1. ПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ по английскому языку ПО ТЕМЕ: "АНАТОМИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕКА"
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Respiratory system

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Лексика breathe – дышать breathe in - вдыхать breathe out - выдыхать oxygen – кислород carbon dioxide – углекислый газ gas exchange - газообмен respiration – дыхание occur – происходить throat (pharynx) - глотка voice box (larynx)- гортань windpipe (trachea)- трахея nostrils - ноздри moisten – увлажнять cilia – реснички nasal passageways – дыхательные пути

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Лексика ( o ) esophagus – пищевод epiglottis – надгортанник vocal cords – голосовые связки cartilage – хрящ sweep –выметать resemble – напоминать limb – ветвь bronchiole – бронхиола tiny – тоненький, крошечный, микроскопический air sacs – воздушные мешочки alveoli – альвеолы enable – давать возможность, позволять get rid (of) – избавляться swapping - обмен

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Here you can see the organs of respiratory system

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Lungs The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system.

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Carries out a connection between the body and the external environment (orientation and adaptation). Ensures the coordinated work of all organs and systems of the body. Carries out mental activity of a person (thinking, speech, memory, emotions, social behavior).

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Synapse - the place of contact of neurons with each other and with other cells. Bubbles with a pick Synoptic gap

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Sensitive or sensory neuron. (Centripetal neuron) Transmits a nerve impulse from a receptor to the central nervous system. Intercalary or intermediate neuron. Usually located in the central nervous system and "switches" the impulse from a sensitive neuron to a motor Motor or Executive, or Secretory or Effector neuron (Centrifugal neuron) Transmits a signal from the central nervous system to the working organ

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All activity of the nervous system is based on reflexes. Reflex is the body's response to the influence of the external environment or to a change in its internal state, performed with the participation of the nervous system. Unconditioned (congenital) reflexes Sucking, indicative, visual, auditory.No additional conditions are required for their appearance. Conditioned (acquired) reflexes All of them are based on innate reflexes, but for their appearance, the action of a conditioned stimulus is necessary.

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All reflexes of the nervous system are carried out along the nervous path - the reflex arc. The reflex arc is the path of the reflex. The reflex arc includes five elements: 1. Receptor (nerve ending of a sensitive neuron) . 2. Sensitive neuron 3. The part of the central nervous system (spinal cord) where the intercalary neuron is located. 4. Motor neuron 5. Working organ (muscle or gland) The shortest reflex arc consists of two neurons: sensory and motor.

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The spinal cord lies in the spinal canal and is an elongated cylindrical cord with an average length of 40-45 cm, a thickness of about 1 cm .

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31 pairs of spinal nerves depart from the spinal cord. The spinal cord has two functions: Reflex (all motor reflexes, urination; movement of the diaphragm, respiratory muscles; work of internal organs) Conductive (the spinal cord performs a conductive function due to the ascending and descending paths passing in the white matter of the spinal cord These pathways connect the individual segments of the spinal cord to each other, as well as to the brain.)

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In humans, its mass is, on average, 1375 g. It is here that huge accumulations of intercalary neurons store the experience of action gained throughout life. The brain grows until the age of 15 and works most intensively in a person between the ages of 15 and 25. Until the age of 45, the work of the brain remains the same, and then begins to weaken. The brain contains three quarters of the nerve cells in the entire human body. It contains 15-16 billion neurons on its surface (cerebral cortex) of the body.

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This organ controls : Our senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, sense of balance. Movements - voluntary, which we control at will, and involuntary. Internal organs work; procreation. Adaptation (adaptation) to new conditions of existence, which is the fundamental task of higher nervous activity.

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White matter Gray matter The gray matter in the form of separate clusters (nuclei) is located inside the white, and also forms the cerebral cortex. The white matter makes up the pathways connecting the brain with the spinal cord, as well as parts of the brain

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Regulation : Respiration ; Digestion (salivation, chewing, swallowing) ; Of cardio-vascular system ; Protective Reflexes: Sneezing, blinking, coughing, vomiting .

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Coordination of voluntary movements Maintaining body position in space Regulation of muscle tone and balance

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Orientation reflexes to visual and auditory stimuli (turning the head and body towards light or sound stimuli) Regulation of muscle tone and body posture

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Maintaining metabolism and energy at an optimal level. Collection and evaluation of incoming information from the senses. Regulation of complex movements: running, walking, swimming

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Occipital lobes - visual sensitivity. Temporal lobes - auditory, gustatory, olfactory sensitivity. Frontal lobes - voluntary attention, voluntary movements. Parietal lobes - musculocutaneous sensitivity.

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АСФ ГБПОУ «СБМК» Базовый медицинский колледж Heart ПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ К ТЕМЕ « СЕРДЦЕ» Александровск-Сахалинский 2022

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The structure of the heart The heart is located almost in the center of the chest cavity and shifted somewhat to the left. Its weight is about 250-300 g. The heart has four chambers – two Atria and two ventricles. Between the Atria and ventricles located butterfly valves, and the output from the ventricles into the arteries – the semilunar valves. Muscular wall of the ventricles much thicker than the walls of Atria.

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The structure of the heart The heart wall has three-layer structure: The outer layer ( epicardium ) – consists of connective tissue. The middle layer (myocardium) – a powerful muscle layer. The inner layer ( endocardium ), the inner epithelial layer.

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С ardiac cycle 1. Contraction (systole) of the Atria . Lasts about 0.1 s. The ventricles are relaxed, the flap valves are open, semilunar valves closed. The blood from the Atria flows into the ventricles. 2. Contraction (systole) of the ventricles . Lasts about 0.3 s. The Atria are relaxed, the flap valves are closed, semilunar valves are open. The blood from the ventricle enters the pulmonary artery and aorta .

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3. Pause. Relaxation of the Atria and ventricles (diastole) Lasts about 0.4 s. Butterfly valves are open, semilunar valves are closed. Blood from the veins enters the Atria and flows partly into the ventricles The optimum mode of work of heart: the Atria work with the rest 0.1 and 0.7, and the ventricles work 0.3 s and 0.5 s. rest С ardiac cycle

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Automaticity of the heart The sinus node is located in the upper part of the right atrium, between the confluence of the upper and lower Vena cava. Atrioventricular node— located near the septum between the Atria and ventricles Automaticity – the ability of the heart to contract without external stimuli is influenced by impulses that arise in him. Automaticity of the heart muscle provides the order of phases of the cardiac cycle.

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Regulation of heart The sympathetic nervous system strengthens the heart Nervous regulation The parasympathetic nervous system weakens the heart Humoral regulation of heart activity is provided by the substances circulating in the blood

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Regulation of heart Humoral regulation Strengthen the heart adrenal hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline ); calcium ions Inhibit the functioning of the heart acetylcholine; potassium ions; Nervous and humoral regulation is a common mechanism of regulation of work of heart. Intensity changes of the heart, the frequency and strength of cardiac contractions under the influence of impulses coming from the CNS and blood of biologically active substances. The sequence of the phases of the cardiac cycle does not change.

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Books Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. 2016. ISBN 978-0-07-182510-8. Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Editor-in-chief, Susan Standring (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. 2008. ISBN 978-0-8089-2371-8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body 2016. ISBN 978-0-07-182510-8. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology.