – усталость
66. exhaustion – истощение (моральное)
67. tension – напряжение
68. loss of concentration – потеря внимания
69. to find some distraction – найти отвлечение
70. to escape one’s problems – убежать от проблем
71. to be vulnerable to smth. – быть уязвимым для чего-либо
72. anti-anxiety medications – успокоительные препараты
73. anti-depressants – антидепрессанты
74. to cause addiction – вызывать привыкание
75. a suicide – суицид, самоубийство
76. to cope with stress – справиться со стрессом
77. a feeling of fondness – чувство привязанности
78. the essence of love – суть любви
79. passion – страсть
80. to stand the test of time – выдержать проверку временем
81. mutual understanding – взаимное понимание
82. jealousy – ревность
83. to be jealous – ревновать

1. About lies

A.  Read the statements below and circle YES or NO. Tick the questions that you would like to discuss with your group mates. Organize a discussion after reading the text.

1. I often tell a lie. YES/NO

2. I always feel at ease when I have to tell a lie. YES/NO

3. I sometimes pretend that I am. ill if 1 don't want to do some work. YES/NO

4. When I tell a lie, my facial expression, posture and gestures never change. YES/NO

5. Sometimes I tell a lie because of the excitement of taking a risk of being caught. YES/NO

6. I don't care if a lie will be discovered. YES/NO

7. I often use cribs during tests and exams. YES/NO

8. If I have done something wrong, I try to put the blame on other people. YES/NO

9. When somebody asks me to lend him some money, I say that I am hard up for money myself even    if it is not so. YES/NO

10. I often conceal my problems from my relatives and friends. YES/NO

(The more positive answers you have, the more sophisticated liar you are)

B. Read the text 'Is It Worth Lying?' and do the tasks below.

Is It Worth Lying?

There is hardly a person in the world who can say that he or she has never told a lie. Lying is quite natural and people often do it in case of emergency, intentionally or even without any reason. People are not born with a capacity to lie. They begin to do it at the age of three and the older they get, the more resourceful and sophisticated they become. Many philosophers such as Saint Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant condemned all lying. They were convinced that one must be murdered, suffer torture, or endure any other hardship, rather than lie, even if the only way to protect oneself is to lie. Immanuel Kant said that 'by a lie, a man annihilates his dignity as a man.'

A lie is something you say that you know is untrue with the intention to deceive other people. There are different reasons for telling a lie. One may do it with the intention to maintain a secret or to save his or her face, to derive some benefit or to avoid a punishment, to get out of an awkward situation or to help another person and what not.

Many people are fond of exaggerating some facts or lying for fun.

There are different types of lies from white lies to perjury. A white lie does not harm anyone and it is usually told in order to avoid hurting someone's feelings. It is often used to avoid offense, such as complimenting something one finds not very beautiful or attractive or saying that you like a present even if it is not true. A white lie is a part of good manners as sometimes it is rude to say exactly what you think. When a person does not tell the whole truth about something such kind of lie is called half-truth. A bold-faced lie is one which is told when it is obvious to everybody that it is a lie. For example, a person who has been caught red-handed by the police and denies that he has stolen the money.

Perjury is the crime of telling a lie after promising to tell the truth in a court of law.

In fact it is difficult to imagine the world without lie. Lie is everywhere: on TV, on the radio, in the newspapers, in the street and even at home. Everyday people have to face misinformation, hoax, fabrication, propaganda, puffery, forgery, etc. That is why many of us have become distrustful and suspicious and we don't believe most advertisements, commercials, speeches and promises. If one doesn't want to be deceived or to become a victim of fraud, he or she should take into consideration people's behaviour and body language.

It is possible to distinguish a lie by facial expression, movements, tone of voice and other methods. Some people are sure that lies can be detected through both verbal and nonverbal means. Scientists say that lying takes longer than telling the truth. So if a person hesitates before answering a question or makes a long pause, he is probably going to tell a lie. A liar may avoid eye contact, turn his head away, stammer or blush. A liar usually has a stiff expression and a forced smile. A person who feels guilty may speak too much, adding unnecessary details to convince his interlocutor. A liar feels uncomfortable and is often eager to change the subject. This knowledge is especially helpful for police, security experts, businessmen, politicians and employers. But one should remember that there is no absolutely reliable sign of lying.

Polygraph measures the physiological stress a person endures while he or she gives statements or answers questions. It is well-known that lying causes bodily changes. Polygraph measures the suspect's heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and respiration. If there is increased activity in these areas, the suspect might be lying. The accuracy of this method is questionable as this machine can be deceived. That is why polygraph results are not admissible as court evidence. The fact is that no machine, or expert can detect a lie with 100% accuracy.

Sometimes telling a lie can be essential if it helps save another person's life. But sometimes lying makes things worse, especially after it has been discovered. Discovery of a lie may spoil one's reputation or lead to social or legal sanctions. Besides you can't lie all the time. One shouldn't forget the saying, 'Liars should have long memories'.

Tasks to the text

1. Read the following sentences and circle TRUE or FALSE

1) People are born with a capacity to lie.

2) Many philosophers were convinced that lying was admissible in case of emergency.

3) People usually tell a lie without any reason.

4) Scientists say that lying takes longer than telling the truth.

5) A liar always smiles and feels at ease.

6) There is no absolutely reliable sign of lying.

7) The fact is that polygraph can detect a lie with 100% accuracy.

2. Complete each sentence (A-H) with one of the endings (1-8):

A. Lying is quite natural and people often do it

B. A lie is something you say that you know is untrue

C. Everyday people have to face

D. If one doesn't want to be deceived or to become a victim of fraud, he or she should

E. It is possible to distinguish a lie by

F. Polygraph measures the suspect's

G. If there is increased activity in these areas

H. Discovery of a lie may

1. heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and respiration.

2. misinformation, hoax, fabrication, propaganda, puffery, forgery etc.

3. facial expression, movements, tone of voice and other methods.

4. with the intention to deceive other people.

5. spoil one's reputation or lead to social or legal sanctions.

6. take into consideration people's behaviour and body language.

7. in case of emergency, intentionally or even without any reason.

8. the suspect might be lying.

3. Give the definitions of the following words

• white lie  
• hoax  
• half-truth  
• fabrication    
• bold-faced lie 
• misinformation  
• forgery  

4. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Explain your point of view.

• There is hardly a person in the world who can say that he or she has never told a lie.
• 'By a lie, a man annihilates his dignity as a man.'
• Lie is everywhere: on TV, on the radio, in newspapers, in the street and even at home.
• Many people have become distrustful and suspicious.
• You can’t lie all the time.

5. Listening comprehension. You will hear an extract from a lecture about lies. Circle the correct options.

A. When we are telling a lie, it’s normal.

1. True         2) False         3)Not stated

B. Lying is a way to persuade the other people.

2. True         2) False         3)Not stated

C. Lying is an essential part of many kinds of sport.

3. True         2) False         3)Not stated

D. Actors should be good at lying.

4. True         2) False         3)Not stated

E. Film makers try to deceive the audience.

5. True         2) False         3)Not stated

F. Sometimes it’s better to keep silence.

6. True         2) False         3)Not stated

G. Our life is possible without telling a lie.

7. True         2) False         3)Not stated

6. Open the brackets and restore the text.

About Lies

As far as .you remember, 1________ (tell) a lie? 2_______   people (believe) you? According to research, more people are lying and getting away with it.

Linda White from Manchester is a good example. Linda 3___ just ___ (get) engaged. Unfortunately, she doesn't like some of her fiancé’s friends. They 4___ (meet) every Friday night since she 5___ (start) going out with John, but she doesn't get on with them. Linda doesn't want them to come to the engagement party, so she 6___ (decide) to invite them all- but on the wrong day!

People also lie about their careers. Some people 7___ (add) extra qualifications to their curriculum vitae or exaggerate their experience. Robert Pool 8___ (work) as a retail manager for over three years. When he 9___ (have) the job interview he said that he had a degree of Manager. He 10___ (not have) a degree, but his employers believed him.

More typically, people tend to lie when they meet someone for the first time. They want to make a good impression, so they lie about how well they can play sport, the places they 11___ (visit), the things they 12____ (do) or the things they own.

But how can we tell if someone is lying? The answer is to watch their body language. 13___ they ___ (look) directly at you when they were speaking? If they didn't or if they couldn't keep their hands still or often 14 _______ (touch) their nose or mouth, they were probably lying.

7. Listening comprehension. You will hear an interview with a psychologist about body language. Circle the correct options.

1. Body language can be responsible for ___ of communication.

1) half

2) majority                                          

3) a little

2. Good liars often make ___ eye contact than usual.  

1) more

2) the same

3) less

3. Body language is___to control.      

1)easy

2)important .                                          

3)difficult

4. People who are lying___smile.

1) seldom

2) usually  

3) never                                  

5. You can be sure if it's a real smile looking at .

1) upper part of the face .

2) lips                              

3) moves of the head .

6. The ___ side of the brain controls the right side of the body.

1) right

2) half

3) left

7. People often cover their ___ when they're lying

1) mouse

2) nose      

3) ear

2. BODY LANGUAGE

What do you know about nonverbal communication? Give the definition of this term. Read the text “Nonverbal Communication” and say what facts you have learnt about nonverbal communication in different countries.

Nonverbal Communication

Language plays a commanding role as a means of communication. When we communicate with other people, we use our facial expression, eye contact, body movement, intonation, volume of voice, clothing, body decoration, time, space and many other ways to transmit information. Such means of communication without words are called nonverbal communication. People had developed nonverbal communication skills long before they began to talk. Some researchers are sure that nonverbal communication is more powerful than verbal communication. Ray Birdwhistell of the University of

Pennsylvania has estimated that 30 or 35 percent of human communication occurs through words, the rest through nonverbal modes. The first scientific study of nonverbal communication was Charles Darwin's book 'The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals' (1872). In this work Charles Darwin studied facial expression.

Nonverbal communication can be communicated through gesture and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact as well as through object communication such as hairstyles or even furniture. In other words nonverbal communication can be considered 'silent language' which serves to express feelings without using words.

Nonverbal communication takes place simultaneously with verbal communication. For example, when we agree or disagree with somebody, we often nod or shake our head to convey positive or negative feelings. We can show a person that we are pleased with him or her or want to be friendly patting him or her on the shoulder. The words of love and affection are often accompanied by a hug or kiss.

Many aspects of nonverbal communication are greatly influenced by culture. People from different cultures interpret nonverbal behavior differently. For example, in Australia winking at women is improper; in Finland folding one's arms shows arrogance and pride; in Greece waving is an insult. Direct eye contact is a sign of respect and attention in America and Europe; whereas in some Asian countries downcast eyes are a sign of respect and attention. In many Asian cultures, the bow signifies the culture's concern with status and rank. In Japan low posture is an indicator of respect. In the United States, where people are usually informal and friendly, Americans often fall into chairs or slouch when they stand. In Germany and Sweden, where people are more formal, slouching is a sign of rudeness and poor manners. In Ghana and in Turkey, sitting with one's legs crossed is extremely offensive.

Proximity and touching behavior often convey attitudes of liking and affection in many cultures. Latin Americans and Southern Europeans use touching behavior frequently and have a closer distance for conversation. In Thailand, patting an adult on the head is offensive.

In different countries people have different ways of greeting each other. Arab men often greet by kissing on both cheeks. In Thailand people greet with both hands closed in front of chest. In Japan, men greet by bowing, and in the United States, people shake hands. Even the high or low pitch of the tone and volume of the voice play a very important role in communication and may be interpreted differently. Arabs speak very loudly to show strength and sincerity. Germans use a commanding tone to show authority and self-confidence. In Japan, raising one's voice often means a lack of self-control. For Japanese people a gentle and soft voice reflects good manners.

We should remember that what is acceptable in one culture may be completely unacceptable in another. For example, the 'OK' gesture in the American culture is a symbol for money in Japan. The same gesture is obscene in some Latin American countries; while for Chinese or people in the South of France it is zero or nothing.

People's nonverbal actions can say us much more than their words. For example, your partner wants to show you that he is calm, relaxed and self-confident, but his voice quavers and you notice his hands shake. That indicates that in reality this person is nervous and lacks confidence. Observing a person's body language you can understand if he or she is telling the truth or lying. When someone tells a lie, he or she often makes many speech errors, hesitates, flushes or turns pale.

Physical appearance plays a very important role in communication and helps us produce a favourable impression. Eye contact can show a variety of emotions such as warmth, disapproval, irritation, distrust, surprise, interest, attention, sadness and so on.

Good communicative techniques in both verbal and nonverbal ways can help you become a successful communicator. If we want to avoid breaks in communication and personal relationships, we should take into consideration cultural differences and behave in an appropriate way both verbally and nonverbally. If you observe a person's gestures, posture, facial expression and movements, you will be able to catch the right information. Remember that a sincere smile and a friendly expression facilitate communication and help remove the barrier between interlocutors.

Tasks to the text

1. Read the following sentences and circle TRUE or FALSE

1)  People had developed nonverbal communication skills long before they began to talk.

2) Ray Birdwhistell of the University of Pennsylvania has estimated that 70 or 75 percent of human communication occurs through words.

3) Many aspects of nonverbal communication are greatly influenced by culture.

4) In Australia winking at women is a sign of admiration and respect.

5) In Finland folding one's arms shows pensiveness and concentration.

6) In some Asian countries direct eye contact is a sign of respect and attention.

7) In Ghana and in Turkey, sitting with one's legs crossed is extremely offensive.

8) Arabs speak very loudly to show anger and irritation.

2. Complete each sentence (A-H) with one of the endings (1—8):

A. Nonverbal communication can be communicated through

B. Nonverbal communication takes place

C. In Greece waving is

D. In many Asian cultures, the bow signifies

E. In Germany and Sweden slouching is a sign of

F. Latin Americans and Southern Europeans use touching behavior frequently and have

G. In Japan, raising one's voice often means

H. Observing a person's body language you can understand if

1. the culture's concern with status and rank.

2. a lack of self-control.

3. simultaneously with verbal communication.

4. gesture and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact as well as through object communication such as hairstyles or even furniture.

5. an insult.

6. he or she is telling the truth or lying.

7. a closer distance for conversation.

8. rudeness and poor manners.

3. People often use “silent language” to show their emotions and to send messages without words. What nonverbal modes will you use to show that you are

• in a hurry
• tired
• angry
• low spirits
• bored
• excited
• surprised
• friendly/unfriendly
• interested
• attentive
• nervous
• pleased

For example: When a person is in a hurry he can look at his watch repeatedly and fidget uneasily in his seat.

4. What may the following nonverbal messages indicate? A person

(1) nods his head; (2) pats another person on the shoulder; (3) shrugs his shoulders; (4) places his index finger to his lips; (5) keeps silence; (6) coughs slightly; (7) waves his hand; (8) stares fixedly at another person; (9) raises his voice; (10) stammers; (11) covers his face with his hands; (12) smiles a lot.

5. Answer the questions

1)   What ways do we use to transmit information besides language?

2)   Why do many researchers believe that nonverbal communication is more powerful than verbal communication?

3)   What is the connection between nonverbal communication and a person's culture?

4)   How do people greet each other in different countries? How do they greet each other in your country?

5)   What role do the high or low pitch of the tone and volume of the voice play in communication?

6)   What can the 'OK' gesture mean in different countries?

7)   Why does physical appearance play a very important role in communication?

8)   Why is it useful to develop good communicative techniques?

9)   What should you do to avoid breaks in communication and personal relationships?

10) How can you facilitate communication?

6. Read and translate the quotations below. Choose any statement and comment on it.

'A warm smile is the universal language of kindness'. (William A. Ward)

'It [communication] means common understanding, a common tradition, common ideas, and common ideals. (Robert M. Hutchins)

'Communication is a skill that you can learn. It's like riding a bicycle or typing. If you're willing to work at if, you can rapidly Improve the quality of every part of your life.' (Brian Tracy)

'Effective communication is 20% what you know and 80% how you feel about what you know.' (Jim Rohn)

'Language is a social art.' (Willard Van Orman Quine)

7. Find more information about nonverbal communication in different countries and prepare a report on this topic.

3. APOLOGY

1. When is it necessary to apologize? Can an apology help restore good relations? Read the text “Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word” and say if you agree with the words of the famous song?

“Sorry” Seems to Be the Hardest Word

Communication is an essential part of our life but unfortunately many people do it rather badly. Misunderstanding and the unwillingness to admit our mistakes become the root of most conflicts. Sometimes people say what they don't really mean. In a fit of temper they may call somebody a fool or say something very offensive. Later they have compunction about behaving in such a way and want to rectify their mistake but they don't know how to do it. Things seem to be extremely complicated. Good relations seem to be spoilt forever. But in reality there is a way to improve the situation and to re-establish good relations. What you should do is just to apologize.

As Elton John sings, 'Sorry seems to be the hardest word'. Why is it so difficult for us to admit our fault and to say 'Sorry. I am wrong'? The truth is that it is always easier to see the wrong in someone else than in ourselves. An apology is when one feels regret at having offended somebody or having caused trouble for someone. Many people believe that to give an apology is to accept their blame and to admit that they have made a mistake. Others believe that to apologize means to show their understanding of the role they have played in the misfortunes of another. People who have been offended or humiliated often hope for an apology. For some of them, it may be very important to receive an apology from those who have hurt their feelings. They may hope that an apology will restore a sense of justice.

Some people are sure that an apology is a sign of weakness and apologizing means losing face. It is easier for them to accuse another one than acknowledge their fault. It is often unlikely that a boss will apologize to a subordinate, a grown-up will apologize to a child or a man will apologize to a woman.

It is very important to apologize because an apology is a step toward reconciliation, piece and harmony. Apologizing you show your ardent desire to settle a conflict, and be in good terms again. Apologizing you try to assure another person that you will not repeat the offense. A sincere apology often leads to the resolution of a conflict and forgiveness.
It is very important to check that another person has understood you and has accepted your apology. Apologizing you should take into consideration that the person whom you have hurt may be rather upset, disappointed or irritated, that is why you should be very patient and delicate. If you feel nervous, think over your words beforehand and try to sound serious and self-confident. Try to avoid mumbling and don't look aside. The abilities to apologize and to forgive are essential to .any long-term relationship. They help build trusting relationships^ with our parents, relatives, friends, spouses, colleagues or neighbors.

One should never forget that an apology will be accepted only if it is genuine. You should show that you feel deep remorse and you are eager to atone for your offences. Sometimes to forgive is as & difficult as to apologize. Everybody must remember that he should forgive as much as he would like to be forgiven.

Tasks to the text

1. Complete each sentence (A-H) with one of the endings (1-8):

A. An apology is when one feels regret at having offended somebody or

B. People who have been offended or humiliated often

C. Some people are sure that an apology is

D. It is often unlikely that a boss will apologize

E. Apologizing your show your

F. A sincere apology often leads to

G. The abilities to apologize and to forgive are essential to

H. One should never forget that an apology will be accepted only if

1. a sign of weakness.

2. ardent desire to settle a conflict, and be in good terms again.

3. to a subordinate.

4. hope for an apology.

5. it is genuine.

6. any long-term relationship.

7. the resolution of a conflict and forgiveness.

8. having caused trouble for someone.

2. What shouldn't you do when you apologize? Why? Continue the list

— be impatient;

— try to laugh your fault away;

— avert your face;

— mumble something unintelligible;

— behave impudently;

— press recriminations;

3. Answer the questions

1) What is the root of most conflicts? Why?

2) What is an apology?

3) Why do people who have been offended or humiliated hope for an apology?

4. How would you apologize in the following situations? Prepare a short speech. Remember that you should sound convincing and sincere. The words in brackets may help you.

(Excuse me, I beg you pardon, I apologize, I'm sorry, I didn't want to offend you, it will never happen again, I assure you, I understand your feelings but ..,, I awfully regret, I hope you will be able to forgive me, it was a terrible mistake, it is my fault, I just lost control, I was wrong, I can't forgive myself, can we forget about this unpleasant incident)

• You have broken your sister's favourite cup and decided to hide the fragments and to say nothing to her. But she has found out the truth and has taken offence.
• You've made an appointment with your colieague and you have clean forgotten it. He feels irritated as he has cancelled another important meeting because of you.
• You have forgotten about your friend's birthday. You haven't congratulated him and now you don't know how to explain it so that not to make things worse.
• Two days ago you made fun of your boss and called him a fool and a tyrant. Somebody must have told him about it as he is very angry with you and cavils at every trifle. You feel very ashamed and uncomfortable.
• You have come home rather tired and you have shouted at your little son. Now he is crying bitterly and you feel stupid and mad at yourself.

5. Recall the situation when you had to apologize to somebody. Describe it in detail. Say if this person accepted your apology. Analyze the mistakes you might have made. Describe your feelings.

6. Read the quotations below. Can you agree with them? Choose one of the statements and comment on it.

• 'A stiff apology is a second insult... The injured party does not want to be compensated because he has been wronged; he wants to be healed because he has been hurt.' (Gilbert K. Chesterton)
• 'Apology is only egotism wrong side out.' (Oliver Wendell Holmes)
• 'It is a good rule in life never to apologize. The right sort of people do not want apologies, and the wrong sort take a mean advantage of them.' (P. G. Wodehouse)
• 'To apologize is to lay the foundation for a future offense.' (Ambrose Bierce)

7. Read the following piece of poetry by William Blake and say what you think of it.

8. restore the text using the necessary auxiliary verbs.

Forgive and Forget

I get on fairly well with my parents. However, last night we had one of (1) ___ worst quarrels we've had for years! It was my brother (2) ___ started the trouble. He asked me if he (3) ___ borrow my Walkman and when I refused he just went into my bedroom and took it. When I complained to Mum, she told (4) ___ not to be so childish. She said I ought to be a bit (5) ____ generous!

I was annoyed but I didn't say any more. I went upstairs to finish my homework, (6) ___ I thought would take about an hour. After that, I planned to go out. My friends had suggested (7) ___ to a disco and I had agreed to meet (8) ___ there. The disco is quite a long way away so I knew I would be at home (9) ___ than usual. I thought I (10) ___ better ask Dad if that would be okay. He usually (11) ___ me do what I want, because he knows I'm not as irresponsible (12) ___ my brother. But this time he refused (13) ___ allow me to go out alone. He wanted me to go to the disco with my brother! He said that (14) ___ I agreed to go with him, I couldn't go at all! We had a terrible argument. The (15) ___ I protested, the angrier he became. In the end, he ordered me to go to my bedroom, (16) ___ I spent a very boring evening. I have not forgiven my brother yet!

4. STRESS versus humor 

There are hundreds of definitions of stress but even the highest medical authorities don't know what it really means. Give your own definition of stress. Read the text 'Stress and How to Cope Well With It' and think if stress can be called the disease of modern society.

Stress and How to Cope Well With It

Nowadays many people say that they are tired of their hectic lifestyle. They work too much and stop taking breaks. They forget about everything striving for their goals and they constantly raise the bar. Very often they don't find personal satisfaction in their work and don't love what they do. They have no sense of personal accomplishment and self-satisfaction. Some people don't feel content even when they achieve their goal. On the contrary, they feel disillusioned and dissatisfied. Having climbed the ladder of success they find nothing worthwhile on the top. Constant-fatigue, physical and moral exhaustion, monotony and impossible pressure at work and at home can cause stress.

Stress is the emotional and physical strain caused by people's response to pressure from the outside world. Stress causes tension, irritability, anxiety, alarm, loss of concentration, sensations of fear and panic as well as headaches and a fast heartbeat. It can result in a real breakdown of health. Stress can even cause heart disease and cancer.

There are a lot of stressful events in our lives, such as divorce, losing a job or having difficulties at home or at work. But changes for the better can also cause stress, like a new baby, a wedding, and a new house. Pupils and students often face stress from problems at school, poor relationships with peers, strict and demanding teachers, exams and many other problems.

Feeling stressed many people try to find some distraction and to escape their problems. They begin overeating, smoking, drinking, and even taking drugs. But junk food, cigarettes, sleeping pills and alcohol don't help. On the contrary, they make things much worse and more difficult to patch up.

Stress can have a negative influence not only on our physical and mental health, but on the lives of those around us. It often makes us lose control and shout at our spouses, relatives, friends or colleagues. Taking stress out on our nearest and dearest is the easiest way to hurt their feelings and to make them feel depressed too.

People react to stress in different ways. Some of us are more vulnerable to stress than others. People who are always angry, impatient and mistrustful may have more stress-related physical problems.

It is very important to try to avoid stress or at least to minimize it. That's why it is essential to notice early signs of stress and to remove some of its causes. If you catch the trouble early, the problem may be easy to fix.

One of the best ways to cope with stress is to keep a sense of humor in difficult situations. Wise people say that laughter is the best medicine for all diseases. It increases blood flow and it may reduce the risk of heart disease. Besides, laughter makes the body release pleasure chemicals.

Regular leisure activities and relaxing hobbies are also very important in reducing stress. If you feel depressed, yoga, swimming, bicycling, painting or gardening can help you relax, calm down and get a new lease on life. Anti-anxiety medications and anti-depressants can be useful for dealing with short periods of acute stress. But the side effects of such medications can be rather dangerous, that's why they must never be taken as often as vitamins. Besides, anti-anxiety medications and anti-depressants cause addiction and may lead to suicides.

Forget about your problems. Take a day off work, domestic chores and family. Work regular hours and don't forget to take breaks and holidays. Don't expect too much of yourself and don't try to aim higher than your capacity. Have a balance in life. Walk away from stressful situations and be positive and enthusiastic. In other words 'don't worry, be happy.'

Tasks to the text

1. Complete each sentence (A-H) with one of the endings (1-8):

A. Stress is the emotional and physical strain caused by

B. Stress causes

C. Feeling stressed many people try to find

D. Stress often makes us

E. People who are always angry, impatient and mistrustful

F. One of the best ways to cope with stress is

G. Regular leisure activities and relaxing hobbies

H. Anti-anxiety medications and anti-depressants can be useful for

1. some distraction and to escape their problems.

2. to keep a sense of humor in difficult situations.

3. tension, irritability, anxiety, alarm, loss of concentration, sensations of fear  and panic as well as headaches and a fast heartbeat.

4. are also very important in reducing stress.

5. people's response to pressure from the outside world.

6. lose control and shout at our spouses, relatives, friends or colleagues.

7. dealing with short periods of acute stress.

8. may have more stress-related physical problems.

2. Agree or disagree. Explain your point of view

— Stress can result in a real breakdown of health.

— Stress is everywhere.

— Stress is a synonym for 'weakness' and 'helplessness'.

— Changes for the better can never cause stress.

— Overeating, smoking, drinking, or taking drugs don't help to cope with stress.

— Laughter is the best medicine for all diseases.

— It is impossible to avoid stress.

— The best way to minimize stress is to know your limits and to be in harmony with yourself.

3. Choose a situation which is the most stressful to your mind. Say what you would do in this situation to cope with stress. Describe the situation from your own life experience when you felt stressed:

• You are being asked to speak in public. But you don't know much about the subject discussed by the participants. Everybody is looking at you. You are terrified and don't know what to say. You feel your hands shaking and your cheeks blushing.
• You are the first-year student of the University. You are taking your first exam. You are absolutely calm and self-confident as you know the subject very well. You are taking a question card and feel a cramp in the stomach. You don't remember the answer to the question.
• You are a secretary for a large firm. You like your job as it is well-paid and interesting. The only problem is your boss. He gives you much work and charges you with a great number of errands both important and unimportant. This time he has ordered you to type a pile of urgent documents, though your working day is over and you have a date in the evening. But your boss insists that you should do this work right now.
• Your best friend has fallen ill and he has asked you to go to the chemist's to buy some medicine. You've gladly agreed to help him. Standing in the queue you suddenly realize that you've lost your friend's purse with a considerable sum of money in it. You are shocked and don't know what to do.
• You've seen your brother's girlfriend kissing some other guy. You don't know whether you should tell your brother about it. You are afraid that he won't believe you if you tell the truth. But on the other hand he will never forgive you if he learns that you have concealed this unpleasant fact.
• You've been asked to baby-sit your 5-year-old nephew. Your sister has promised that he will be sleeping the whole evening so you will have no trouble with him. And now when she has left you are locked in her house with a shrieking child who is having a fit of hysterics and you don't know what to do to calm him down.

4. Answer the questions:

1) Why do many people feel stressed at work?

2) What kind of situation can be called stressful?

3) How do many people cope with stress? What mistakes do they usually make?

4) Why is stress dangerous not only to our health but to the health of those around us?

5) Why do people react to stress in different ways?

6) How can we avoid or minimize stress?

7) Why are anti-anxiety medications and anti-depressants dangerous to our health?

8) Do you know any effective ways to cope with stress? Say a few words about them.

5. Much can be said about the negative consequences of stress. But some people are sure that stress can be very useful. Read their opinions and say if you agree with them or not. Fill in the table below and give your own reasons for and against stress.

1. “Stress is inevitable. It goes hand in hand with the work we do. People don't hire us to do easy things, they hire us to do difficult things and to think that you can remove stress from that is a fool's errand. Isn't this pressure why people work in the first place? I work with people who are up for the challenge, focused on being successful and pressure helps them reach their goals.” (Stevan Rolls, head of human resources at Deloitte)
2. “I don't think you should shy away from stress. It forces you to perform to live up to your full potential. I like to think that even when I am on the verge of retirement I'll still be pushing myself. It's what gets me out of bed in the morning”. (Charlie Bagot Jewitt, a former Royal Naval commander)
3. “To live without stress would be to live in a vegetative state. It's just not viable. Even the act of getting up in the morning requires effort. For many workers it is the fact that they feel 'driven' that makes the job worthwhile and that once that feeling is gone, it is time for them to move on. it is this environment that allows them to produce their best work.” (Glynis Kelly, senior lecturer in psychology an. sociology at Cornwall College)
4. 'Spikes of stress help us to develop and survive. So view being stressed as being resilient. Resilient people see pressure as a challenge, trust that they have control and don't see themselves as powerless. Those kinds of attitudes are at the root of any career success.' (Dr Wolfgang Seidl, executive director of the Validiurn Group, which provides employee assistance programmes)

(from the article 'I love stress' by Cath Janes, The Guardian)

6. Restore the text using the necessary auxiliary verbs.

  Examinations? Relax…

Are you experiencing the sort of stress (1) ___ always accompanies examinations? If you are the type of student (2) ___ sits at home and panics, stop now. Follow this advice and you will not need (3) ___ worry any more. ; First, think about time management. A balance (4) ___ to be kept between work and play, and this (5) ___ be achieved if you plan ahead. A (6) ___ weeks before the exam, get some past papers. They will show you the types of questions which (7) ___ usually asked. Practise answering the questions in the time which (8) ___ allowed in the exam.

Remember that your revision time (9) ___ be spent productively. It is silly to listen to music (10) ___ is loud and distracting while studying. Work out a sensible schedule and give yourself targets each day (11) ___ you can tick off when they (12) ___ completed.

Remember that even if there is a lot of work to be (13) ___ other activities should (14) ___ be neglected. Research has (15) ___ done into the time anyone can study properly without a break. It seems that 40 minutes is the maximum time. Leave yourself time to play games, visit friends and relax. That way, your brain (16) ___ be fresh when you return to your studies.

7. Restore the text using the necessary form of the words given on the right.

Humor is a good medicine

8. Match the headlines A-H with the text 1-7. Put your answers in the table.

A. Jokes differ in different nations

B. It worked for me- try it yourself

C. Start the day with laugh

D. The research of the funniest jokes

E. Why laughter is good for you

E  My first laughter class                                    

G. A bad experience in your life

H. How Laughter Clubs began

1. Do you want to live a happier, less stressful life? Try laughing for no reason at all. That's how thousands of people start their day at Laughter Clubs around the world- and many doctors now think that having a good laugh might be one of the best ways to stay healthy.

2. The first Laughter Club was started in Mumbai, India, in 1995 by Di Madan Kataria. «Young children laugh about 300 times a day. Adults laugh between 7 and 15 times a day», says Dr Kataria. «Everyone's naturally good at laughing – it's the universal language. We want people to feel happy with their lives.» There are now more than 500 Laughter Clubs in India and over 1,300 worldwide.

3. Many doctors in the West are also interested in the effects of laughter on our health. According to a 5-year study at the UCLA School of Medicine in California, laughter reduces stress in the body, improves our defences against illness by about 40% and is very good for the heart.

4. So, what happens at a Laughter Club? I went along to my nearest club in south London to find out. I was quite nervous about it, to be honest – I wasn't keen on the idea of laughing with a group of strangers, and I was worried about looking stupid. First, our laughter teacher told us to clap our hands and say «ho ho ho, ha ha ha», while looking at each other. Apparently our bodies can't tell the difference between fake laughter and real laughter, so they still produce the same healthy chemicals.

5. Amazingly, it works. After ten minutes everybody in the room was laughing for real - and some people just couldn't stop! At the end of the class I was surprised by how relaxed and calm I felt. So if you're upset about something at work or just fed up with your daily routine, then start laughing. You might be very pleased with the results!

6. A recent experiment in the UK attempted to discover the world's funniest jokes. Dr Richard Wiseman from the University of Hertfordshire invited people from all over the world to send in their funniest jokes and rate the jokes sent in by the other people. In the year of the experifnent, the website received over 40,000 jokes and 2 million ratings!

7. The experiment showed many things about what different nationalities find funny. Many European countries, such as France and Denmark, preferred jokes about things we normally worry about - for example, death, illness and marriage. Americans and Canadians liked jokes where someone was better at something than someone else. Germans, in particular, seem to be keen on jokes. Overall they gave jokes the highest scores.

9. Read the text and fill in the gaps 1-6 with parts of the sentences marked A-G. There is one extra part. Put your answers into the table.

Why laughter is the best medicine?

A group of adults are lying in a circle on the floor listening to a recording of «The Laughing Policeman». At first everyone feels ridiculous and there's only the odd with nervous giggle, but suddenly the laughter becomes real. It quickly spreads around the room until everyone is infected it.

1 ___. Doctors are starting to believe that laughter not only improves your state of mind, but actually affects your entire physical well-being. The people lying in a circle are attending a workshop to learn the forgotten art of laughter. 2 ___.

3  ___. A French newspaper found that in 1930 the French laughed on average for nineteen minutes per day. By 1980 this had fallen to six minutes. Eighty per cent of the people questioned said that they would like to laugh more. Other research suggests that children laugh on average about 400 times a day, but by the time they reach adulthood this has been reduced to about fifteen times. 4___.

William Fry – a psychiatrist from California – studied the effects of laughter on the body. He got patients to watch Laurel and Hardy films, and monitored their blood pressure, heart rate and muscle tone. He found that laughter has a similar effect to physical exercise. It speeds up the heart rate, increases blood pressure and quickens breathing. 5___ . Fry thinks laughter is a type of jogging on the sport.

Researchers from Texas tested this. 6___. The first group listened to a funny cassette for twenty minutes, the second listened to a cassette intended to relax them, the third heard an informative tape, while the fourth group listened to no tape at all. Researches found that if they produced pain in the students, those who had listened to the humorous tape could tolerate the discomfort for much longer.

A. Somewhere in the process of growing up we lose an astonishing 385 laughs a day.

B. It also makes our facial and stomach muscles work.

C. Some have ever been referred by their family doctors.

D. They divided forty students into four groups.

E. This will also help improve your personal relationships.    

F.  But we could be losing our ability to laugh.                              

G. This is laughter therapy in action.  

10. Translate the article from a popular magazine into English. Give your personal advice on the topic.

КАК ПОБЕДИТЬ СТРЕСС?

В современном мире никто не застрахован от разрушительных, истощающих стрессов, и избежать их не удается никому. Однако на каждый «яд» непременно найдется противоядие! Вот что советует психолог Ольга БЕЛАЯ (вы можете взять на вооружение один или несколько перечисленных приемов:

1. Представьте себе что-нибудь приятное. Возможно, вы слишком много думаете о том, что у вас не клеится в жизни. Постарайтесь сосредоточиться на светлых ее сторонах.  Вспомните хоть один приятный момент, случившийся за последнее время. Что вы ощущали тогда? Как это происходило? Воссоздайте эпизод в памяти как можно полнее. Вспоминайте его. Еще раз насладитесь кратким счастьем, испытанным в тот миг.
2. Переживите стрессовую ситуацию. Если вы чересчур сосредоточены на неприятностях, внимательнее задумайтесь, в чем же собственно, они заключаются. Как правило, само происшествие не так значительно, как ваша реакция на него. Восстановите перед глазами происшедшую неприятную ситуацию. Теперь представьте себе, что вы выходите из этой ситуации наилучшим образом.
3. Обсуждайте свои проблемы с окружающими. Если вас беспокоит какой-то человек, обсудите с ним общие проблемы. Постарайтесь вместе подумать над их разрешением. Если вы не можете разговаривать с этим человеком, поговорите с кем-нибудь еще. Обсуждение проблем вслух способствует их скорейшему разрешению и облегчает борьбу со стрессом.
4. Отвлекитесь, занявшись любимым развлечением или игрой. Погрузитесь в него с головой. Чем увлекательнее ваше времяпрепровождение, тем лучше.
5. Почитайте книгу. Как показывают исследования, этот нехитрый метод помогает успокоиться и расслабиться лучше, чем прослушивание специальной релаксационной музыки! Только выберите книгу о том, о чем вы больше всего любите читать.
6. Не думайте о работе, вернувшись домой. Взгляните на это следующим образом: восемь часов в день вы тратите на работу, восемь часов — на сон, а еще восемь часов остаются для личной жизни. Потратьте их на себя! Займитесь своими любимыми делами. Разберитесь в своих проблемах.
7. Важно точно определить корень проблемы. Обдумайте ситуацию, рассмотрите ее с разных сторон и, когда причины неприятностей станут вам понятны, приступите к разрешению проблемы. В ваших силах решить любую проблему! Вы убедитесь в этом, решившись действовать. А как потом вы будете гордиться заслуженной победой!

5. LOVE IS LIFE

1. There are a lot of definitions of love. Read what other people say about this wonderful feeling and give your own definition.

• Love is a game that two can play and both win. (Eva Gabor)
• Love is an act of endless forgiveness, a tender look which becomes a habit. (Peter Ustinov)
• Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired. (Robert Frost)
• Love is being stupid together. (Paul Valery)                                                                      
• Love is life. And if you miss love you miss life. (Leo Buscaglia)
• Love is like war: easy to begin but very hard to stop. (H. L. Mencken)
• Love is the beauty of the soul. (Saint Augustine)
• Love is the poetry of the senses. (Honore de Balzac)

2. Read the text “Love Is Life” to learn more about love.

Love Is Life

What is love? Even in this advanced age of science, when people conquer space, do the shopping via the Internet, clone animals and transplant organs, they still don't fully understand the nature and purpose of love. There are numerous definitions of love. For example, the dictionary defines love as 'a strong feeling of fondness for another person, especially between members of a family or close friends'. Love is a mixture of complex and extremely powerful feelings. It is a major theme in philosophy, literature, music, poetry and cinematography.

A great number of scientists and psychologists have been trying to understand the essence of love. Robert Sternberg, an American psychologist, has proposed a triangular theory of love. To his mind love is made of some combination of intimacy, passion and commitment. According to Robert Sternberg, intimacy 'encompasses feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness'. Passion 'encompasses drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation'. Commitment is 'the decision to remain with another, and in the long term, the shared achievements and plans made with that other'.

Robert Sternberg has affirmed that 'passion is the quickest to develop, and the quickest to fade. Intimacy develops more slowly, and commitment more gradually still'. Different stages and types of love can be explained by different combinations of these three elements. Robert Sternberg has also distinguished such types of love as nonlove, liking or friendship, infatuated love (pure passion), empty love (commitment without intimacy or passion), romantic love (emotional and physical bonds), companionate love (intimate, non-passionate love), fatuous love (passion without intimacy), consummate love (perfect love).

Scientists affirm that love has a chemical basis. Recent studies in neuroscience have shown that when people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals that stimulate the brain's pleasure center and cause increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. This stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years. So it is not unusual that passion which characterizes the first stage of love disappears with the passing of time and other feelings such as respect, tenderness and affection set in. Only true love stands the test of time. People who are truly in love and who have been together for years don't grow apart but draw closer to one another.

Studies have also indicated that brain scans of people who are in love resemble to those with a mental illness. Scientists say that love deactivates the brain regions associated with negative emotions, with social judgment and with judging other people's intentions and emotions. That is why people in love are often unable to make critical judgments and they look at their partner through rose-coloured spectacles.

What is the secret of long-term relationships? Why do some couples live long and happily together while others separate? Maybe the secret is to try to understand and forgive each other and to feel the responsibility for your partner's life. Shared interests unite people while sincerity and mutual understanding form emotional closeness. And of course it is very important to have confidence in each other as in true love there is no room for doubt and jealousy.

3. Complete each sentence (A-H) with one of the endings (1-8):

A. Love is a mixture of

B. To Robert Sternberg's mind, love is made of some combination of

C. Different stages and types of love can be explained by

D. Robert Sternberg has also distinguished such types of love as

E. Scientists affirm that love

F. Passion which characterizes the first stage of love

G. Studies have also indicated that brain scans of people infatuated by love

H. People who are truly in love and who have been together for years don't grow apart but

1. draw closer to one another.

2. disappears with the passing of time.

3. nonlove, liking or friendship, infatuated love, empty love, romantic love, companionate love, fatuous love, consummate love.

4. resemble to those with a mental illness.

5. different combinations of these three elements.

6. complex and extremely powerful feelings.

7. has a chemical basis.

8. intimacy, passion and commitment.

4. Give the definitions of the following words

• fondness
• intimacy
• passion
• commitment
• romance
• affection
• relationship
• jealousy

5. Read and translate the following proverbs and sayings and find their Russian equivalent Explain their meaning

• All is fair in love and war.
• Faults are thick where love is thin.
• Love conquers all,
• Love laughs at locksmiths.
• Love and cough cannot be hid.
• He that loves the tree, loves the branch.
• Love makes the world go around.
• Love is not found in the market.
• Love is blind.
• No herb will cure love.
• When poverty comes in at the door, love flies out at the window.

6. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Explain your point of view

• It is no use trying to understand the essence of love. Love is not science, it is magic.
• Opposites attract.
• Love is just chemistry.
• Love is a natural fee ling like hunger or thirst.
• Love can't last forever.
• We often look at our partner through rose-coloured spectacles.
• Only true love stands the test of time.
• In true love there is no room for doubt and jealousy.

7. Answer the questions

• Why is love a major theme in philosophy, literature, music, poetry and cinematography?
• What can you say about the triangular theory of love? Do you agree with it?
• What is the difference between intimacy, passion and commitment?
• What do scientists say about the essence of love?
• What are the symptoms of love?
• Why can't we say that passion and love are synonyms?
• Why do people who are in love often seem to be mad?
• What is the secret of long-term relationships to your mind?
• Why is love important in people's life?
• Do you agree that 'all we need is love? Explain your answer.

8. Read the poem about love by Robert Burns and listen to the song “Love Story” by F. Lay/C. Sigman, read their translation. Discuss the translations with your classmates.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Аракин В.Д. Практический курс английского языка для III курса, Москва, «Высшая школа» 2005 г.
2. Голубев А.П., Смирнова И.Б. Песня в курсе английского языка, М. «Академия», 2003
3. Юнёва С.А. Открывая мир с английским языком, «Интеллект-Центр», 2010
4. Фоменко Е.А. Английский язык. Подготовка к ЕГЭ – 2011. Пособие + CD–диск, «Легион» Ростов-на-Дону 2010
5. Фоменко Е.А. Английский язык. Подготовка к ЕГЭ – 2010, «Легион» Ростов-на-Дону 2009
6. Белинская Н.В., Витковский Е.В. Подготовка к ЕГЭ – 2009, «Легион» Ростов-на-Дону 2009
7. www.worldpoetry.com 

KEYS TO EXERCISES:

About Lies

Keys: 1. have you told 2. Do believe 3. has just got 4. have met 5. started 6. decided 7. add 8. had been working 9. was having / had10. didn’t have 11. have visited 12. have done 13. Did look 14. touched

Listening comprehension. «An extract from a lecture about lies»

Keys: A1, B2, C1, D1, E1, F3, G2

Listening comprehension. «an interview with a psychologist».

Keys: A2, B1, C3, D2, E1, F3, G1

Restore the text using the necessary auxiliary verbs. «Forgive and Forget»

Keys: 1. the 2. who 3. could 4. me 5. more 6 which 7. going 8. them 9, later 10. had 11. lets 12. as 13. to 14. unless 15. more 16. where

Restore the text using the necessary auxiliary verbs.  «Examinations? Relax…»

Keys: 1. that 2. who 3. to 4. needs, has 5. can, will, may 6. few 7. are 8. is 9. should, must 10. that, which 11. that, which 12. are 13. done 14. not 15. been 16. will

Restore the text “Humor is a good medicine” using the necessary form of the words given on the right.

Keys: 1. relaxes 2. are laughing 3. be seen 4. known 5. do not worry [or] don’t worry 6. first 7. will get

Match the headlines A-H with the text 1-7. Put your answers in the table.

A. Jokes differ in different nations

B. It worked for me- try it yourself

C. Start the day with laugh

D. The research of the funniest jokes

E. Why laughter is good for you

E  My first laughter class                                    

G. A bad experience in your life

H. How Laughter Clubs began

Keys: c h e f b d a

 «Why laughter is the best medicine?»      Keys: g c f a b d