Дидактические карточки для проверки знаний студентов по дисциплине " Иностранный язык (английский) " для специальности 23.02.11
материал для подготовки к егэ (гиа) на тему

1. Read and translate into Russian. Answer the questions.

M. V. LOMONOSOV

The Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov was born in 1711, in the village of Denisoyka near the town of Kholmogory, Archangelsk Gubernia, in  the family of a fisherman. Taught to read and write by a literate fellow-villager, Lomonosov had soon read all the books he could obtain in his village. At the age of 17 he left his native village, and made his way to Moscow. In Moscow he succeeded to enter the Slav-Greek-Latin Academy, the only higher educational institution in Moscow at that time. Neither the conditions of work nor * material difficulties discouraged young Lomonosov. His brilliant capabilities and hard work enabled him to complete the seven-grade curriculum of the Academy in four years .Lomonosov did not finish the last grade, as he was transferred together with eleven others of the best pupils to Petersburg to study at the University of the Academy of Sciences.

Ответьте на вопросы:

I What family was M. Lomonosov born to?

2. Who taught him to read and write?

3. Where did Lomonosov  study?'

2. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо  (Put the article):

1. This is... book. It is my …book.

2. Is this your . pencil? No, it isn't my ... pencil; it is my sister's pencil.

3.1 have ... sister. My . sister is ... engineer. My sister's ... husband is ... doctor.

 4. I have no ... handbag.

5. Is this ... watch? No, it isn't . watch, it's ... pen.

 6. This . pen is good, and that... pen is bad.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Биография выдающихся учёных  и изобретателей

1. Read and translate into Russian .Answer the questions.

THOMAS ALVA EDISON

Edison was a thoughtful little boy. He always wanted to know how to do things. He not very strong and 'went to school when he was a big child. But his teacher thought him very stupid because he asked so many questions. So his mother, who was a teacher, took him away from school at the end of two months and taught him at home. he made progress; and above all he learned to think. His mother had some good books and an encyclopedia. It was probably from the encyclopedia that he first took an interest in chemistry. He liked to make experiments, so he bought some books, made a laboratory in the cellar of his home.

When he was twelve years old,' he started to earn hi living and became a newsboy on the train which runs from Port Huron to Detroit.

Once at the station he saw a boy on the track, Edison seized the little boy in his arms, and rolled with him to one side just t in time to escape the wheels.

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How did Edison study at school?
2. What were hi interests in childhood?
3.  Where did he work?

2.Составь предложения из данных слов(Put the words into necessary order):
a) Is, her friend, a farmer
b) My cats, nice, are
c) Dark, a park, is
d) A pupil, am, I
e) Can, a girl, well, sing

3. Рассказ по теме:

Будущая профессия

1. Read and translate into Russian. Answer the questions

MARIE CURIE AND RADIUM

A French physicist, Henri Becquerel discovered that is called uranium gave off a kind of radiation, which later Marie Curie called radioactivity. But where did this radiation come from and what was it like? Here was a secret of nature which she decided to discover. She made experiments again and again. There was failure, success, more failure, a little success, and a little more success. All proved that in the mineral which she was examining there was some form of radiation which man knew nothing about. Life was rather hard. Marie wrote: "Life is not easy for any of us. wp must work, and above all we must believe in ourselves."

At tins lime her husband Pierre Curie left his own laboratory work, in which he was successful, and joined with her in her search for this unknown radiation. In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radioactivity. To this something, still unseen, they gave the name radium.

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What did Marie Curie discover?
2. Who worked together with her?
3.  What was the scientists' attitude to the Curies?

2. Поставьте следующие предложения в множественное число(Put the sentences into plural case).

1. This is a star.

 2. This is a boy.

3. This is a baby.

4. That is a plate.

5. That is a flower.

6. That is a bookshelf.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Транспорт

1.Read and translate into Russian. Answer the questions

Management

Management is a function of planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling.

Management is revealed in a variety of specific activities. Marketing of management refers to broad concept covering organization of produce sales of products, which is based on consumer requirements. All companies must look beyond their present situation and long-term strategy to meet changing conditions in their industry. Marketing management consists of evaluating market opportunities, selecting markets, developing market strategies, planning marketing tactics and controlling marketing results.

Strategic planning includes defining the company's long-term such as sales volume, market share, profitability and innovation, and deciding on financial, material and other resources necessary to achieve those objectives.

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the difference between sales management and marketing management?
2. Management is a function of planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling, is not it?

2. Вставьте some, any или nо (Put the pronouns).

1. There are ... schools in this street.

2. Are there ... pictures in your book?

3. There are ... flowers here in winter.

4. I can see ... children in the yard. They are playing.

5. Are there ... new buildings in your street?

6. There are ... people in the park because it is cold.

3. Рассказ по теме : 

Промышленность

1. Read and translate into Russian. Answer the questions

Man and Machines

 Press a button on the wall and a dark room is full of light. Speak into a little instrument and people thousands of miles away will hear you instantly. Switch on your radio or TV set and you will hear music, the latest news or see a play even from remote regions of the globe.

Nowadays people move on land much faster than the speediest horses. Powerful motors drive cars, diesel engines run trains from one country to another.

Under water sportsmen swum swifter than the speediest fish.

In air people fly hundred times faster than birds. Supersonic planes fly at twice the speed of sound. People enjoy these achievements thanks to the development of science and engineering

         We live in the age of machinery that is in time when highly productive machines and up-to-date devices take place of men for doing work. In industry and agriculture machines play the most important role.

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. We live in the age of machinery, do not we?
2. Powerful motors drive cars, diesel engines run trains from one country to another, do not they?

2. Вставьте глагол to be в Present Simple.

1. I ... a pupil.

2. My father … not a teacher, he ... a scientist.

3. ... your aunt a doctor? - Yes, she....

4. ... they at home? No, they…not at home, they.. at work.

 5. My brother ... a worker. He … at work.

 6..,you an engineer?-Yes, I ....

3. Рассказ по теме:

Среднее профессиональное образование

1. Read and translate into Russian. Answer the questions

A S. POPOV - INVENTOR OF THE RADIO

Wireless   receiving set or radio is one of the achievements of human genius. Priority of inventing radio belongs to the Russian scientist Popov. On the 7of May we celebrate Radio Day because on that day in 1895 the Russian scientist Alexander Pope' demonstrated his first radio set to a meeting of Russian Physical and Chemical Society.

A. S. Popov was born in 1959 in the Ural. While a school he spent all his free time on physics and mathematic. He studied at St. Petersburg University, graduate from it with honors, but was not stiffed with conditions of the laboratories of the University and accepted the post of teacher in the Mining School1 in Kronstadt. There he began his research in electrical engineering.

By the end of the year he improved his apparatus. It was the first radio receiving set in the world .Since then, the art of radio communication has progressed a great deal.

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Who is the inventor of the radio?

2. When do we celebrate Radio Day?

 3. Where did A. S. Popov study and work?

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Progressive или в Present Simple.

1. I (to read) now. I (to read) every day.

2. He (to sleep) now. He (to sleep) every night.

3. We (to drink) tea now. We (to drink) tea every morning.

4.  They (to go) to college now. They (to go) to school every morning.

5. I (not to sleep) now. I (not to sleep) in the daytime.

6. She (not to drink) coffee now. She (not to drink) coffee after lunch.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Оборудование

1. Read and translate into Russian. Answer the questions

METALS

Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy. The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat. The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.

Ответьте на вопросы:

 1. What do the properties of metals depend on?

        2. What changes the size of grains in metals?

        3. What are the main processes of metal forming?

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Progressive или Past Perfect.

1. I just (to see) Jack.

2. She (to wash) the dishes from 5 till 6.

3. Look! She (to draw) a very nice picture.

4. At this time yesterday I (to talk) to my friend.

5. The TV program (to begin) before I (to come) home.

6. I (not to eat) ice-cream since summer.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Научно-технический прогресс

1. Read and translate into Russian. Answer the questions

STEEL

The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy — steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is strong and stiff, but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. The amount of carbon in a steel influences its properties considerably. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire, and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging and welding. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools, surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. Tool steel, also called silver steel, contains about 1 per cent carbon and is strengthened and toughened by quenching and tempering.

Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What is steel?
2. What are the main properties of steel?
3. What are the drawbacks of steel?

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Progressive или Past Perfect.

1. Only when she was going to bed, she remembered that she (to forget) to ring up her friend.

2. We already (to study) seven English tenses.

3. He (to spend) two weeks in Scotland a year ago.

 4. I (to buy) a lovely fashionable dress. Now I shall look smart at the party.

 5. He (to learn) English before he (to go) to the USA.

6. When she (to spend) all her money, she (to go) home.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Устройство автомобиля

1. Read and translate into Russian. Answer the questions

METAL WORKING PROCESSE

        Metals are important in industry because they can be easily deformed into useful shapes. A lot of metal working processes have been developed for certain applications. They can be divided into five broad groups:

1. rolling,
2. extrusion,
3. drawing,
4. forging,
5. sheet-metal forming.

During the first four processes metal is subjected to large amounts of strain (deformation). But if deformation goes at a high temperature, the metal will recrystallize — that is, new strain-free grains will grow instead of deformed grains. For this reason metals are usually rolled, extruded, drawn, or forged above their recrystallization temperature. This is called hot working. Under these conditions there is no limit to the compressive plastic strain to which the metal can be subjected.

Other processes are performed below the recrystallization temperature. These are called cold working. Cold working hardens metal and makes the part stronger. However, there is a limit to the strain before a cold part cracks.

Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

 1. Why are metals so important in industry?

2. What are the main metalworking processes?

3. Why are metals worked mostly hot?

2. Вставьте артикль и оборот there is\there are .

In ... small town in ... East there was once ... man who had ... parrot.... parrot was taught to say ... words: "…. no doubt about it." It used to repeat these words all... day long. Every time it was asked ... question, it gave ... same answer: "….. no doubt about it." One day ... man decided to sell... bird; so he put... parrot into ... cage and went to ... market with it. "Twenty pounds for ... very clever parrot!" he cried. ... man who was passing by heard this and turned to ... parrot. "Are you worth twenty pounds?" he asked. "….. no doubt about it!" answered parrot.

3. Рассказ по теме:

История развития автомобилестроения

1. Read and translate into Russian. Answer the questions

. Rolling

Rolling is the most common metalworking process. More than 90 percent of the aluminum, steel and copper produced is rolled at least once in the course of production. The most common rolled product is sheet. Rolling can be done either hot or cold. If the rolling is finished cold, the surface will be smoother and the product stronger.

Extrusion

Extrusion is pushing the billet to flow through the orifice of a die. Products may have either a simple or a complex cross section. Aluminum window frames arc the examples of complex extrusions.

Tubes or other hollow parts can also be extruded. The initial piece is a thick-walled tube, and the extruded part is shaped between a die on the outside of the tube and a mandrel held on the inside.

In impact extrusion (also called back-extrusion), the work piece is placed in the bottom of a hole and a loosely fitting ram is pushed against it. The ram forces the metal to flow back around it, with the gap between the ram and the die determining the wall thickness. The example of this process is the manufacturing of aluminum beer cans.

Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

 1. Why are metals so important in industry?

2. What are the main metalworking processes?

3. Why are metals worked mostly hot?

2.Вставьте модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты в предложения.

1. I had to….go to the bank yesterday to get some money.

2. it’s late.    ............ Go now.

3. I don't usually work on Saturdays but last Saturday ... work.

4......... get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.

5. I went to London by train last week. The train was full and....... stands all the way.

6. I was nearly late for my appointment this morning. ..... Run to get there on time.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Детали. Механизмы

1. Read and translate into Russian.

 COMPOSITE MATERIAL

The combinations of two or more different materials are called composite materials. They usually have unique mechanical and physical properties because they combine the best properties of different materials. For example, a fiber-glass reinforced plastic combines the high strength of thin glass fibers with the ductility and chemical resistance of plastic. Nowadays composites are being used for structures such as bridges, boat-building etc.

Composite materials usually consist of synthetic fibers within a matrix, a material that surrounds and is tightly bound to the fibers. The most widely used type of composite material is polymer matrix composites (PMCs). PMCs consist of fibers made of a ceramic material such as carbon or glass embedded in a plastic matrix. Usually the fibers make up about 60 per cent by volume. Composites with metal matrices or ceramic matrices are called metal matrix composites (MMCs) and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), respectively.

2.Измените единственное число в следующих предложениях на множественное.

1. That was a cowboy.
   2. Mary found a flight to Delhi.
   3. Robert made this bookshelf himself.
   4. The window and the door are closed.
   5. There is a mouse in the kitchen.
   6. It is a white goose.
   7. That was not a sheep. That was a donkey.
   8. It is not an interesting story.
   9. Is that Eric`s knife?
   10. There was a beautiful bright star in the sky.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Трудовые качества профессионала

1. Read and translate into Russian.

GAS WELDING

Gas welding is a non-pressure process using heat from a gas flame. The flame is applied directly to the metal idles to be joined and simultaneously to a filler metal in the form of wire or rod, called the welding rod, which is melted to the joint. Gas welding has the advantage of using equipment that is portable and does not require an electric power source. The surfaces to be welded and the welding rod are coated with flux, a fusible material that shields the material from air, which would result in a defective weld.

2. Вставьте подходящие предлоги вместо пропусков.

1. Our colleagues appealed … their support yesterday.

2. Mallorca is a Mediterranean island widely known … its unique nature and beautiful beaches. остров, широко известный благодаря своей уникальной природе и чудесным пляжам.

3. Many people come … that part … our world … the beautiful beaches and soft climate.

4. The best time to visit this island is … April and November.

5. The beaches … Mallorca come … all colors and forms.

6. This region is also very interesting … travelers looking … exploring wild landscapes and historical sites.

7. Mallorca belongs … Balearic Islands.

8. The Balearic Islands are situated … western part … the Mediterranean Sea.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Работа в команде

1. Read and translate into Russian.

ARC WELDING

Arc-welding is the most important welding process for joining steels. It requires a continuous supply of either direct or alternating electrical current. This current is used to create an electric arc, which generates enough heat to melt metal and create a weld.

Arc welding has several advantages over other welding methods. Arc welding is faster because the concentration of heat is high. Also, fluxes are not necessary in certain methods of arc welding. The most widely used arc-welding processes are shielded metal arc, gas-tungsten arc, gas-metal arc, and submerged arc.

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного. 

1. This man is (tall) than that one.

2. Asia is (large) than Australia.

3. The Volga is (short) than the Mississippi.

4. Which building is the (high) in Moscow?

5. Mary is a (good) student than Lucy. 

6, The Alps are (high) than the Urals.

7. This garden is the (beautiful) in our town.

 8. She speaks Italian (good) than English.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Ремонт автомобиля

1.Read and translate into Russian.

SHIELDED METAL ARC

In shielded metal-arc welding, a metallic electrode, which conducts electricity, is coated with flux and connected to a source of electric current. The metal to be welded is connected to the other end of the same source of current. An electric arc is formed by touching the tip of the electrode to the metal and then drawing it away.

The intense heat of the arc melts both parts to be welded and the point of the metal electrode, which supplies filler metal for the weld. This process is used mainly for welding steels.

2. Выберите правильную форму слов, данных в скобках.

1. He certainly has done (good, well) in his studies this year.

2. It is not (good, well) for you to smoke.

3. I was (angry, angrily) at what he did.

4. He stormed (angry, angrily) out of the room.

5. It isn’t (bad, badly).

6. To the parent’s disgust, the child behaved very (bad, badly) at the table.

7. He dreamed of acting (brave, bravely) in emergency.

8. Hi is a (brave, bravely) man.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Моторы, двигатели

1. Read and translate into Russian.

RESISTANCE  WELDING

In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric current. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded,  the parts are subjected to great pressure, and a heavy current is applied for a short period of time.

The point where the two metals touch creates resistance to the flow of current. This resistance causes heat, which melts the metals and creates the weld. Resistance welding is widely employed in many fields of sheet metal or wire manufacturing and is often used for welds made by automatic or semi-automatic machines especially in automobile industry.

Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple Passive.

1. Bread (to eat) every day.

2. The letter (to receive) yesterday.

3. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week.

4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday.

5. I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday.

6. Many houses (to build) in our town every year.

7. This work (to do) tomorrow.

8. This text (to translate) at the last lesson.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Тормоза

1. Read and translate into Russian.

AUTOMATION

Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled auto matically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.

Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy work pieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.

2. Вставьте в пропущенные места Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. ............. (You/go) on holidays last year?

2. Yes, I .............. (go) to Spain.

 3. ................ (you/ever/be) there?

4. I ............. (not/finish) my homework yet.

5. We ................. (not/see) him since he ................... (leave) school.

 6. We .............. (go) to bed early last night because we .................. (be) tired.

7. Kevin ................ (lose) his key. He ................... (leave) it on the bus yesterday.

8. I .............. (not play) tennis since I ............. (be) at school.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Гоночные машины

1. Read and translate into Russian.

AUTOMATION IN INDUSTRY

Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.

Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods.

The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries.

Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.

2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в нужном времени:

Barbara Cortland

Barbara Cortland is a famous love-story writer. According to the Guinness Book of Records she (be) ................. the best-selling author in the world.

Barbara Cortland (be born) ............... at the beginning of the century. She (write) ..... her first book when she (be) ......... twenty-one and it sold out as soon as it (reach) ........... the shops.

Since then she (write) ........... over 450 books, and all of them (be) ........ about love.

This is what Barbara says about herself: “I (be) ............ very organized. I (have) .......... 5 secretaries. I (lie) ........... on my sofa, (shut) ............. my eyes and just (tell) .............. the story. I (make) ........... very few corrections, actually. I only (cut) ..........the paragraphs if they (be) ................. too long. When I (want) ............ a plot, I (say) ................ a prayer.”

At the moment Barbara Cortland (hold) .............. the world record for the amount of books she (sell) .........

3. Рассказ по теме:

Рама

1. Read and translate into Russian.

ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING

Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories:

1. material handling
2. processing operations

3. assembly and inspection.

        Material-handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts.

        Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry. In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Example of such applications includes spot welding, continuous arc welding and sprays painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder agilest the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is  the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface  of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.

2. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, так, чтобы предложения выражает реальное условие.

1. If I (to see) John, I (to tell) him your news.

2. He (to be) very pleased if it (to be) really true.

3. If you (to go) to town on Monday, you (to meet) my brother Tom.

4. If you (to need) help, my father (to help) you.

5. We (to have) a picnic lunch if the day (to be) fine.

6. If you (to ask) a policeman, he (to tell) you the way.

7. I (to finish) the job tomorrow if I (to can).

8. I (not / to require) an umbrella if it( not / to rain).

3. Рассказ по теме:

Оборудование

1. Read and translate into Russian.

ALLOYS

Bronze and brass, the first alloys in the history of metallurgy, were probably obtained by man accidental when melting mixed metal ores. Much later alloys of iron were obtained.

Steel was made in small quantities in early times until the mid-19th century when it was manufactured on a large scale in the iron and steel industry.

The commercial production of pure aluminum in about 1890 began a new range of alloys and among them duralumin, an alloy of about 94 per cent aluminum, with small quantities of copper, manganese, magnesium, and silicon. Most of aluminum alloys are both light and strong.

Nickel is often mixed with other metals for special purposes: perm alloy is a nickel-iron alloy that is magnetically soft. The polarity of its magnetic field can be easily changed and it is used for transformer cores. Money metals contain about two parts nickel to one part copper, plus other elements. They are stronger than nickel and extremely corrosion-resistant. These properties make them useful in chemical production.

Electrum is a natural or artificial alloy of gold and silver containing 15-45 per cent of         silver. It was used in the ancient world for coinage.

2. Раскройте скобки таким образом, чтобы предложения выражали: а) реальное условие, b) нереальное условие настоящего времени.

1. If I (to know), I (to tell) you.

 2. If she (to want) to talk she (to ring up).

 3. Her health (to improve) if she (to sleep) longer.

4. If he (to have) enough money, he (to buy) a large house.

5. She (to feel) lonely if Peter (to go) out every evening.

6. We (to be) pleased to see you if you (to arrive).

7. If we (to can) come on Sunday, we (to come).

8. I (to understand) Mr. Smith if he (to speak) slowly.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Инновации в производстве

1. Read and translate into Russian.

RAW  MATERIALS

Most plastics were made from resins derived from vegetable matter, such as cellulose (from cotton), oils (from seeds), starch derivatives, or coal. Casein (from milk) was among the no vegetable materials used.  Although the production of nylon was originally based on coal, air, and water, and nylon 11 is still based on oil from castor beans, most plastics today are derived from petrochemicals. These oil-based raw materials are relatively widely available and inexpensive. However, because the world supply of oil is limited, other sources of raw materials, such as coal gasification, are being explored.

2. Замените предложения нереального условия в настоящем времени на предложения нереального условия в прошедшем времени.

1. If she tired, she could be better.   

2. He would do more work if he were able.   

3. I should live better if I earned more money.  

 4. If I knew the answer, I should tell you.  

 5. He wouldn't come unless you invited him.  

 6. We shouldn't remember it if it weren't so strange.   

7. If I had time, I would help you.   

8. Peter would come if you wanted him to.   

3. Рассказ по теме:

Роботы, автоматы в производстве

1. Read and translate into Russian.

Automobile Production

I study at the college, at the automobile-construction department. When I graduate from the college I shall become a technician. All specialists in automobile industry dealing with manufacturing automobiles (cars or trucks) must know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases:

1. -designing;
2. -working out the technology of manufacturing processes;
3. -laboratory tests;
4. -road tests;
5. -mass manufacturing (production).

Why is it necessary to know all these facts? It is important to know them, as before the automobile is put into mass production it should be properly designed and the car must meet up-to-date requirements. What are these requirements?

The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of handling and maintenance, pleasant appearance. Also it must be comfortable and ecological. In order to obtain these qualities the specialists should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is important to know computer sciences because computers offer quick and optimal solutions of the problems. Besides they are used for better operation of mechanisms in cars.

Before the car is put into mass production the units of the car are subjected to tests in the Works laboratory and then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the automobile? They are needed because the modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable braking and steering systems, dependable ignition system, low fuel consumption and be stable on the road.

2 .Переведите слова, обращая внимание на значение суффиксов.

Industry — industrial; to produce — production — producer; to design — designer; technology — technological — technologically; to require — requirement; efficient — efficiency — efficiently; safe — safely — safety; to maintain — maintenance; comfort — comfortable; ecology — ecological; to resist — resistance — resistant; to operate — operation — operational; to accelerate — acceleration; to construct — construction.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Требования отрасли к специалисту

1. Read and translate into Russian .

Components of the Automobile

The automobile is made up of three basic parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body.

The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes fuel, cooling, lubricating and electric systems. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders

The chassis includes a power train (power transmission), a running gear, steering and braking systems as well.

The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels.

The power transmission, in turn, contains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts. The running gear consists of a frame with axles, wheels and springs.

The body has a hood, fenders and accessories: the heater, stereo tape recorder, windshield wipers, conditioner, speedometer and so on.

2. Заполните пропуски предлогами и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. After graduating ... the college I shall deal ... manufacturing cars.

2. The production ... the automobile comprises five phases.

3. Specialists ... automobile industry should develop up-to-date methods... designing cars.

4. In producing automobiles new types ... resistant... corrosion light materials should be used.

5. All cars undergo a rigid quality control... tests.

6. The car is put... mass production after laboratory and road tests.

7. Technicians must know the technology... manufacturing processes... cars.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Безопасность на рабочем месте

1. Read and translate into Russian.

Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine

The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned directly inside the engine itself. Most automobile engines work on a 4-stroke cycle. A cycle is one complete sequence of 4 strokes of the piston in the cylinder. The operating cycle of the four-stroke petrol engine includes: inlet stroke (intake valve opens), compression stroke (both valves closed), power stroke (both valves closed), exhaust stroke (exhaust valve is opened).

To describe the complete cycle, let's assume that the piston is at the top of the stroke (top dead center) and the inlet and the exhaust valves are closed. When the piston moves down the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder. This is called the inlet (intake) stroke. On reaching the lowest position (bottom dead center) the piston begins to move upward into the closed upper part on the cylinder, (he inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed by the rising piston. This is called the compression stroke. As the piston again reaches the top dead center the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves being closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the both valves being closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the gases expand and great pressure makes the piston move back down the cylinder. This stroke is called the power stroke. When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is released, and the piston again rises. It lets the burnt gas flow through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. This is called the exhaust stroke which completes the cycle. So the piston moves in the cylinder down (intake stroke), up (compression stroke), down (power stroke), up (exhaust stroke).

The heat released by the fuel is transformed into work so that the reciprocating movement of the pistons is converted into rotary movement of a crankshaft by means of connecting rods.

2. Закончите предложения, подобрав соответствующие по смыслу слова (или словосочетания), приведенные ниже.

1. I study at        
2. After graduating from the college I shall become        
3. I shall deal with        
4. All specialists must know that the production of the automobile comprises        
5. It is necessary to know these facts because the automobile of today must meet        
6. The modern automobile must have        
7. In road tests the automobile undergoes        

A technician, a specialist in automobile industry, the production of the automobile, designing, working out the technology of manufacturing processes, laboratory tests, road tests, mass production, high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance, rigid quality control, rapid acceleration, smooth-acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes, dependable steering system, the automobile construction college, up-to-date demands (requirements).

3. Рассказ по теме:

Правила противопожарной безопасности

1.Read and translate into Russian.

Chassis

The main units of the chassis are: the power transmission, the running gear and the steering mechanism. The power transmission includes the whole mechanism between the engine and the rear wheels. This entire mechanism consists of the clutch, gearbox, propeller (cardan) shaft, rear axle, final drive, and differential and axle shafts.

At the front end of the car is the engine. On the back of it is the flywheel. Behind the flywheel is the clutch. The clutch is a friction device connecting the engine with the gears of the gearbox. The main function of the gearbox is to change the speed of the car.

The power is always transmitted by the cardan shaft to the live back axle. The final drive reduces the high speed of the engine to the low speed of the driving wheels. The differential enables the driving wheels to turn at different speeds which are necessary when turning the car. The foundation of the automobile is the frame to which different chassis units are attached.

The rear axle is capable of moving up and down about the frame. The rear axle is an important part of the transmission. It carries the greater portion of the weight of the car.

The steering mechanism is designed for changing the direction of the car.

The brakes are used for stopping the car, for decreasing its speed and for holding the car position.

2. Задайте вопросы к предложениям.

1. I study at the automobile construction college.

2. After graduating from the college I'll become a specialist in automobile construction.

3. I’ll deal with manufacturing automobiles.

4. The production of the automobiles comprises the following phases: designing, working out technological processes, laboratory and road tests and mass manufacturing.

5. The automobile must meet up-to-date requirements.

6. The car must have high efficiency, long service life, pleasant appearance and driving safety.

7. The car must have smooth-acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable braking and steering systems, dependable ignition system.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Виды брака

1. Read and translate into Russian.

Frame

The foundation of the automobile chassis is the frame which provides support for the engine, body and power-train members. Cross members reinforce the frame. The frame is rigid and strong so that it can withstand the shocks, vibrations, twists and other strains to which it is put on the road.

The frame provides a firm structure for the body, as well as a good point for the suspension system. There are two types of frames, namely: conventional frames and integral frames (frameless constructions).

Conventional frames are usually made of heavy steel channel sections welded or riveted together. All other parts of the car are attached to the frame.

In order to prevent noise and vibrations from passing to the frame and from there to the passengers of the car, the frame is insulated from these parts by rubber pads.

It is also important to insulate the frame in order to prevent metal- to-metal contacts.

Frameless constructions are called so because they are made integral with the body. The body parts are used to structurally strengthen the entire car. Some frames have partial front and rear frames for attaching the engine and suspension members.

.

2. Выберите и запишите термины, данные ниже, которые относятся к:

the engine (двигателю); the chassis (ходовая часть); the body (кузову). Дайте русские эквиваленты приведенных выше терминов.

Fuel system, axle shaft, accessories, cooling system, frame with axles, running gear, lubricating system, steering system, heater, propeller shaft, power transmission, final drive, windshield wiper, clutch, wheels and axle shafts, gearbox, electric system, differential.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Техобслуживание и ремонт автомобилей

1. Read and translate into Russian.

Clutch

The clutch is a friction device. It connects the engine to the gears in the gearbox. It is used for disconnecting the engine from the gearbox, for starting the car and for releasing the engine from the car wheels.

The clutch is fixed between the flywheel of the engine and the gearbox und consists of two plates (discs): the friction disc and the pressure disc. The friction disc is situated between the flywheel and the pressure plate and has a hard-wearing material on each side.

The basic principal operation of the clutch is a frictional force acting between two discs. The clutch is controlled by the clutch pedal. When the pedal is at rest the clutch is engaged and the running engine is connected to the gearbox. When the pedal is pressed down the clutch is disengaged and the engine runs idly.

2. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующее по смыслу окончание.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Безопасность вождения

1. Read and translate into Russian.

Gearbox

The gearbox is placed between the clutch and the propeller shaft. I lie principal function of the gearbox is to vary the speed of the car movement to meet the road conditions. The gearbox provides four forward speeds and one reverse, as follows:

1. First or low gear;

2.Second gear;

3.Third gear;

4.Fourth or top gear;

5. Reverse gear.

There are many constructional arrangements of gearboxes, which can be classified as follows:

1.Sliding-mesh type;

2.Constant-mesh type;

3. Epicyclic (planetary) type.

The sliding-mesh type is the simplest one and is the oldest historically. The constant-mesh type is the most widely used type. They are termed "ordinary" gearing, the characteristic feature of which is that I lie axes of the various gears are fixed axes. The gears simply rotate about their own axes.

The characteristic feature of epicyclical (planetary) gearing is that one gear rotates about its own axis and also rotates bodily about some other axis.

To secure the several speeds of the car the clutch shaft is mounted In direct line with the gearbox shaft. The gearbox shaft carries on it the sliding gears which are used for shifting to secure the forward speeds and the reverse drive.

2. Закончите предложения, используя необходимые слова или словосочетания, данные ниже.

A: What parts does the automobile...?

B: It is made up of...

A: What is...?

В: The source of power is the ...

A: What system does the engine...?

В.:It includes ...

A: What does the chassis...?

В.:The chassis ....

A: What does the power train include?

B:The power train includes ...

A: What units does the body comprise?

B:It comprises ... and accessories such as ...

A.: Thank you for your ....

Engine, chassis, body, power train, running gear, steering system, brakes, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle, axle shafts, hood and fenders, heater, windshield wipers, information, conditioner, consist(s) of, the source of power, include, fuel, cooling, lubricating, electric systems.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Двигатели

1. Read and translate into Russian.

Brakes

Brakes are used to slow or stop the car where it is necessary. It is one of the most important mechanisms of the car as upon its proper

performance the safety of passengers depends. Car brakes can be divided into two types, namely: drum brakes and disc brakes. The drum type may be either a band brake or a shoe brake. Depending on their functions, the automobile has foot brakes and hand brakes (parking brakes). According to their mode of operation, the brakes are classified as: mechanical brakes, hydraulic brakes, airbrakes, electric brakes. Brakes are controlled by the brake pedal.

Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. This system consists of a master cylinder mounted on the car frame and wheel cylinders. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, it forces the piston to move in the master cylinder and brake fluid is delivered from 11 to the wheel cylinders. The piston movement causes brake shoes to move and the brakes are applied (the brake shoes are pressed against the brake drums).

The air brake uses compressed air to apply the braking force to the brake shoes.

Electric brakes use electromagnets to provide the braking effort against the brake shoes.

Formerly brakes were applied only to the two rear wheels, but now all cars are equipped with all-wheels brakes. Today many improvements are being made in brakes.

2. Выпишите из правой колонки русские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие английским из левой колонки.

                               21.cooling system               u.       задний мост

                               22. lubricating system       v.      источник энергии

                                23.in turn                           w.      система охлаждения

                                24.as well                          x.      крылья

                                25.source of power            y.      кузов

3. Рассказ по теме:

Новые технологии в автомобилестроении

1. Read and translate into Russian.

Troubles in Braking System

The basic troubles of the braking system are as follows:

1. poor braking action;

2. sticking brake shoes which would not return to the initial position after a brake pedal is released;

3. non-uniform braking of the left and the right wheels on a common axle;

4. leakage of brake fluid and air leakage in the hydraulic brake;

5. poor air tightness of the pneumatic brake control.

What to do:

1. Check the action of the foot and hand brakes and leak proofness of the brake hoses connections, components of the hydraulic and pneumatic controls of the brakes, as well as of the vacuum- power system.

2. Inspect the friction linings, wheel-brake springs, master and wheel cylinders of the hydraulic brake and the air compressor of the pneumatic brake using a test manometer to check it.

2. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный по смыслу вариант окончания.

1.The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned…

a)outside the engine;

b)inside the engine.

2.On the inlet stroke        

a)the intake valve opens;        

b)the intake valve is closed;

c)the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

1. On the compression stroke        

1. a). the intake valve opens;

b).the intake valve is closed;

c).the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

2. On the power stroke        

a).the intake valve opens;

b)the intake valve is closed;

c)the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

3. On the exhaust stroke        

a).the exhaust valve opens;

b).the intake valve is closed;

c).the intake and the exhaust valves are closed.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Производство автомобилей

1. Read and translate into Russian.

Steering System

То guide the car, it is necessary to have some means of turning the front wheels so that the car can be pointed in the direction the driver wants to go. The steering wheel in front of the driver is linked by gears and levers to the front wheels for this purpose. The front wheels are on pivots so they can be swung to the left or right. They are attached by steering knuckle arms to the rods. The tie-rods are, in turn, attached (o (he pitman arm.

When the steering wheel is turned, gearing in the steering gear as- sembly causes the pitman arm to turn to the left or right. This movement is carried by the tie-rods to the steering knuckle arms, and wheels, musing them to turn to the left or right.

The steering system incorporates: the steering wheel and column, steering gear, pitman arm, steering knuckle arm, front axle, steering knuckle pivot, tie-rods.

There are several different manual steering gears in current use, such as the rack and pinion type and the recirculation ball type. The rack and pinion steering gear is widely used. Another manual steering gear which is popular in imported cars is the worm and sector type.

The steering wheel and column are the source of injury to the driver, air bags and other devices being developed now to safe the life of a driver.

Energy-absorbing columns must stop the steering wheel and column from being pushed to the rear as the front of the car is crushed in an impact.

Energy-absorbing columns must also provide the driver with a tolerable impact as he moves forward and strikes the wheel with his chest.

2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на Complex Subject.

1. Transmission, running gear and steering mechanism are known to be the main units of the chassis.

2. The clutch is known to connect the engine with the driving wheels of the car.

3. The gearbox is known to change the speed of the car.        

4. The steering mechanism is known to change the direction of the car.

5. Brakes are considered to be one of the most important mechanisms of the car.

3. Рассказ по теме:

Краш- тест